1
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Trif C, Banica AM, Manolache A, Anghel SA, Huţanu DE, Stratulat T, Badea R, Oprita G, Selescu T, Petrescu SM, Sisignano M, Offermanns S, Babes A, Tunaru S. Inhibition of TRPM8 function by prostacyclin receptor agonists requires coupling to Gq/11 proteins. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1438-1451. [PMID: 38044577 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The TRPM8 ion channel is involved in innocuous cold sensing and has a potent anti-inflammatory action. Its activation by lower temperature or chemical agonists such as menthol and icilin induces analgesic effects, reversing hypersensitivity and reducing chronic pain. On the other hand, prostacyclin (PGI2) enhances pain and inflammation by activating the IP receptors. Due to the critical roles of TRPM8 and IP receptors in the regulation of inflammatory pain, and considering their overlapping expression pattern, we analysed the functional interaction between human TRPM8 and IP receptors. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We transiently expressed human TRPM8 channels and IP receptors in HEK293T cells and carried out intracellular calcium and cAMP measurements. Additionally, we cultured neurons from the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) of mice and determined the increase in intracellular calcium triggered by the TRPM8 agonist, icilin, in the presence of the IP receptor agonist cicaprost, the IP receptor antagonist Cay10441, and the Gq/11 inhibitor YM254890. KEY RESULTS Activation of IP receptors by selective agonists (cicaprost, beraprost, and iloprost) inhibited TRPM8 channel function, independently of the Gs-cAMP pathway. The potent inhibition of TRPM8 channels by IP receptor agonists involved Gq/11 coupling. These effects were also observed in neurons isolated from murine DRGs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results demonstrate an unusual signalling pathway of IP receptors by coupling to Gq/11 proteins to inhibit TRPM8 channel function. This pathway may contribute to a better understanding of the role of TRPM8 channels and IP receptors in regulating pain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin Trif
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra-Maria Banica
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Manolache
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorina Andreea Anghel
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Debora-Elena Huţanu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Teodora Stratulat
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rodica Badea
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - George Oprita
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tudor Selescu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Stefana M Petrescu
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marco Sisignano
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Alexandru Babes
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorin Tunaru
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
- Prothanor Biotech S.R.L., Bucharest, Romania
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2
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Jesus RLC, Araujo FA, Alves QL, Dourado KC, Silva DF. Targeting temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential channels in hypertension: far beyond the perception of hot and cold. J Hypertens 2023; 41:1351-1370. [PMID: 37334542 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are nonselective cation channels and participate in various physiological roles. Thus, changes in TRP channel function or expression have been linked to several disorders. Among the many TRP channel subtypes, the TRP ankyrin type 1 (TRPA1), TRP melastatin type 8 (TRPM8), and TRP vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channels are temperature-sensitive and recognized as thermo-TRPs, which are expressed in the primary afferent nerve. Thermal stimuli are converted into neuronal activity. Several studies have described the expression of TRPA1, TRPM8, and TRPV1 in the cardiovascular system, where these channels can modulate physiological and pathological conditions, including hypertension. This review provides a complete understanding of the functional role of the opposing thermo-receptors TRPA1/TRPM8/TRPV1 in hypertension and a more comprehensive appreciation of TRPA1/TRPM8/TRPV1-dependent mechanisms involved in hypertension. These channels varied activation and inactivation have revealed a signaling pathway that may lead to innovative future treatment options for hypertension and correlated vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Leonne C Jesus
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador
| | - Fênix A Araujo
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - FIOCRUZ, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Quiara L Alves
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador
| | - Keina C Dourado
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador
| | - Darizy F Silva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - FIOCRUZ, Bahia, Brazil
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3
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Yang C, Yamaki S, Jung T, Kim B, Huyhn R, McKemy DD. Endogenous Inflammatory Mediators Produced by Injury Activate TRPV1 and TRPA1 Nociceptors to Induce Sexually Dimorphic Cold Pain That Is Dependent on TRPM8 and GFRα3. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2803-2814. [PMID: 36898840 PMCID: PMC10089246 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2303-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of environmental temperatures is critical for survival, yet inappropriate responses to thermal stimuli can have a negative impact on overall health. The physiological effect of cold is distinct among somatosensory modalities in that it is soothing and analgesic, but also agonizing in the context of tissue damage. Inflammatory mediators produced during injury activate nociceptors to release neuropeptides, such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P, inducing neurogenic inflammation, which further exasperates pain. Many inflammatory mediators induce sensitization to heat and mechanical stimuli but, conversely, inhibit cold responsiveness, and the identity of molecules inducing cold pain peripherally is enigmatic, as are the cellular and molecular mechanisms altering cold sensitivity. Here, we asked whether inflammatory mediators that induce neurogenic inflammation via the nociceptive ion channels TRPV1 (vanilloid subfamily of transient receptor potential channel) and TRPA1 (transient receptor potential ankyrin 1) lead to cold pain in mice. Specifically, we tested cold sensitivity in mice after intraplantar injection of lysophosphatidic acid or 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, finding that each induces cold pain that is dependent on the cold-gated channel transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8). Inhibition of CGRP, substance P, or toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling attenuates this phenotype, and each neuropeptide produces TRPM8-dependent cold pain directly. Further, the inhibition of CGRP or TLR4 signaling alleviates cold allodynia differentially by sex. Last, cold pain induced by both inflammatory mediators and neuropeptides requires TRPM8, as well as the neurotrophin artemin and its receptor GDNF receptor α3 (GFRα3). These results are consistent with artemin-induced cold allodynia requiring TRPM8, demonstrating that neurogenic inflammation alters cold sensitivity via localized artemin release that induces cold pain via GFRα3 and TRPM8.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The cellular and molecular mechanisms that generate pain are complex with a diverse array of pain-producing molecules generated during injury that act to sensitize peripheral sensory neurons, thereby inducing pain. Here we identify a specific neuroinflammatory pathway involving the ion channel TRPM8 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8) and the neurotrophin receptor GFRα3 (GDNF receptor α3) that leads to cold pain, providing select targets for potential therapies for this pain modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Yang
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
- Molecular and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Shanni Yamaki
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
- Molecular and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Tyler Jung
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Brian Kim
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Ryan Huyhn
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - David D McKemy
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
- Molecular and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
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4
