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Uginčius P, Yilmaz G, Sebik O, Türker KS. Reevaluation of reflex responses of the human masseter muscle to electrical lip stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:1082-1091. [PMID: 28539391 PMCID: PMC5547252 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00064.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the reflex response of the human masseter muscle to electrical stimulation of the lip using both single motor unit and surface electromyogram based methods. Using the classical analysis methods, reflex response to mild electrical stimuli generated two distinct short-lasting inhibitions. This pattern may reflect the development of combinations of short- and long-latency inhibitory postsynaptic potentials as a result of the mildly painful electrical lip stimulation. However, this pattern appearing in the classical analysis methods may have developed as a consequence of earlier responses and may not be genuine. This study examined the genuineness of these responses using both the classical analysis methods and the discharge rate method to uncover the realistic postsynaptic potentials in human trigeminal motor nucleus. Using the discharge rate method, we found that the electrical lip stimulation only generated a long-lasting single or compound inhibitory response that is followed by late, long-lasting excitation. These findings have important implications on the redrawing of the neuronal pathways of the trigeminal nerve that are frequently used to judge neuromuscular disorders of the trigeminal region.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined the human masseter reflex response to electrical stimulation of lower lip to uncover realistic postsynaptic potentials in the trigeminal motor nucleus. We found that the stimulation generates a long-lasting single or compound inhibitory response that is followed by a late, long-lasting excitation. These findings have important implications on the redrawing of the neuronal pathways of the trigeminal nerve that are frequently used to judge neuromuscular disorders of the trigeminal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulius Uginčius
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania; and
| | - Gizem Yilmaz
- Koç University School of Medicine, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oğuz Sebik
- Koç University School of Medicine, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kemal S Türker
- Koç University School of Medicine, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
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Johansson AS, Pruszynski JA, Edin BB, Westberg KG. Biting intentions modulate digastric reflex responses to sudden unloading of the jaw. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:1067-73. [PMID: 24899675 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00133.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reflex responses in jaw-opening muscles can be evoked when a brittle object cracks between the teeth and suddenly unloads the jaw. We hypothesized that this reflex response is flexible and, as such, is modulated according to the instructed goal of biting through an object. Study participants performed two different biting tasks when holding a peanut half stacked on a chocolate piece between their incisors. In one task, they were asked to split the peanut half only (single-split task), and in the other task, they were asked to split both the peanut and the chocolate in one action (double-split task). In both tasks, the peanut split evoked a jaw-opening muscle response, quantified from electromyogram (EMG) recordings of the digastric muscle in a window 20-60 ms following peanut split. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found that the jaw-opening muscle response in the single-split trials was about twice the size of the jaw-opening muscle response in the double-split trials. A linear model that predicted the jaw-opening muscle response on a single-trial basis indicated that task settings played a significant role in this modulation but also that the presplit digastric muscle activity contributed to the modulation. These findings demonstrate that, like reflex responses to mechanical perturbations in limb muscles, reflex responses in jaw muscles not only show gain-scaling but also are modulated by subject intent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders S Johansson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Physiology Section, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - J Andrew Pruszynski
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Physiology Section, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Benoni B Edin
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Physiology Section, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karl-Gunnar Westberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Physiology Section, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Naser-Ud-Din S, Sowman PF, Sampson WJ, Dreyer CW, Türker KS. Masseter length determines muscle spindle reflex excitability during jaw-closing movements. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 139:e305-13. [PMID: 21457836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The masticatory muscles are considered to be important determinants of facial form, but little is known of the muscle spindle reflex characteristics and their relationship, if any, to face height. The aim of this study was to determine whether spindle reflexes, evoked by mechanical stimulation of an incisor and recorded on the masseter muscle, correlated with different facial patterns. METHODS Twenty-eight adult volunteers (16 women; ages, 19-38 years) underwent 2-N tap stimuli to their maxillary left central incisor during simulated mastication. Reflexes were recorded during local anesthesia of the stimulated tooth to eliminate the contribution from periodontal mechanoreceptors. Surface electromyograms of the reflex responses of the jaw muscles to these taps were recorded via bipolar electrodes on the masseter muscle and interpreted by using spike-triggered averaging of the surface electromyograms. Lateral cephalometric analysis was carried out with software (version 10.5, Dolphin, Los Angeles, Calif; and Mona Lisa, Canberra, Australia). RESULTS Two-newton tooth taps produced principally excitatory reflex responses beginning at 17 ms poststimulus. Correlation analysis showed a significant relationship between these muscle spindle reflexes and facial heights: specifically, shorter face heights were associated with stronger spindle reflexes. This correlation was strongest between the derived measure of masseter length and the spindle reflex strength during jaw closure (r = -0.49, P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a similar muscle spindle stimulus will generate a stronger reflex activation in the jaw muscles of patients with shorter faces compared with those with longer faces. This finding might help to explain the higher incidence of clenching or bruxism in those with short faces and also might, in the future, influence the design of orthodontic appliances and dental prostheses.
