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Razzak RA, Jahrami H, Husni M, Ali ME, Bagust J. Perceptual visual dependence for spatial orientation in patients with schizophrenia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278718. [PMID: 36455045 PMCID: PMC9714874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with schizophrenia are reported to have vestibular dysfunction and to weigh vestibular input to a lesser extent compared to healthy controls. Such deficits may increase visual dependence (VD) for spatial orientation at a perceptual level in these patients. The aim of this study is to compare VD levels between healthy control and patients with schizophrenia and to explore associations between VD and clinical measures in these patients. Relation of VD to antipsychotic drug treatment is also discussed. METHOD 18 patients with schizophrenia and 19 healthy controls participated in this study. The Rod and Disc Test (RDT) was used to create an optokinetic surround around a centrally located rod. Participants aligned the rod to their subjective visual vertical (SVV) in both static and dynamic disc conditions. VD was calculated as the difference in SVV between these two conditions. RESULTS There was no group difference or gender difference in static or dynamic SVV as well as VD. There was no correlation between VD and any of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores, however VD was significantly correlated to illness duration in the patient group. CONCLUSIONS Schizophrenia is not associated with greater VD levels at a perceptual level, compared to controls, indicating adequate visuo-vestibular integration for judging line verticality in these patients. Patients with greater chronicity of the disease are more visually dependent than those less chronically ill, consistent with previous reports of possible vestibular dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. This may affect their daily functioning in dynamic visual environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Abdul Razzak
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences (CMMS), Arabian Gulf University (AGU), Manama, Bahrain
- * E-mail:
| | - Haitham Jahrami
- Ministry of Health (MOH), Manama, Bahrain
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences (CMMS), Arabian Gulf University (AGU), Manama, Bahrain
| | - Mariwan Husni
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences (CMMS), Arabian Gulf University (AGU), Manama, Bahrain
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, Ontario, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jeff Bagust
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom
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Park JH, Cho SI, Choi J, Han J, Rah YC. Pupil responses associated with the perception of gravitational vertical under directional optic flows. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21303. [PMID: 34716355 PMCID: PMC8556311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the pupil responses in the sensory integration of various directional optic flows during the perception of gravitational vertical. A total of 30 healthy participants were enrolled with normal responses to conventional subjective visual vertical (SVV) which was determined by measuring the difference (error angles) between the luminous line adjusted by the participants and the true vertical. SVV was performed under various types of rotational (5°/s, 10°/s, and 50°/s) and straight (5°/s and 10°/s) optic flows presented via a head-mounted display. Error angles (°) of the SVV and changes in pupil diameters (mm) were measured to evaluate the changes in the visually assessed subjective verticality and related cognitive demands. Significantly larger error angles were measured under rotational optic flows than under straight flows (p < 0.001). The error angles also significantly increased as the velocity of the rotational optic flow increased. The pupil diameter increased after starting the test, demonstrating the largest diameter during the final fine-tuning around the vertical. Significantly larger pupil changes were identified under rotational flows than in straight flows. Pupil changes were significantly correlated with error angles and the visual analog scale representing subjective difficulties during each test. These results suggest increased pupil changes for integrating more challenging visual sensory inputs in the process of gravity perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Park
- grid.416665.60000 0004 0647 2391Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ik Cho
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University College of Informatics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - June Choi
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - JungHyun Han
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University College of Informatics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Chan Rah
