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Raffi M, Meoni A, Piras A. Analysis of microsaccades during extended practice of a visual discrimination task in the macaque monkey. Neurosci Lett 2020; 743:135581. [PMID: 33352283 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The spatial location indicated by a visual cue can bias microsaccades directions towards or away from the cue. Aim of this work was to evaluate the microsaccades characteristics during the monkey's training, investigating the relationship between a shift of attention and practice. The monkey was trained to press a lever at a target onset, then an expanding optic flow stimulus appeared to the right of the target. After a variable time delay, a visual cue appeared within the optic flow stimulus and the monkey had to release the lever in a maximum reaction time (RT) of 700 ms. In the control task no visual cue appeared and the monkey had to attend a change in the target color. Data were recorded in 9 months. Results revealed that the RTs at the control task changed significantly across time. The microsaccades directions were significantly clustered toward the visual cue, suggesting that the animal developed an attentional bias toward the visual space where the cue appeared. The microsaccades amplitude differed significantly across time. The microsaccades peak velocity differed significantly both across time and within the time delays, indicating that the monkey made faster microsaccades when it expected the cue to appear. The microsaccades number was significantly higher in the control task with respect to discrimination. The lack of change in microsaccades rate, duration, number and direction across time indicates that the experience acquired during practicing the task did not influence microsaccades generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Raffi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Meoni
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piras
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Zack M, Woodford TM, Tremblay AM, Steinberg L, Zawertailo LA, Busto UE. Stress and alcohol cues exert conjoint effects on go and stop signal responding in male problem drinkers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:445-58. [PMID: 20927046 PMCID: PMC3055670 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stress, cues, and pharmacological priming are linked with relapse to addictive behavior. Increased salience and decreased inhibitory control are thought to mediate the effects of relapse-related stimuli. However, the functional relationship between these two processes is unclear. To address this issue, a modified Stop Signal Task was employed, which used Alcohol, Neutral, and Non-Words as Go stimuli, and lexical decision as the Go response. Subjects were 38 male problem drinkers (mean Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS) score: 18.0). Uncontrollable noise (∼ 10 min at 110 dB) was the stressor; nonalcoholic placebo beer (P-Beer) was the cue manipulation, and alcohol (0.7 g/kg), the pharmacological prime. Half the sample received alcohol, and half P-Beer. Stress and beverage (test drink vs soft drink) were manipulated within subjects on two sessions, with half the sample receiving active manipulations together and half receiving them separately. Go response time (RT) and Stop Signal RT (SSRT) were slower to Alcohol than Neutral words. Stress augmented this bias. Alcohol and P-Beer impaired overall SSRT. Stress impaired neither overall SSRT nor Go RT. SSRT to Neutral words and Non-Words correlated inversely with Go RT to Alcohol and Neutral words, and Non-Words. ADS correlated directly with SSRT to Alcohol words. A resource allocation account was proposed, whereby diversion of limited resources to salient cues effectively yoked otherwise independent Go and Stop processes. Disturbances of prefrontal norepinephrine and dopamine were cited as possibly accounting for these effects. Treatments that optimize prefrontal catecholamine transmission may deter relapse by reducing disinhibitory effects of salient eliciting stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zack
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Tracy M Woodford
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne M Tremblay
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Laurie A Zawertailo
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Usoa E Busto
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Belopolsky AV, Theeuwes J. No functional role of attention-based rehearsal in maintenance of spatial working memory representations. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2009; 132:124-35. [PMID: 19233339 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study systematically examined the role of attention in maintenance of spatial representations in working memory as proposed by the attention-based rehearsal hypothesis [Awh, E., Jonides, J., & Reuter-Lorenz, P. A. (1998). Rehearsal in spatial working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology--Human Perception and Performance, 24(3), 780-790]. Three main issues were examined. First, Experiments 1-3 demonstrated that inhibition and not facilitation of visual processing is often observed at the memorized location during the retention interval. This inhibition was caused by keeping a location in memory and not by the exogenous nature of the memory cue. Second, Experiment 4 showed that inhibition of the memorized location does not lead to any significant impairment in memory accuracy. Finally, Experiment 5 connected current results to the previous findings and demonstrated facilitation of processing at the memorized location. Importantly, facilitation of processing did not lead to more accurate memory performance. The present results challenge the functional role of attention in maintenance of spatial working memory representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem V Belopolsky