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Yang C, Yamaki S, Jung T, Kim B, Huyhn R, McKemy DD. Endogenous inflammatory mediators produced by injury activate TRPV1 and TRPA1 nociceptors to induce sexually dimorphic cold pain that is dependent on TRPM8 and GFRα3. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.23.525238. [PMID: 36747719 PMCID: PMC9900806 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.23.525238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The detection of environmental temperatures is critical for survival, yet inappropriate responses to thermal stimuli can have a negative impact on overall health. The physiological effect of cold is distinct among somatosensory modalities in that it is soothing and analgesic, but also agonizing in the context of tissue damage. Inflammatory mediators produced during injury activate nociceptors to release neuropeptides, such as CGRP and substance P, inducing neurogenic inflammation which further exasperates pain. Many inflammatory mediators induce sensitization to heat and mechanical stimuli but, conversely, inhibit cold responsiveness, and the identity of molecules inducing cold pain peripherally is enigmatic, as are the cellular and molecular mechanisms altering cold sensitivity. Here, we asked if inflammatory mediators that induce neurogenic inflammation via the nociceptive ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1 lead to cold pain in mice. Specifically, we tested cold sensitivity in mice after intraplantar injection of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) or 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE), finding each induces cold pain that is dependent on the cold-gated channel TRPM8. Inhibition of either CGRP, substance P, or toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling attenuates this phenotype, and each neuropeptide produces TRPM8-dependent cold pain directly. Further, the inhibition of CGRP or TLR4 signaling alleviates cold allodynia differentially by sex. Lastly, we find that cold pain induced by inflammatory mediators and neuropeptides requires the neurotrophin artemin and its receptor GFRα3. These results demonstrate that tissue damage alters cold sensitivity via neurogenic inflammation, likely leading to localized artemin release that induces cold pain via GFRα3 and TRPM8. Significance Statement The cellular and molecular mechanisms that generate pain are complex with a diverse array of pain-producing molecules generated during injury that act to sensitize peripheral sensory neurons, thereby inducing pain. Here we identify a specific neuroinflammatory pathway involving the ion channel TRPM8 and the neurotrophin receptor GFRα3 that leads to cold pain, providing select targets for potential therapies for this pain modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Yang
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.,Molecular and Computational Biology Graduate Program; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Shanni Yamaki
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.,Molecular and Computational Biology Graduate Program; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Tyler Jung
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Brian Kim
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Ryan Huyhn
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - David D McKemy
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.,Molecular and Computational Biology Graduate Program; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
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5
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Rosenbaum T, Morales-Lázaro SL. Regulation of ThermoTRP Channels by PIP2 and Cholesterol. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:245-277. [PMID: 36988884 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are proteins that are expressed by diverse tissues and that play pivotal functions in physiology. These channels are polymodal and are activated by several stimuli. Among TRPs, some members of this family of channels respond to changes in ambient temperature and are known as thermoTRPs. These proteins respond to heat or cold in the noxious range and some of them to temperatures considered innocuous, as well as to mechanical, osmotic, and/or chemical stimuli. In addition to this already complex ability to respond to different signals, the activity of these ion channels can be fine-tuned by lipids. Two lipids well known to modulate ion channel activity are phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and cholesterol. These lipids can either influence the function of these proteins through direct interaction by binding to a site in the structure of the ion channel or through indirect mechanisms, which can include modifying membrane properties, such as curvature and rigidity, by regulating their expression or by modulating the actions of other molecules or signaling pathways that affect the physiology of ion channels. Here, we summarize the key aspects of the regulation of thermoTRP channels by PIP2 and cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Rosenbaum
- Departamento de Neurociencia Cognitiva, División Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Sara L Morales-Lázaro
- Departamento de Neurociencia Cognitiva, División Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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6
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Dillon GA, Lichter ZS, Alexander LM. Menthol-induced activation of TRPM8 receptors increases cutaneous blood flow across the dermatome. Microvasc Res 2022; 139:104271. [PMID: 34717968 PMCID: PMC8791073 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Topical menthol-based analgesics increase skin blood flow (SkBF) through transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) receptor-dependent activation of sensory nerves and endothelium-derived hyperpolarization factors. It is unclear if menthol-induced TRPM8 activation mediates a reflex change in SkBF across the dermatome in an area not directly treated with menthol. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of localized topical menthol application on SkBF across a common dermatome. We hypothesized that SkBF would be increased with menthol at the site of application and across the dermatome (contralateral limb) through a spinal reflex mechanism. In a double blind, placebo controlled, cross-over design, 15 healthy participants (7 men; age = 22 ± 1 yrs) were treated with direct application (3 ml over 8 × 13 cm) of 5% menthol gel (Biofreeze™) or placebo gel on the L4 dermatome, separated by 48 h. Red blood cell flux was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry over the area of application, on the contralateral leg of the same dermatome, and in a separate dermatome (L5/S1) to serve as control. Cutaneous vascular conductance was calculated for each measurement site (CVC = flux/MAP). At baseline there were no differences in CVC between menthol and placebo gels, or among sites (all p > 0.05). After 30 ± 6 min, CVC increased at the treated site with menthol (0.12 ± 0.02 vs. 1.36 ± 0.19 flux/mm Hg, p < 0.01) but not the placebo (0.10 ± 0.01 vs. 0.18 ± 0.04 flux/mm Hg, p = 0.91). There was a modest increase in CVC at the contralateral L4 dermatome with menthol gel (0.16 ± 0.04 vs. 0.29 ± 0.06 flux/mm Hg, p < 0.01), but not placebo (0.11 ± 0.02 vs. 0.15 ± 0.03 flux/mm Hg, p = 0.41). There was no effect on SkBF from either treatments at the L5/S1 control dermatome (both, p > 0.05), suggesting the lack of a systemic response. In conclusion, menthol containing topical analgesic gels increased SkBF at the treated site, and modestly throughout the dermatome. These data suggest menthol-induced activation of the TRPM8 receptors induces an increase in SkBF across the area of common innervation through a localized spinal reflex mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle A Dillon
- Noll Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA,Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Zachary S Lichter
- Noll Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Lacy M Alexander
- Noll Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA,Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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7
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Constitutive Phosphorylation as a Key Regulator of TRPM8 Channel Function. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8475-8493. [PMID: 34446569 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0345-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, environmental cold sensing conducted by peripheral cold thermoreceptor neurons mostly depends on TRPM8, an ion channel that has evolved to become the main molecular cold transducer. This TRP channel is activated by cold, cooling compounds, such as menthol, voltage, and rises in osmolality. TRPM8 function is regulated by kinase activity that phosphorylates the channel under resting conditions. However, which specific residues, how this post-translational modification modulates TRPM8 activity, and its influence on cold sensing are still poorly understood. By mass spectrometry, we identified four serine residues within the N-terminus (S26, S29, S541, and S542) constitutively phosphorylated in the mouse ortholog. TRPM8 function was examined by Ca2+ imaging and patch-clamp recordings, revealing that treatment with staurosporine, a kinase inhibitor, augmented its cold- and menthol-evoked responses. S29A mutation is sufficient to increase TRPM8 activity, suggesting that phosphorylation of this residue is a central molecular determinant of this negative regulation. Biophysical and total internal reflection fluorescence-based analysis revealed a dual mechanism in the potentiated responses of unphosphorylated TRPM8: a shift in the voltage activation curve toward more negative potentials and an increase in the number of active channels at the plasma membrane. Importantly, basal kinase activity negatively modulates TRPM8 function at cold thermoreceptors from male and female mice, an observation accounted for by mathematical modeling. Overall, our findings suggest that cold temperature detection could be rapidly and reversibly fine-tuned by controlling the TRPM8 basal phosphorylation state, a mechanism that acts as a dynamic molecular brake of this thermo-TRP channel function in primary sensory neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Post-translational modifications are one of the main molecular mechanisms involved in adjusting the sensitivity of sensory ion channels to changing environmental conditions. Here we show, for the first time, that constitutive phosphorylation of the well-conserved serine 29 within the N-terminal domain negatively modulates TRPM8 channel activity, reducing its activation by agonists and decreasing the number of active channels at the plasma membrane. Basal phosphorylation of TRPM8 acts as a key regulator of its function as the main cold-transduction channel, significantly contributing to the net response of primary sensory neurons to temperature reductions. This reversible and dynamic modulatory mechanism opens new opportunities to regulate TRPM8 function in pathologic conditions where this thermo-TRP channel plays a critical role.