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Neuromuscular control of balancing side contacts in unilateral biting and chewing. Clin Oral Investig 2011; 16:421-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-011-0542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Ainine S, Mason AG, Cadden SW. Quantification of jaw reflexes evoked by natural tooth contact in human subjects. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:855-63. [PMID: 21419390 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory jaw reflexes are believed to be important for protecting the teeth and temporo-mandibular structures from damage during sudden or forceful biting or mastication. Accordingly, alterations in these reflexes are sometimes implicated in aetiologies proposed for oro-facial pain syndromes, although the association is not well-established. We now aim to develop a method for quantifying objectively inhibitory jaw reflexes evoked by natural tooth contact. In the longer term, this may provide a new approach to examining the association of altered reflexes and clinical conditions. Eighteen subjects gave their written, informed consent, and were recruited to participate in this study. They were instructed to clench their teeth together in response to visual cues. They performed two such tasks twenty times: from the jaw postural position and from a more open position with the jaws set 10mm apart. Both tasks produced a rapid rise then stabilisation in electromyographic activity in the masseter muscle. This was always interrupted by a large inhibitory reflex starting 11.1±1.5 ms (mean±SD) after tooth contact. The inhibitions produced during the second task were similar but of significantly longer duration (24.3±6.4 vs 18.4±6.5 ms, P=0.0003, paired t-test) and greater magnitude (measured as an integral of the waveform: 1577±478 vs 1279±425%.ms, P=0.007, paired t-test). Interestingly, in a minority (13%) of the tasks, a second inhibition with a longer latency (50.9±0.9 ms) was also observed. Thus reflex responses in the masseter muscle to natural tooth contact usually consist of single inhibitory periods. In this respect they are like those induced by externally applied tooth pushing although occasionally there is a second inhibition, reminiscent of that seen with externally applied tooth taps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Ainine
- Oral Neurophysiology Research Group, The Dental School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK.
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Van Der BILT A. Assessment of mastication with implications for oral rehabilitation: a review. J Oral Rehabil 2011; 38:754-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2010.02197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Naser-ud-Din S, Sowman P, Dang H, Türker K. Modulation of Masseteric Reflexes by Simulated Mastication. J Dent Res 2009; 89:61-5. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034509352842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that limb muscle reflexes are modulated during human movements. However, little is known about the existence of equivalent masticatory muscle reflex modulation. We hypothesized that masticatory reflexes would be modulated during chewing so that smooth masticatory movements occur. To examine this hypothesis, we studied the modulation of inhibitory reflexes evoked by periodontal mechanoreceptor activation and of excitatory reflexes evoked by muscle spindle activation during simulated mastication. In 28 participants, 1- and 2-N mechanical taps were delivered to the incisor. Reflex responses to these taps were examined in the average masseteric electromyogram. To differentiate between periodontal mechanoreceptor- and muscle-spindle-mediated reflex components, we performed experiments prior to, and in the presence of, periodontal anesthesia. Both periodontal mechanoreceptor and muscle spindle reflexes were reduced during simulated masticatory movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Naser-ud-Din
- Discipline of Physiology & Research Centre for Human Movement Control, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Australia
- School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Adelaide, Australia
- Macquarie Centre for Cognitive Science (MACCS), Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; and
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - P.F. Sowman
- Discipline of Physiology & Research Centre for Human Movement Control, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Australia
- School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Adelaide, Australia
- Macquarie Centre for Cognitive Science (MACCS), Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; and
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - H. Dang
- Discipline of Physiology & Research Centre for Human Movement Control, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Australia
- School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Adelaide, Australia
- Macquarie Centre for Cognitive Science (MACCS), Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; and
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - K.S. Türker
- Discipline of Physiology & Research Centre for Human Movement Control, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Australia
- School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Adelaide, Australia
- Macquarie Centre for Cognitive Science (MACCS), Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; and