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Hybrid diamond/ carbon fiber microelectrodes enable multimodal electrical/chemical neural interfacing. Biomaterials 2020; 230:119648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Wu X, Spering M. Ocular torsion is related to perceived motion-induced position shifts. J Vis 2019; 19:11. [PMID: 31621818 DOI: 10.1167/19.12.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular torsion (i.e., rotations of the eye about the line of sight) can be induced by visual rotational motion. It remains unclear whether and how such visually induced torsion is related to perception. By using the flash-grab effect, an illusory position shift of a briefly flashed stationary target superimposed on a rotating pattern, we examined the relationship between torsion and perception. In two experiments, 25 observers reported the perceived location of a flash while their three-dimensional eye movements were recorded. In Experiment 1, the flash coincided with a direction reversal of a large, centrally displayed, rotating grating. The grating triggered visually induced torsion in the direction of stimulus rotation. The magnitude of torsional eye rotation correlated with the illusory perceptual position shift. To test whether torsion caused the illusion, in Experiment 2, the flash was superimposed on two peripheral gratings rotating in opposite directions. Even though torsion was eliminated, the illusory position shift persisted. Despite the lack of a causal relationship, the torsion-perception correlations indicate a close link between both systems, either through similar visual-input processing or a boost of visual rotational signal strength via oculomotor feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Miriam Spering
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Institute for Computing, Information and Cognitive Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Rühl RM, Bauermann T, Dieterich M, Zu Eulenburg P. Functional correlate and delineated connectivity pattern of human motion aftereffect responses substantiate a subjacent visual-vestibular interaction. Neuroimage 2018. [PMID: 29518571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual motion aftereffect (MAE) is the most prominent aftereffect in the visual system. Regarding its function, psychophysical studies suggest its function to be a form of sensory error correction, possibly also triggered by incongruent visual-vestibular stimulation. Several observational imaging experiments have deducted an essential role for region MT+ in the perception of a visual MAE but not provided conclusive evidence. Potential confounders with the MAE such as ocular motor performance, attention, and vection sensations have also never been controlled for. Aim of this neuroimaging study was to delineate the neural correlates of MAE and its subjacent functional connectivity pattern. A rotational MAE (n = 22) was induced using differing visual stimuli whilst modulating ocular motor parameters in a 3T scanner. Data was analyzed with SPM12. Eye movements as a response to the same stimuli were studied by means of high-resolution videooculography. Analysis for all stimuli gave bilateral activations along the dorsal visual stream with an emphasis on area MT. The onset of a visual MAE revealed an additional response in the right medial superior temporal area (MST) and a concurrent deactivation of vestibular hub region OP2. There was no correlation for the BOLD effects during the MAE with either ocular motor or attention parameters. The functional correlate of a visual MAE in humans may be represented in the interaction between region MT and area MST. This MAE representation is independent of a potential afternystagmus, attention and the presence of egomotion sensations. Connectivity analyses showed that in the event of conflicting visual-vestibular motion information (here MAE) area MST and area OP2 may act as the relevant mediating network hubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Maxine Rühl
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders-IFB LMU, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Bauermann
- Department of Neuroradiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marianne Dieterich
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders-IFB LMU, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)(3), Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Zu Eulenburg
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders-IFB LMU, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Dakin CJ, Rosenberg A. Gravity estimation and verticality perception. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 159:43-59. [PMID: 30482332 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63916-5.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Gravity is a defining force that governs the evolution of mechanical forms, shapes and anchors our perception of the environment, and imposes fundamental constraints on our interactions with the world. Within the animal kingdom, humans are relatively unique in having evolved a vertical, bipedal posture. Although a vertical posture confers numerous benefits, it also renders us less stable than quadrupeds, increasing susceptibility to falls. The ability to accurately and precisely estimate our orientation relative to gravity is therefore of utmost importance. Here we review sensory information and computational processes underlying gravity estimation and verticality perception. Central to gravity estimation and verticality perception is multisensory cue combination, which serves to improve the precision of perception and resolve ambiguities in sensory representations by combining information from across the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems. We additionally review experimental paradigms for evaluating verticality perception, and discuss how particular disorders affect the perception of upright. Together, the work reviewed here highlights the critical role of multisensory cue combination in gravity estimation, verticality perception, and creating stable gravity-centered representations of our environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Dakin
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States.