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8
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Wen J, Bo T, Zhao Z, Wang D. Role of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 in behavioral thermoregulation of the Mongolian gerbil Meriones unguiculatus. Integr Zool 2021; 17:608-618. [PMID: 34498418 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ambient temperature considerably affects the physiology and behavior of mammals. Thermosensory and thermoregulatory abilities play an important role in the response to changing ambient temperature in endotherms. However, the molecular mechanisms of behavioral thermoregulation remain poorly understood. Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) is activated by changes in ambient temperature and is involved in acute thermoregulation. Here, we aimed to determine whether TRPV1 is involved in behavioral thermoregulation in wild rodents by conducting 2 experiments. In the first, 42 adult Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus; 14 per treatment) were randomly assigned to 3 housing temperatures (4, 23, and 36°C) for 4 weeks. In the second, 20 gerbils (10 per treatment) were randomly injected with capsaicin (TRPV1 agonist) or AMG517 (TRPV1 antagonist). The results showed a significant decrease in food intake and non-shivering thermogenesis in the gerbils housed at 36°C. Additionally, there was a significant increase in the preference of gerbils housed at 4°C to low temperatures. The expression of TRPV1 protein in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) and liver was significantly positively correlated with that of protein kinase A (PKA). The expression of TRPV1 and PKA proteins in the BAT was positively correlated with the temperature preference of the gerbils. The gerbils injected with capsaicin preferred significantly lower temperatures than the control group gerbils. These findings suggest that TRPV1 and PKA are involved in behavioral thermoregulation in Mongolian gerbils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tingbei Bo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijun Zhao
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dehua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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9
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Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channels play a central role in the detection of environmental cold temperatures in the somatosensory system. TRPM8 is found in a subset of unmyelinated (C-type) afferents located in the dorsal root (DRG) and trigeminal ganglion (TG). Cold hypersensitivity is a common symptom of neuropathic pain conditions caused by cancer therapy, spinal cord injury, viral infection, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, or withdrawal symptoms associated with chronic morphine treatment. Therefore, TRPM8 has received great attention as a therapeutic target. However, as the activity of TRPM8 is unique in sensing cool temperature as well as warming, it is critical to understand the signaling transduction pathways that control modality-specific activity of TRPM8 in healthy versus pathological settings. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of the TRPM8 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mircea Iftinca
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christophe Altier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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10
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Chung BY, Um JY, Kim JC, Kang SY, Park CW, Kim HO. Pathophysiology and Treatment of Pruritus in Elderly. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010174. [PMID: 33375325 PMCID: PMC7795219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pruritus is a relatively common symptom that anyone can experience at any point in their life and is more common in the elderly. Pruritus in elderly can be defined as chronic pruritus in a person over 65 years old. The pathophysiology of pruritus in elderly is still unclear, and the quality of life is reduced. Generally, itch can be clinically classified into six types: Itch caused by systemic diseases, itch caused by skin diseases, neuropathic pruritus, psychogenic pruritus, pruritus with multiple factors, and from unknown causes. Senile pruritus can be defined as a chronic pruritus of unknown origin in elderly people. Various neuronal mediators, signaling mechanisms at neuronal terminals, central and peripheral neurotransmission pathways, and neuronal sensitizations are included in the processes causing itch. A variety of therapies are used and several novel drugs are being developed to relieve itch, including systemic and topical treatments.
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11
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Zhang X. Direct Gα q Gating Is the Sole Mechanism for TRPM8 Inhibition Caused by Bradykinin Receptor Activation. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3672-3683.e4. [PMID: 31216483 PMCID: PMC6595177 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of Gαq-coupled receptors by inflammatory mediators inhibits cold-sensing TRPM8 channels, aggravating pain and inflammation. Both Gαq and the downstream hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP2) inhibit TRPM8. Here, I demonstrate that direct Gαq gating is essential for both the basal cold sensitivity of TRPM8 and TRPM8 inhibition elicited by bradykinin in sensory neurons. The action of Gαq depends on binding to three arginine residues in the N terminus of TRPM8. Neutralization of these residues markedly increased sensitivity of the channel to agonist and membrane voltage and completely abolished TRPM8 inhibition by both Gαq and bradykinin while sparing the channel sensitivity to PIP2. Interestingly, the bradykinin receptor B2R also binds to TRPM8, rendering TRPM8 insensitive to PIP2 depletion. Furthermore, TRPM8-Gαq binding impaired Gαq coupling and signaling to PLCβ-PIP2. The crosstalk in the TRPM8-Gαq-B2R complex thus determines Gαq gating rather than PIP2 as a sole means of TRPM8 inhibition by bradykinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuming Zhang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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12
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Liu Y, Mikrani R, He Y, Faran Ashraf Baig MM, Abbas M, Naveed M, Tang M, Zhang Q, Li C, Zhou X. TRPM8 channels: A review of distribution and clinical role. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 882:173312. [PMID: 32610057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels are important therapeutic targets due to their plethoric involvement in physiological and pathological consequences. The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 (TRPM8) is a nonselective cation channel that controls Ca2+ homeostasis. It has been proposed to be the predominant thermoreceptor for cellular and behavioral responses to cold stimuli in the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel subfamilies and exploited so far to reach the clinical-stage of drug development. TRPM8 channels can be found in multiple organs and tissues, regulating several important processes such as cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis, inflammatory reactions, immunomodulatory effects, pain, and vascular muscle tension. The related disorders have been expanded to new fields ranging from cancer and migraine to dry eye disease, pruritus, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and chronic cough. This review is aimed to summarize the distribution of TRPM8 and disorders related to it from a clinical perspective, so as to broaden the scope of knowledge of researchers to conduct more studies on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Reyaj Mikrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Yanjun He
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Mirza Muhammad Faran Ashraf Baig
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Muhammad Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, PR China
| | - Meng Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Cuican Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211198, PR China; Department of Surgery, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210017, PR China; Department of Surgery, Nanjing Shuiximen Hospital, Jiangsu Province, 210017, PR China.
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13
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Negative Modulation of TRPM8 Channel Function by Protein Kinase C in Trigeminal Cold Thermoreceptor Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124420. [PMID: 32580281 PMCID: PMC7352406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
TRPM8 is the main molecular entity responsible for cold sensing. This polymodal ion channel is activated by cold, cooling compounds such as menthol, voltage, and rises in osmolality. In corneal cold thermoreceptor neurons (CTNs), TRPM8 expression determines not only their sensitivity to cold, but also their role as neural detectors of ocular surface wetness. Several reports suggest that Protein Kinase C (PKC) activation impacts on TRPM8 function; however, the molecular bases of this functional modulation are still poorly understood. We explored PKC-dependent regulation of TRPM8 using Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate to activate this kinase. Consistently, recombinant TRPM8 channels, cultured trigeminal neurons, and free nerve endings of corneal CTNs revealed a robust reduction of TRPM8-dependent responses under PKC activation. In corneal CTNs, PKC activation decreased ongoing activity, a key parameter in the role of TRPM8-expressing neurons as humidity detectors, and also the maximal cold-evoked response, which were validated by mathematical modeling. Biophysical analysis indicated that PKC-dependent downregulation of TRPM8 is mainly due to a decreased maximal conductance value, and complementary noise analysis revealed a reduced number of functional channels at the cell surface, providing important clues to understanding the molecular mechanisms of how PKC activity modulates TRPM8 channels in CTNs.
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14
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Manolache A, Selescu T, Maier GL, Mentel M, Ionescu AE, Neacsu C, Babes A, Szedlacsek SE. Regulation of TRPM8 channel activity by Src‐mediated tyrosine phosphorylation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:5192-5203. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Manolache
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Bucharest Bucuresti Romania
| | - Tudor Selescu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Bucharest Bucuresti Romania
| | - G. Larisa Maier
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Bucharest Bucuresti Romania
| | - Mihaela Mentel
- Department of EnzymologyInstitute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy Bucuresti Romania
| | - Aura Elena Ionescu
- Department of EnzymologyInstitute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy Bucuresti Romania
| | - Cristian Neacsu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Bucharest Bucuresti Romania
| | - Alexandru Babes
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Bucharest Bucuresti Romania
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15
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Role of TRPM8 Channels in Altered Cold Sensitivity of Corneal Primary Sensory Neurons Induced by Axonal Damage. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8177-8192. [PMID: 31471469 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0654-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea is extensively innervated by trigeminal ganglion cold thermoreceptor neurons expressing TRPM8 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8). These neurons respond to cooling, hyperosmolarity and wetness of the corneal surface. Surgical injury of corneal nerve fibers alters tear production and often causes dry eye sensation. The contribution of TRPM8-expressing corneal cold-sensitive neurons (CCSNs) to these symptoms is unclear. Using extracellular recording of CCSNs nerve terminals combined with in vivo confocal tracking of reinnervation, Ca2+ imaging and patch-clamp recordings of fluorescent retrogradely labeled corneal neurons in culture, we analyzed the functional modifications of CCSNs induced by peripheral axonal damage in male mice. After injury, the percentage of CCSNs, the cold- and menthol-evoked intracellular [Ca2+] rises and the TRPM8 current density in CCSNs were larger than in sham animals, with no differences in the brake K+ current I KD Active and passive membrane properties of CCSNs from both groups were alike and corresponded mainly to those of canonical low- and high-threshold cold thermoreceptor neurons. Ongoing firing activity and menthol sensitivity were higher in CCSN terminals of injured mice, an observation accounted for by mathematical modeling. These functional changes developed in parallel with a partial reinnervation of the cornea by TRPM8(+) fibers and with an increase in basal tearing in injured animals compared with sham mice. Our results unveil key TRPM8-dependent functional changes in CCSNs in response to injury, suggesting that increased tearing rate and ocular dryness sensation derived from deep surgical ablation of corneal nerves are due to enhanced functional expression of TRPM8 channels in these injured trigeminal primary sensory neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We unveil a key role of TRPM8 channels in the sensory and autonomic disturbances associated with surgical damage of eye surface nerves. We studied the damage-induced functional alterations of corneal cold-sensitive neurons using confocal tracking of reinnervation, extracellular corneal nerve terminal recordings, tearing measurements in vivo, Ca2+ imaging and patch-clamp recordings of cultured corneal neurons, and mathematical modeling. Corneal nerve ablation upregulates TRPM8 mainly in canonical cold thermoreceptors, enhancing their cold and menthol sensitivity, inducing a rise in the ongoing firing activity of TRPM8(+) nerve endings and an increase in basal tearing. Our results suggest that unpleasant dryness sensations, together with augmented tearing rate after corneal nerve injury, are largely due to upregulation of TRPM8 in cold thermoreceptor neurons.