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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Modulation of human exteroceptive jaw reflexes during simulated mastication. Clin Neurophysiol 2009; 120:398-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Veyrune JL, Lassauzay C, Nicolas E, Peyron MA, Woda A. Mastication of model products in complete denture wearers. Arch Oral Biol 2007; 52:1180-5. [PMID: 17572377 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to define the characteristics of muscular activity in complete denture wearers and in dentate subjects during mastication of model foods differing in hardness but similar in terms of rheologically properties. MATERIAL AND METHODS The foodstuffs used in this study were laboratory-developed gumdrops demonstrating viscoelastic properties. The test foods cover a range of four hardness levels. The group of complete denture wearers included 15 subjects, while the control group included 9 subjects with normal dentition. Electromyograph (EMG) recordings were taken from the masseter and temporal muscles during mastication of the test foods. The results were evaluated by one-way and two-way ANOVA followed by means comparisons using a Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc test (alpha=0.05). RESULTS Preparing the same food bolus for swallowing required a greater number of masticatory cycles and a longer duration of mastication for complete denture wearers than for dentate subjects. In addition, complete denture wearers failed to increase EMG activity per cycle in response to hardness of the food. CONCLUSION Denture wearers experienced difficulties during mastication, as indicated by a decreased masticatory rate and the observed failure to increase EMG activity per cycle in response to increased food hardness. The increases in number of cycle and masticatory duration appear to be a response to this impaired masticatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Veyrune
- Univ Clermont 1, UFR Odontologie EA3847, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France
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Armijo-Olivo S, Gadotti I, Kornerup M, Lagravère MO, Flores-Mir C. Quality of reporting masticatory muscle electromyography in 2004: a systematic review. J Oral Rehabil 2007; 34:397-405. [PMID: 17518973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2007.01706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the quality of reporting electromyography in studies evaluating the masticatory muscles published during 2004. Several electronic databases were searched. Abstracts and later articles were selected by a consensus from the five reviewers. An adaptation of the methodological checklist published by the International Society of Electrophysiology and Kinesiology (ISEK) was used. The following information regarding electrodes was reported on the 35 finally selected articles: location (94.3%), interelectrode distance (48.6%), and material (42.9%); detection and amplification: amplification type (54.3%), gain (25.7%), low high pass filters (60%) and cut-off frequencies (60%); electromyography (EMG) processing: sampling rate (74.2%), rectification (46.6%), root-mean square (RMS) (39.2%); number of bits and model of A/D card (17.1%); and normalization procedure (40%). Reasons for the poor reporting are discussed. Because of the general poor quality of reporting of the analysed studies, findings of studies using surface electromyography of masticatory muscles should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Armijo-Olivo
- Rehabilitation Science Program, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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van der Glas HW, van der Rijt EEM, van der Bilt A, Koole R, Vriens JPM. Testing of iatrogenic lingual nerve injury using a novel psychophysical method and oral reflexes. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007; 36:545-9. [PMID: 17303387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In a case of long-term sensory loss in the tongue following third molar extraction, a novel, efficient and effective psychophysical test was used. This initial test, which includes the presentation of pairs of a real and fake stimulus, and a forced-choice response, was applied to determine whether relatively thick or thin afferent fibres of the lingual nerve were affected. The results suggested that thick fibres on the right tongue side were mainly affected. Sensory loss was confirmed and its extent assessed by a standard test determining thresholds of light touch. Furthermore, sensory function was determined by an objective test based on inhibitory reflexes in masseteric electromyographic activity following electrical stimulation of oral tissue. Reflex features that are important for within-patient diagnosis are a difference between the injured and control sides in latency of the first reflex, and also in depth-contrast in signal amplitude between both sides at the post-stimulus time of the trough of an inhibition on the uninjured side. In agreement with the findings from the psychophysical tests, the finding of the absence of an early component of both inhibitions suggested sensory loss related to dysfunction of fast-conducting, relatively thick afferent fibres of the lingual nerve. Apart from being used for medicolegal reasons, the objective reflex test may have conclusive prognostic value or may influence surgical therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W van der Glas
- Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Prosthodontics and Special Dental Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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van der Glas HW, van der Bilt A, Abbink JH, Mason AG, Cadden SW. Functional roles of oral reflexes in chewing and biting: Phase-, task- and site-dependent reflex sensitivity. Arch Oral Biol 2007; 52:365-9. [PMID: 17129573 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Because loading during chewing is not totally predictable and jaw-closing muscles are strong and act over short distances, feedback from oral receptors is important in the control of mastication. Information on such feedback can be obtained by studying reflexes in jaw muscle EMGs. This review will deal with the contribution of reflex mechanisms to modifying motor neuron activity during chewing, and the dependency of reflex sensitivity on motor task, phase of movement, and site of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilbert W van der Glas
- Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Prosthodontics and Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 80.037, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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