| | - Ari Rosenberg
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Khazali MF, Pomper JK, Smilgin A, Bunjes F, Thier P. A new motor synergy that serves the needs of oculomotor and eye lid systems while keeping the downtime of vision minimal. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27549127 PMCID: PMC5012861 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of blinks is to keep the eyes hydrated and to protect them. Blinks are rarely noticed by the subject as blink-induced alterations of visual input are blanked out without jeopardizing the perception of visual continuity, features blinks share with saccades. Although not perceived, the blink-induced disconnection from the visual environment leads to a loss of information. Therefore there is critical need to minimize it. Here we demonstrate evidence for a new type of eye movement serving a distinct oculomotor demand, namely the resetting of eye torsion, likewise inevitably causing a loss of visual information. By integrating this eye movement into blinks, the inevitable down times of vision associated with each of the two behaviors are synchronized and the overall downtime minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Farhan Khazali
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joern K Pomper
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Smilgin
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friedemann Bunjes
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Thier
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Reading tilted: Does the use of tablets impact performance? An oculometric study. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sheliga BM, Fitzgibbon EJ, Miles FA. The initial torsional Ocular Following Response (tOFR) in humans: a response to the total motion energy in the stimulus? J Vis 2009; 9:2.1-38. [PMID: 20053093 DOI: 10.1167/9.12.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We recorded the initial torsional Ocular Following Responses (tOFRs) elicited at short latency by visual images that occupied the frontal plane and rotated about the lines of sight. Using 1-D radial gratings, the local spatio-temporal characteristics of these tOFRs closely resembled those we previously reported for the hOFRs to horizontal motion with 1-D vertical gratings. When the 1-D radial grating was subdivided into a number of concentric annuli, each with the same radial thickness, tOFRs were less than predicted from the sum of the responses to the individual annuli: spatial normalization. However, the normalization was much weaker than that which we previously reported for the hOFRs. Further, when the number, thickness and contrast of these concentric annuli were varied systematically, the latency and magnitude of the tOFRs were well described by single monotonic functions when plotted against the product of the total area of the annuli and the square of their Michelson contrast ("A*C(2)"), consistent with the hypothesis that the onset and magnitude of the initial tOFR are determined by the total motion energy in the stimulus. When our previously published hOFR data were plotted against A*C(2), a single monotonic function sufficed to describe the latency but not the magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Sheliga
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Lewis RF, Haburcakova C, Merfeld DM. Roll tilt psychophysics in rhesus monkeys during vestibular and visual stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2008; 100:140-53. [PMID: 18417632 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01012.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
How does the brain calculate the spatial orientation of the head relative to gravity? Psychophysical measurements are critical to investigate this question, but such measurements have been limited to humans. In non-human primates, behavioral measures have focused on vestibular-mediated eye movements, which do not reflect percepts of head orientation. We have therefore developed a method to measure tilt perception in monkeys, derived from the subjective visual vertical (SVV) task. Two rhesus monkeys were trained to align a light bar parallel to gravity and performed this task during roll tilts, centrifugation, and roll optokinetic stimulation. The monkeys accurately aligned the light bar with gravity during static roll tilts but also demonstrated small orientation-dependent misperceptions of the tilt angle analogous to those measured in humans. When the gravito-inertial force (GIF) rotated dynamically in the roll plane, SVV responses remained closely aligned with the GIF during roll tilt of the head (coplanar canal rotational cues present), lagged slightly behind the GIF during variable-radius centrifugation (no canal cues present), and shifted gradually during fixed-radius centrifugation (orthogonal yaw canal cues present). SVV responses also deviated away from the earth-vertical during roll optokinetic stimulation. These results demonstrate that rotational cues derived from the semicircular canals and visual system have prominent effects on psychophysical measurements of roll tilt in rhesus monkeys and therefore suggest that a central synthesis of graviceptive and rotational cues contributes to percepts of head orientation relative to gravity in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Lewis
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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