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Situ P, Begley CG, Simpson TL. Effects of Tear Film Instability on Sensory Responses to Corneal Cold, Mechanical, and Chemical Stimuli. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:2935-2941. [PMID: 31284310 PMCID: PMC6615367 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effects of tear film instability (TFI) induced by sustained tear exposure (STARE) on sensory responses to corneal cold, mechanical, and chemical stimuli. Methods Fifteen normal subjects were enrolled. TFI was induced during 10 repeated trials of STARE. Pneumatic cold, mechanical, and chemical stimuli were delivered using a computer-controlled Belmonte esthesiometer on three separate visits. The magnitude of the sensory responses to threshold and suprathreshold (1.25 and 1.50 times threshold levels) stimuli were assessed for intensity, coolness or warmness, irritation and pain, using a 0 (none) to 100 (very strong) scale, before and after STARE trials. Symptoms of ocular discomfort were evaluated using the Current Symptom Questionnaire (CSQ). Repeated measures ANOVA was used for data analysis. Results Following STARE trials, the intensity and coolness ratings to cooling stimuli decreased (P = 0.043 and 0.044 for intensity and coolness, respectively), while rated irritation to mechanical stimuli was increased (P = 0.024). The CSQ scores also increased regardless of visits (all P < 0.001). Intensity ratings, coolness to room temperature stimuli and irritation to mechanical and chemical stimuli increased for all suprathreshold stimuli with increasing stimulus levels (P ≤ 0.005). Conclusions Repeated TFI induced by STARE affects neurosensory function of the ocular surface. The decrease in reports of cooling and increase in irritation after repeated TFI suggest a complex interaction of neural mechanisms (particularly nonnociceptive cold and nociceptive mechanical) giving rise to ocular surface sensation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Situ
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Carolyn G Begley
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Trefford L Simpson
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Nociceptor Signalling through ion Channel Regulation via GPCRs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102488. [PMID: 31137507 PMCID: PMC6566991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prime task of nociceptors is the transformation of noxious stimuli into action potentials that are propagated along the neurites of nociceptive neurons from the periphery to the spinal cord. This function of nociceptors relies on the coordinated operation of a variety of ion channels. In this review, we summarize how members of nine different families of ion channels expressed in sensory neurons contribute to nociception. Furthermore, data on 35 different types of G protein coupled receptors are presented, activation of which controls the gating of the aforementioned ion channels. These receptors are not only targeted by more than 20 separate endogenous modulators, but can also be affected by pharmacotherapeutic agents. Thereby, this review provides information on how ion channel modulation via G protein coupled receptors in nociceptors can be exploited to provide improved analgesic therapy.
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18
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Hatta A, Kurose M, Sullivan C, Okamoto K, Fujii N, Yamamura K, Meng ID. Dry eye sensitizes cool cells to capsaicin-induced changes in activity via TRPV1. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:2191-2201. [PMID: 30969886 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00126.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal cool cells are sensitive to the ocular fluid status of the corneal surface and may be responsible for the regulation of basal tear production. Previously, we have shown that dry eye, induced by lacrimal gland excision (LGE) in rats, sensitized corneal cool cells to the transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) agonist menthol and to cool stimulation. In the present study, we examined the effect of dry eye on the sensitivity of cool cells to the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) agonist capsaicin. Single-unit recordings in the trigeminal ganglion were performed 7-10 days after LGE. At a concentration of 0.3 μM, capsaicin did not affect ongoing or cool-evoked activity in control animals yet facilitated ongoing activity and suppressed cool-evoked activity in LGE animals. At higher concentrations (3 μM), capsaicin continued to facilitate ongoing activity in LGE animals but suppressed ongoing activity in control animals. Higher concentrations of capsaicin also suppressed cool-evoked activity in both groups of animals, with an overall greater effect in LGE animals. In addition to altering cool-evoked activity, capsaicin enhanced the sensitivity of cool cells to heat in LGE animals. Capsaicin-induced changes were prevented by the application of the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine. With the use of fluorescent in situ hybridization, TRPV1 and TRPM8 expression was examined in retrograde tracer-identified corneal neurons. The coexpression of TRPV1 and TRPM8 in corneal neurons was significantly greater in LGE-treated animals when compared with sham controls. These results indicate that LGE-induced dry eye increases TRPV1-mediated responses in corneal cool cells at least in part through the increased expression of TRPV1. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Corneal cool cells are known to detect drying of the ocular surface. Our study is the first to report that dry eye induced alterations in cool cell response properties, including the increased responsiveness to noxious heat and activation by capsaicin. Along with the changes in cell response properties, it is possible these neurons also function differently in dry eye, relaying information related to the perception of ocular irritation in addition to regulating tearing and blinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Hatta
- Division of Oral Physiology, Department of Oral Biological Sciences, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata , Japan.,General Dentistry and Clinical Education Unit, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital , Niigata , Japan
| | - Masayuki Kurose
- Division of Oral Physiology, Department of Oral Biological Sciences, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata , Japan
| | - Cara Sullivan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine.,Graduate Studies in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine , Orono, Maine
| | - Keiichiro Okamoto
- Division of Oral Physiology, Department of Oral Biological Sciences, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata , Japan
| | - Noritaka Fujii
- General Dentistry and Clinical Education Unit, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital , Niigata , Japan
| | - Kensuke Yamamura
- Division of Oral Physiology, Department of Oral Biological Sciences, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata , Japan
| | - Ian D Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine
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19
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TRPA1 Sensitization Produces Hyperalgesia to Heat but not to Cold Stimuli in Human Volunteers. Clin J Pain 2019; 35:321-327. [DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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Leisengang S, Ott D, Murgott J, Gerstberger R, Rummel C, Roth J. Primary Cultures from Rat Dorsal Root Ganglia: Responses of Neurons and Glial Cells to Somatosensory or Inflammatory Stimulation. Neuroscience 2018; 394:1-13. [PMID: 30342197 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary cultures of rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) consist of neurons, satellite glial cells and a moderate number of macrophages. Measurements of increased intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i induced by stimuli, have revealed that about 70% of DRG neurons are capsaicin-responsive nociceptors, while 10% responded to cooling and or menthol (putative cold sensors). Cultivation of DRG in the presence of a moderate dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 µg/ml) enhanced capsaicin-induced Ca2+ signals. We therefore investigated further properties of DRG primary cultures stimulated with 10 µg/ml LPS for a short period. Exposure to LPS for 2 h resulted in pronounced release of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) into the supernatants of DRG cultures, increased expression of both cytokines in the DRG cells and increased TNF immunoreactivity predominantly in macrophages. We further observed an accumulation of the inflammatory transcription factors NF-IL6 and STAT3 in the nuclei of LPS-exposed DRG neurons and macrophages. In the presence of the cytotoxic agent cisplatin (5 or 10 µg/ml), the number of macrophages was decreased significantly, the growth of satellite glial cells was markedly suppressed, but the vitality and stimulus-induced Ca2+ signals of DRG neurons were not impaired. Under these conditions the LPS-induced production and expression of TNF-α and IL-6 were blunted. Our data suggest a potential role for macrophages and satellite glial cells in the initiation of inflammatory processes that develop in sensory ganglia upon injury or exposure to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Leisengang
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniela Ott
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jolanta Murgott
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Gerstberger
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior CMBB, Philipps-Universität of Marburg & Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Roth
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior CMBB, Philipps-Universität of Marburg & Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany.