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 1, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Rowland DC, Kentros CG. Potential anatomical basis for attentional modulation of hippocampal neurons. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1129:213-24. [PMID: 18591482 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1417.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lesions of the hippocampus and related structures produce profound anterograde amnesia. The amnesia is specific to what has been called "explicit," "declarative," and "episodic" memory. These memories are frequently believed to be central to the human condition, requiring such advanced cognitive functions as attention and even consciousness. However, the hippocampus and associated structures are evolutionarily conserved, which argues that the memories of lower mammals should be qualitatively similar in nature. Just as attention and arousal are critical components of appropriate memory formation in humans, an emerging body of evidence suggests that these processes bear on the firing patterns of hippocampal neurons in rodents. Here the evidence favoring this hypothesis is discussed and then the potential anatomical basis for such modulation is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Rowland
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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Finke C, Ostendorf F, Martus P, Braun M, Ploner C. Inhibition of orienting during a memory-guided saccade task shows a Mexican-hat distribution. Neuroscience 2008; 153:189-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jeffries SM, Kusunoki M, Bisley JW, Cohen IS, Goldberg ME. Rhesus monkeys mislocalize saccade targets flashed for 100ms around the time of a saccade. Vision Res 2007; 47:1924-34. [PMID: 17499832 PMCID: PMC2367055 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2007.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Humans and monkeys mislocalize targets flashed around the time of a saccade. Here, we present data from three monkeys on a double-step task with a 100ms target duration. All three subjects mislocalized targets that were flashed around the time of the first saccade, in spite of long intersaccadic intervals. The error was consistently in the direction opposite that of the saccade, and occurred in some cases when the target presentation was entirely presaccadic. This is inconsistent with a theory invoking a damped representation of eye position, but it is consistent with the hypothesis that it is due to an error in peri-saccadic remapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Morgan Jeffries
- Mahoney Center for Brain and Behavior, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Makoto Kusunoki
- The Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James W. Bisley
- Mahoney Center for Brain and Behavior, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- The Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Ian S. Cohen
- Mahoney Center for Brain and Behavior, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael E. Goldberg
- Mahoney Center for Brain and Behavior, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- The Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- * Corresponding author. Address: Mahoney Center for Brain and Behavior, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA. Fax: + 1 (212) 543 5816., E-mail address: (M.E. Goldberg)
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Heekeren HR, Marrett S, Ruff DA, Bandettini PA, Ungerleider LG. Involvement of human left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in perceptual decision making is independent of response modality. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:10023-8. [PMID: 16785427 PMCID: PMC1479865 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603949103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceptual decision making typically entails the processing of sensory signals, the formation of a decision, and the planning and execution of a motor response. Although recent studies in monkeys and humans have revealed possible neural mechanisms for perceptual decision making, much less is known about how the decision is subsequently transformed into a motor action and whether or not the decision is represented at an abstract level, i.e., independently of the specific motor response. To address this issue, we used functional MRI to monitor changes in brain activity while human subjects discriminated the direction of motion in random-dot visual stimuli that varied in coherence and responded with either button presses or saccadic eye movements. We hypothesized that areas representing decision variables should respond more to high- than to low-coherence stimuli independent of the motor system used to express a decision. Four areas were found that fulfilled this condition: left posterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), left posterior cingulate cortex, left inferior parietal lobule, and left fusifom/parahippocampal gyrus. We previously found that, when subjects made categorical decisions about degraded face and house stimuli, left posterior DLPFC showed a greater response to high- relative to low-coherence stimuli. Furthermore, the left posterior DLPFC appears to perform a comparison of signals from sensory processing areas during perceptual decision making. These data suggest that the involvement of left posterior DLPFC in perceptual decision making transcends both task and response specificity, thereby enabling a flexible link among sensory evidence, decision, and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. R. Heekeren
- *Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9663
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Berlin NeuroImaging Center, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - S. Marrett
- Functional MRI Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9663
| | - D. A. Ruff
- *Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9663
| | - P. A. Bandettini
- *Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9663
- Functional MRI Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9663
| | - L. G. Ungerleider
- *Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9663
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
National Institute of Mental Health/Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, 10 Center Drive MSC 1366, Building 10, Room 4C104, Bethesda, MD 20892-1366. E-mail:
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