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21
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Jung MJ, Choi YW, Chung BY, Park CW, Kim HO. Pathophysiology and new treatment of itch. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2018. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2018.61.11.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Min Je Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Won Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Young Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chun Wook Park
- Department of Dermatology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye One Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Tamamoto-Mochizuki C, Murphy KM, Olivry T. Pilot evaluation of the antipruritic efficacy of a topical transient receptor potential melastatin subfamily 8 (TRPM8) agonist in dogs with atopic dermatitis and pedal pruritus. Vet Dermatol 2017; 29:29-e14. [PMID: 28952176 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) requires a multimodal therapy and there is a need for effective adjunctive interventions. TRPM8 agonists are known to alleviate pruritus by inducing cooling. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of a novel TRPM8 agonist, 1-diisopropylphosphorylheptane (Cryosim-1), in atopic dogs. ANIMALS Nine client owned dogs with moderate to severe pedal pruritus associated with nonseasonal AD. METHODS This was a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, intraindividual, placebo-controlled study. A 2% Cryosim-1 or placebo-vehicle cream was applied to each forepaw twice daily for seven days. The owner rated the pruritus manifestations once daily using a pedal Pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS) and provided a Owner's Global Assessment of Treatment Efficacy (OGATE) at study end. RESULTS After seven days, the numbers of dogs with a pedal PVAS <2.0 for Cryosim-1 and placebo were three and five of nine, respectively; likewise, OGATE scores of good-to-excellent were two and five of eight, respectively - these proportions were not significant between treatment groups (P = 0.32 and 0.16, respectively). Furthermore, there was no significant difference between Cryosim-1 and placebo in the median percentage change from baseline PVAS (47% versus 75%; P = 0.15) and in the number of dogs with a ≥50% or a ≥90% reduction from baseline pedal PVAS (four of nine versus five of nine, P = 0.50; two of nine versus two of nine, P = 0.72). CONCLUSIONS In this pilot trial with a TRPM8 agonist in atopic dogs with pedal pruritus, the twice daily application of a 2% Cryosim-1 cream did not have an antipruritic effect superior to that of its vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Tamamoto-Mochizuki
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - K Marcia Murphy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
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23
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Rittich AB, Ellrich J, Said Yekta-Michael S. Assessment of lingual nerve functions after smoking cessation. Acta Odontol Scand 2017; 75:338-344. [PMID: 28372503 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2017.1308551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cigarette smoking is associated with a variety of oral diseases. A previous study showed a reduction of thermal sensitivity in the innervation area of the lingual nerve in smokers possibly caused by a degeneration of thermosensitive receptors as a consequence of smoking. The current study investigates somatosensory changes in ex-smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sensory functions in innervation areas of lingual nerve were investigated in 40 ex-smokers by psychophysical means. Functions of lingual nerve in 40 ex-smokers were compared to those in 40 smokers and 40 non-smokers. Subjects were investigated using quantitative sensory testing (QST, cold and warm detection, thermal sensory limen, heat and cold pain, and mechanical detection). RESULTS Significant differences were found in both groups, ex-smokers and smokers compared to non-smokers. Cold (p < .001), warm (ex-smokers: p < .01; smokers: p < .001) detection thresholds and thermal sensory limen (p < .001) showed significantly lower sensitivity in ex-smokers and smokers in comparison to non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS The lower temperature sensitivity of ex-smokers compared to that in non-smokers indicates a reduction of somatosensory function of the tongue, possibly caused by irreversible nerve degeneration associated with smoking. Influencing factors leading to sensory changes could be modulation of thermo-receptors, demyelination as well as a change of the epithelial structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Barbara Rittich
- Department of Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, Centre of Implantology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany,
| | - Jens Ellrich
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sareh Said Yekta-Michael
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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24
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Balemans D, Boeckxstaens GE, Talavera K, Wouters MM. Transient receptor potential ion channel function in sensory transduction and cellular signaling cascades underlying visceral hypersensitivity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G635-G648. [PMID: 28385695 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00401.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Visceral hypersensitivity is an important mechanism underlying increased abdominal pain perception in functional gastrointestinal disorders including functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease in remission. Although the exact pathophysiological mechanisms are poorly understood, recent studies described upregulation and altered functions of nociceptors and their signaling pathways in aberrant visceral nociception, in particular the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family. A variety of TRP channels are present in the gastrointestinal tract (TRPV1, TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPA1, TRPM2, TRPM5, and TRPM8), and modulation of their function by increased activation or sensitization (decreased activation threshold) or altered expression in visceral afferents have been reported in visceral hypersensitivity. TRP channels directly detect or transduce osmotic, mechanical, thermal, and chemosensory stimuli. In addition, pro-inflammatory mediators released in tissue damage or inflammation can activate receptors of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily leading to TRP channel sensitization and activation, which amplify pain and neurogenic inflammation. In this review, we highlight the present knowledge on the functional roles of neuronal TRP channels in visceral hypersensitivity and discuss the signaling pathways that underlie TRP channel modulation. We propose that a better understanding of TRP channels and their modulators may facilitate the development of more selective and effective therapies to treat visceral hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Balemans
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and
| | - Guy E Boeckxstaens
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and
| | - Karel Talavera
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research and TRP Research Platform Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven Belgium
| | - Mira M Wouters
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and
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25
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Enax-Krumova EK, Pohl S, Westermann A, Maier C. Ipsilateral and contralateral sensory changes in healthy subjects after experimentally induced concomitant sensitization and hypoesthesia. BMC Neurol 2017; 17:60. [PMID: 28335745 PMCID: PMC5364678 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-017-0839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In unilateral neuropathic pain. e.g. after peripheral nerve injury, both positive and negative sensory signs occur often, accompanied by minor but equally directed contralateral sensory changes. To mimic this feature, we experimentally aimed to induce concomitant c-fibre sensitization and block in healthy subjects and analyzed the bilateral sensory changes by quantitative sensory testing (QST) using the protocol of the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain. METHODS Twenty eight healthy subjects were firstly randomized in 2 groups to receive either topical capsaicin (0.6%, 12 cm2, application duration: 15 min.) or a lidocaine/prilocaine patch (25/25 mg, 10 cm2, application duration: 60 min.) on the right volar forearm. Secondly, 7-14 days later in the same area either at first capsaicin (for 15 min.) and immediately afterwards local anesthetics (for 60 min.) was applied (Cap/LA), or in inversed order with the same application duration (LA/Cap). Before, after each application and 7-14 days later a QST was performed bilaterally. STATISTICS Wilcoxon-test, ANOVA, p < 0.05. RESULTS Single application of 0,6% capsaicin induced thermal hypoesthesia, cold hypoalgesia, heat hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia. Lidocaine/prilocaine alone induced thermal and tactile hypoesthesia as well as mechanical and cold hypoalgesia, and a heat hyperalgesia (to a smaller extent). Ipsilaterally both co-applications induced a combination of the above mentioned changes. Significant contralateral sensory changes occurred only after the co-application with concomitant sensitization and hypoesthesia and comprised increased cold (Cap/LA, LA/Cap) and mechanical detection as well as cold pain threshold (LA/Cap). CONCLUSION The present experimental model using combined application of capsaicin and LA imitates partly the complex sensory changes observed in patients with unilateral neuropathic pain and might be used as an additional surrogate model. Only the concomitant use both agents in the same area induces both positive and negative sensory signs ipsilaterally as well as parallel contralateral sensory changes (to a lesser extent). TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01540877 , registered on 23 February 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena K Enax-Krumova
- Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil GmbH, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Pohl
- Department of Pain Medicine, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil GmbH Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrea Westermann
- Department of Pain Medicine, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil GmbH Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Maier
- Department of Pain Medicine, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil GmbH Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Mickle AD, Shepherd AJ, Mohapatra DP. Nociceptive TRP Channels: Sensory Detectors and Transducers in Multiple Pain Pathologies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:ph9040072. [PMID: 27854251 PMCID: PMC5198047 DOI: 10.3390/ph9040072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Specialized receptors belonging to the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ligand-gated ion channels constitute the critical detectors and transducers of pain-causing stimuli. Nociceptive TRP channels are predominantly expressed by distinct subsets of sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system. Several of these TRP channels are also expressed in neurons of the central nervous system, and in non-neuronal cells that communicate with sensory nerves. Nociceptive TRPs are activated by specific physico-chemical stimuli to provide the excitatory trigger in neurons. In addition, decades of research has identified a large number of immune and neuromodulators as mediators of nociceptive TRP channel activation during injury, inflammatory and other pathological conditions. These findings have led to aggressive targeting of TRP channels for the development of new-generation analgesics. This review summarizes the complex activation and/or modulation of nociceptive TRP channels under pathophysiological conditions, and how these changes underlie acute and chronic pain conditions. Furthermore, development of small-molecule antagonists for several TRP channels as analgesics, and the positive and negative outcomes of these drugs in clinical trials are discussed. Understanding the diverse functional and modulatory properties of nociceptive TRP channels is critical to function-based drug targeting for the development of evidence-based and efficacious new generation analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Mickle
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Andrew J Shepherd
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Durga P Mohapatra
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Center for Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Inflammatory and neuropathic cold allodynia are selectively mediated by the neurotrophic factor receptor GFRα3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:4506-11. [PMID: 27051069 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1603294113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue injury prompts the release of a number of proalgesic molecules that induce acute and chronic pain by sensitizing pain-sensing neurons (nociceptors) to heat and mechanical stimuli. In contrast, many proalgesics have no effect on cold sensitivity or can inhibit cold-sensitive neurons and diminish cooling-mediated pain relief (analgesia). Nonetheless, cold pain (allodynia) is prevalent in many inflammatory and neuropathic pain settings, with little known of the mechanisms promoting pain vs. those dampening analgesia. Here, we show that cold allodynia induced by inflammation, nerve injury, and chemotherapeutics is abolished in mice lacking the neurotrophic factor receptor glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family of receptors-α3 (GFRα3). Furthermore, established cold allodynia is blocked in animals treated with neutralizing antibodies against the GFRα3 ligand, artemin. In contrast, heat and mechanical pain are unchanged, and results show that, in striking contrast to the redundant mechanisms sensitizing other modalities after an insult, cold allodynia is mediated exclusively by a single molecular pathway, suggesting that artemin-GFRα3 signaling can be targeted to selectively treat cold pain.
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Saliba J, Fnais N, Tomaszewski M, Carriere JS, Frenkiel S, Frasnelli J, Tewfik MA. The role of trigeminal function in the sensation of nasal obstruction in chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2016; 126:E174-8. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.25952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Saliba
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Naif Fnais
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Marcel Tomaszewski
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | | | - Saul Frenkiel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Johannes Frasnelli
- Research Chair for Chemosensory Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy; University of Quebec in Trois-Rivières; Trois-Rivières Quebec Canada
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine; Sacré-Coeur Hospital; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Marc A. Tewfik
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
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Abstract
The detection of temperature is one of the most fundamental sensory functions across all species, and is critical for animal survival. Animals have thus evolved a diversity of thermosensory mechanisms allowing them to sense and respond to temperature changes (thermoreception). A key process underlying thermoreception is the translation of thermal energy into electrical signals, a process mediated by thermal sensors (thermoreceptors) that are sensitive to a specific range of temperatures. In disease conditions, the temperature sensitivity of thermoreceptors is altered, leading to abnormal temperature sensation such as heat hyperalgesia. Therefore, the identification of thermal sensors and understanding their functions and regulation hold great potential for developing novel therapeutics against many medical conditions such as pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuming Zhang
- a Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health & Institute of Medical Sciences ; University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill , Aberdeen , UK
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Calcium Entry Through Thermosensory Channels. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 898:265-304. [PMID: 27161233 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-26974-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
ThermoTRPs are unique channels that mediate Na(+) and Ca(2+) currents in response to changes in ambient temperature. In combination with their activation by other physical and chemical stimuli, they are considered key integrators of environmental cues into neuronal excitability. Furthermore, roles of thermoTRPs in non-neuronal tissues are currently emerging such as insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells, and links to cancer. Calcium permeability through thermoTRPs appears a central hallmark for their physiological and pathological activities. Moreover, it is currently being proposed that beyond working as a second messenger, Ca(2+) can function locally by acting on protein complexes near the membrane. Interestingly, thermoTRPs can enhance and expand the inherent plasticity of signalplexes by conferring them temperature, pH and lipid regulation through Ca(2+) signalling. Thus, unveiling the local role of Ca(2+) fluxes induced by thermoTRPs on the dynamics of membrane-attached signalling complexes as well as their significance in cellular processes, are central issues that will expand the opportunities for therapeutic intervention in disorders involving dysfunction of thermoTRP channels.
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Ren L, Dhaka A, Cao YQ. Function and postnatal changes of dural afferent fibers expressing TRPM8 channels. Mol Pain 2015; 11:37. [PMID: 26111800 PMCID: PMC4480580 DOI: 10.1186/s12990-015-0043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies have identified TRPM8 (transient receptor potential melastatin 8) as one of the susceptibility genes for common migraine. Here, we investigated the postnatal changes of TRPM8-expressing dural afferent fibers as well as the function of dural TRPM8 channels in mice. RESULTS First, we quantified the density and the number of axonal branches of TRPM8-expressing fibers in the dura of mice expressing farnesylated enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFPf) from one TRPM8 allele between postnatal day 2 (P2) to adulthood. The number of axonal branches on individual dural EGFP-positive fibers was decreased by 30% between P2 and P11. The density of dural EGFP-positive fibers was subsequently reduced by 50% between P16 and P21. Conversely, the density and the number of branches of axons expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide remained stable in postnatal mouse dura. The density of TRPM8-expressing fibers innervating the mouse cornea epithelium was significantly increased from P2 to adulthood. Next, we tested the function of dural TRPM8 channels in adult mice and found that TRPM8 agonist menthol effectively inhibited the nocifensive behavior evoked by dural application of inflammatory mediators. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the TRPM8-expressing dural afferent fibers undergo cell- and target tissue-specific axonal pruning during postnatal development. Activation of dural TRPM8 channels decreases meningeal irritation-evoked nocifensive behavior in adult mice. This provides a framework to further explore the role of postnatal changes of TRPM8-expressing dural afferents in the pathophysiology of pediatric and adult migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Ren
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Ajay Dhaka
- Department of Biological Structure, Neurobiology and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Yu-Qing Cao
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Ott D, Simm B, Pollatzek E, Gerstberger R, Rummel C, Roth J. Prostaglandin D2 modulates calcium signals induced by prostaglandin E2 in neurons of rat dorsal root ganglia. Neurosci Lett 2015; 597:159-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Mickle AD, Shepherd AJ, Mohapatra DP. Sensory TRP channels: the key transducers of nociception and pain. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 131:73-118. [PMID: 25744671 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral detection of nociceptive and painful stimuli by sensory neurons involves a complex repertoire of molecular detectors and/or transducers on distinct subsets of nerve fibers. The majority of such molecular detectors/transducers belong to the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of cation channels, which comprise both specific receptors for distinct nociceptive stimuli, as well as for multiple stimuli. This chapter discusses the classification, distribution, and functional properties of individual TRP channel types that have been implicated in various nociceptive and/or painful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Mickle
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucile A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew J Shepherd
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucile A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Durga P Mohapatra
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucile A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Department of Anesthesia, The University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucile A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Tóth BI, Szallasi A, Bíró T. Transient receptor potential channels and itch: how deep should we scratch? Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 226:89-133. [PMID: 25861776 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-44605-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have evolved from a somewhat obscure observation on how fruit flies detect light to become the center of drug discovery efforts, triggering a heated debate about their potential as targets for therapeutic applications in humans. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the diverse mechanism of action of TRP channels in the itch pathway from the skin to the brain with focus on the peripheral detection of stimuli that elicit the desire to scratch and spinal itch processing and sensitization. We predict that the compelling basic research findings on TRP channels and pruritus will be translated into the development of novel, clinically useful itch medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs I Tóth
- DE-MTA "Lendület" Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
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Veldhuis NA, Poole DP, Grace M, McIntyre P, Bunnett NW. The G Protein–Coupled Receptor–Transient Receptor Potential Channel Axis: Molecular Insights for Targeting Disorders of Sensation and Inflammation. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 67:36-73. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Ferrandiz-Huertas C, Mathivanan S, Wolf CJ, Devesa I, Ferrer-Montiel A. Trafficking of ThermoTRP Channels. MEMBRANES 2014; 4:525-64. [PMID: 25257900 PMCID: PMC4194048 DOI: 10.3390/membranes4030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ThermoTRP channels (thermoTRPs) define a subfamily of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels that are activated by changes in the environmental temperature, from noxious cold to injurious heat. Acting as integrators of several stimuli and signalling pathways, dysfunction of these channels contributes to several pathological states. The surface expression of thermoTRPs is controlled by both, the constitutive and regulated vesicular trafficking. Modulation of receptor surface density during pathological processes is nowadays considered as an interesting therapeutic approach for management of diseases, such as chronic pain, in which an increased trafficking is associated with the pathological state. This review will focus on the recent advances trafficking of the thermoTRP channels, TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPM3, TRPM8 and TRPA1, into/from the plasma membrane. Particularly, regulated membrane insertion of thermoTRPs channels contributes to a fine tuning of final channel activity, and indeed, it has resulted in the development of novel therapeutic approaches with successful clinical results such as disruption of SNARE-dependent exocytosis by botulinum toxin or botulinomimetic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sakthikumar Mathivanan
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante 03202, Spain.
| | - Christoph Jakob Wolf
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante 03202, Spain.
| | - Isabel Devesa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante 03202, Spain.
| | - Antonio Ferrer-Montiel
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante 03202, Spain.
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Kong X, Wan H, Su X, Zhang C, Yang Y, Li X, Yao L, Lin N. Rheum palmatum L. and Coptis chinensis Franch., exert antipyretic effect on yeast-induced pyrexia rats involving regulation of TRPV1 and TRPM8 expression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 153:160-8. [PMID: 24530855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rheum palmatum L. and Coptis chinensis Franch., are two representative cold-natured traditional Chinese medicine with heat-clearing effect, and were widely used to treat fever associated diseases in China for a long history. To elucidate the mechanism of the antipyretic effect of Rheum palmatum L. and Coptis chinensis Franch. from the perspective of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and transient receptor potential melastatin 8 expression on yeast-induced pyrexia rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pyrexia model was induced by injecting 20mg/kg of yeast suspension subcutaneously on rat. 3.5g/kg Rheum palmatum L. or 2.8g/kg Coptis chinensis Franch. were given intragastric administration 1h before and 3h after pyrexia inducion. Rectal temperature was recorded by electronic thermometer every hour. Protein expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and melastatin 8 were examined by immunohistochemical staining in dorsal root ganglion, as well as in the paraventricular nuclei and supraoptic nucleus, two important nucleuses of hypothalamus for thermoregulation. Western blot analysis was also applied to test transient receptor potential levels in dorsal root ganglion and hypothalamus. The levels of prostaglandin E2, cyclic adenosine 3׳,5׳-monophosphate and arginine vasopressin were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in plasma and hypothalamus. RESULTS Both Rheum palmatum L. and Coptis chinensis Franch. clearly decreased the rectal temperature elevated by yeast in rats from 4h to 12h, especially 4-8h after yeast induction. Importantly, Rheum palmatum L. and Coptis chinensis Franch suppressed transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and increased transient receptor potential melastatin 8 expressions in hypothalamus and dorsal root ganglion, at 4h, 8h and 12h after yeast induction when rectal temperature began to rise, reach the peak and decrease separately. Additionally, Rheum palmatum L. and Coptis chinensis Franch. interrupted the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and melastatin 8 protein expressions in paraventricular nuclei and supraoptic nucleus with the similar tendency as hypothalamus. Finally, Rheum palmatum L. and Coptis chinensis Franch. inhibited the production of prostaglandin E2 and cyclic adenosine 3׳,5׳-monophosphate, while promoted the secretion of arginine vasopressin. CONCLUSION The antipyretic effect of Rheum palmatum L. and Coptis chinensis Franch might result, at least in part, from the regulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and melastatin 8 expressions. Thus, our findings provide scientific basis for the wide use of cold-natured traditional Chinese medicine such as Rheum palmatum L. and Coptis chinensis Franch in China as a traditional antipyretics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Kong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hongye Wan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiaohui Su
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Cun Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Na Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Madrid R, Pertusa M. Intimacies and physiological role of the polymodal cold-sensitive ion channel TRPM8. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2014; 74:293-324. [PMID: 25366241 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800181-3.00011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The detection of environmental temperature is critical for the survival of the most diverse organisms. Thermosensitive transient receptor potential (thermoTRP) channels have evolved as a class of ion channels activated by a wide range of temperatures. These molecular thermal sensors are spread through the different TRP channel subfamilies. Among the Melastatin subfamily of TRP channels, the eighth member, TRPM8, is a calcium-permeable cationic ion channel activated by cold, by substances that evoke cold sensation such as menthol, and by voltage. This channel is considered the main molecular entity responsible for the sensitivity to cold of primary sensory neurons of the somatosensory system. Here we present to the readers a summary of some the most relevant biophysical properties, physiological role, and molecular intimacies of this polymodal thermoTRP channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Madrid
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Pertusa
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) was originally cloned from prostate tissue. Shortly thereafter, the protein was identified as a cold- and menthol-activated ion channel in peripheral sensory neurons, where it plays a critical role in cold temperature detection. In this chapter, we review our current understanding of the molecular and biophysical properties, the pharmacology, and the modulation by signaling molecules of this TRP channel. Finally, we examine the physiological role of TRPM8 and its emerging link to various human diseases, including pain, prostate cancer, dry eye disease, and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Almaraz
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avenida S. Ramón y Cajal s.n., San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Spain
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Spahn V, Stein C, Zöllner C. Modulation of transient receptor vanilloid 1 activity by transient receptor potential ankyrin 1. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 85:335-44. [PMID: 24275229 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.088997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a nonselective ligand-gated cation channel responding to noxious heat, protons, and chemicals such as capsaicin. TRPV1 is expressed in sensory neurons and plays a critical role in pain associated with tissue injury, inflammation, and nerve lesions. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is coexpressed with TRPV1. It is activated by compounds that cause a burning sensation (e.g., mustard oil) and, indirectly, by components of the inflammatory milieu eliciting nociceptor excitation and pain hypersensitivity. Previous studies indicate an interaction of TRPV1 and TRPA1 signaling pathways. Here we sought to examine the molecular mechanisms underlying such interactions in nociceptive neurons. We first excluded physical interactions of both channels using radioligand binding studies. By microfluorimetry, electrophysiological experiments, cAMP measurements, and site-directed mutagenesis we found a sensitization of TRPV1 after TRPA1 stimulation with mustard oil in a calcium and cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent manner. TRPA1 stimulation enhanced TRPV1 phosphorylation via the putative PKA phosphorylation site serine 116. We also detected calcium-sensitive increased TRPV1 activity after TRPA1 activation in dorsal root ganglion neurons. The inhibition of TRPA1 by HC-030031 (1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-1,3-dimethyl-N-[4-(1-methylethyl)phenyl]-2,6-dioxo-7H-purine-7-acetamide, 2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide) after its initial stimulation (and the calcium-insensitive TRPA1 mutant D477A) still showed increased capsaicin-induced TRPV1 activity. This excludes a calcium-induced additive TRPA1 current after TRPV1 stimulation. Our study shows sensitization of TRPV1 via activation of TRPA1, which involves adenylyl cyclase, increased cAMP, subsequent translocation and activation of PKA, and phosphorylation of TRPV1 at PKA phosphorylation residues. This suggests that cross-sensitization of TRP channels contributes to enhanced pain sensitivity in inflamed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Spahn
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Berlin, Germany (V.S., C.S., C.Z.); and Universitätsklinikum Hamburg, Eppendorf, Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie, Zentrum für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Hamburg, Germany (C.Z.)
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Artemin, a glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family member, induces TRPM8-dependent cold pain. J Neurosci 2013; 33:12543-52. [PMID: 23884957 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5765-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain associated with injury or disease can result from dysfunction of sensory afferents whereby the threshold for activation of pain-sensing neurons (nociceptors) is lowered. Neurotrophic factors control nociceptor development and survival, but also induce sensitization through activation of their cognate receptors, attributable, in part, to the modulation of ion channel function. Thermal pain is mediated by channels of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family, including the cold and menthol receptor TRPM8. Although it has been shown that TRPM8 is involved in cold hypersensitivity, the molecular mechanisms underlying this pain modality are unknown. Using microarray analyses to identify mouse genes enriched in TRPM8 neurons, we found that the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family receptor GFRα3 is expressed in a subpopulation of TRPM8 sensory neurons that have the neurochemical profile of cold nociceptors. Moreover, we found that artemin, the specific GFRα3 ligand that evokes heat hyperalgesia, robustly sensitized cold responses in a TRPM8-dependent manner in mice. In contrast, GFRα1 and GFRα2 are not coexpressed with TRPM8 and their respective ligands GDNF and neurturin did not induce cold pain, whereas they did evoke heat hyperalgesia. Nerve growth factor induced mild cold sensitization, consistent with TrkA expression in TRPM8 neurons. However, bradykinin failed to alter cold sensitivity even though its receptor expresses in a subset of TRPM8 neurons. These results show for the first time that only select neurotrophic factors induce cold sensitization through TRPM8 in vivo, unlike the broad range of proalgesic agents capable of promoting heat hyperalgesia.
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Rohacs T. Regulation of transient receptor potential channels by the phospholipase C pathway. Adv Biol Regul 2013; 53:341-55. [PMID: 23916247 PMCID: PMC3805701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels were discovered while analyzing visual mutants in Drosophila. The protein encoded by the transient receptor potential (trp) gene is a Ca(2+) permeable cation channel activated downstream of the phospholipase C (PLC) pathway. While searching for homologs in other organisms, a surprisingly large number of mammalian TRP channels was cloned. The regulation of TRP channels is quite diverse, but many of them are either activated downstream of PLC, or modulated by it. This review will summarize the current knowledge on regulation of TRP channels by PLC, with special focus on TRPC-s, which can be considered as effectors of PLC and the heat- and capsaicin-sensitive TRPV1, which is modulated by the PLC pathway in a complex manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Rohacs
- Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
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Meng ID, Kurose M. The role of corneal afferent neurons in regulating tears under normal and dry eye conditions. Exp Eye Res 2013; 117:79-87. [PMID: 23994439 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cornea is one of several orofacial structures requiring glandular secretion for proper lubrication. Glandular secretion is regulated through a neural reflex initiated by trigeminal primary afferent neurons innervating the corneal epithelium. Corneal sensory afferents must respond to irritating and potentially damaging stimuli, as well as drying that occurs with evaporation of the tear film, and the physiological properties of corneal afferents are consistent with these requirements. Polymodal neurons are sensitive to noxious mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli, mechanoreceptive neurons are selectively activated by mechanical stimuli, and cool cells respond to innocuous cooling. The central terminations of corneal primary afferents are located within two regions of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The more rostral region, located at the transition between the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis and interpolaris, represents a critical relay for the regulation of the lacrimation reflex. From this region, major control of lacrimation is carried through projections to preganglionic parasympathetic neurons located in or around the superior salivatory nucleus. Dry eye syndrome may be caused by a dysfunction in the tear secreting glands themselves or in the neuronal circuit regulating these glands. Furthermore, the dry eye condition itself may modify the properties of corneal afferents and affect their ability to regulate secretion, a possibility just now being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Rd, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA.
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Andersen H, Olsen R, Møller H, Eskelund P, Gazerani P, Arendt-Nielsen L. A review of topical high-concentration L-menthol as a translational model of cold allodynia and hyperalgesia. Eur J Pain 2013; 18:315-25. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H.H. Andersen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
| | - R.V. Olsen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
| | - H.G. Møller
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
| | - P.W. Eskelund
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
| | - P. Gazerani
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
| | - L. Arendt-Nielsen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
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Zhao K, Jiang J, Blacker K, Lyman B, Dalton P, Cowart BJ, Pribitkin EA. Regional peak mucosal cooling predicts the perception of nasal patency. Laryngoscope 2013; 124:589-95. [PMID: 23775640 DOI: 10.1002/lary.24265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Nasal obstruction is the principal symptom that drives patients with rhinosinus disease to seek medical treatment. However, patient perception of obstruction often bears little relationship to actual measured physical obstruction of airflow. This lack of an objective clinical tool hinders effective diagnosis and treatment. Previous work has suggested that the perception of nasal patency may involve nasal trigeminal activation by cool inspiratory airflow; we attempt to derive clinically relevant variables following this phenomenon. STUDY DESIGN Prospective healthy cohort. METHODS Twenty-two healthy subjects rated unilateral nasal patency in controlled room air using a visual analog scale, followed by rhinomanometry, acoustic rhinometry, and butanol lateralization thresholds (BLTs). Each subject then immediately underwent a computed tomography scan, enabling the construction of a real-time computational fluid dynamics (CFD) nasal airway model, which was used to simulate nasal mucosa heat loss during steady resting breathing. RESULTS Among all measured and computed variables, only CFD-simulated peak heat loss posterior to the nasal vestibule significantly correlated with patency ratings (r = -0.46, P < .01). Linear discriminant analysis predicted patency categories with 89% success rate, with BLT and rhinomanometric nasal resistance being two additional significant variables. As validation, CFD simulated nasal resistance significantly correlated with rhinomanometrically measured resistance (r = 0.41, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS These results reveal that our noses are sensing patency via a mechanism involving localized peak nasal mucosal cooling. The analysis provides a strong rationale for combining the individualized CFD with other objective and neurologic measures to create a novel clinical tool to diagnose nasal obstruction and to predict and evaluate treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A; Department of Otolaryngology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
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Liu XR, Liu Q, Chen GY, Hu Y, Sham JSK, Lin MJ. Down-regulation of TRPM8 in pulmonary arteries of pulmonary hypertensive rats. Cell Physiol Biochem 2013; 31:892-904. [PMID: 23817166 DOI: 10.1159/000350107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by profound vascular remodeling and alterations in Ca(2+) homeostasis in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Multiple transient receptor potential melastatin-related (TRPM) subtypes have been identified in vascular tissue. However, the changes in the expression and function of TRPM channels in pulmonary hypertension have not been characterized in detail. METHODS We examined the expression of TRPM channels and characterized the functions of the altered TRPM channels in two widely used rat models of chronic hypoxia (CH)- and monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH. RESULTS CH-exposed and MCT-treated rats developed severe PH and right ventricular hypertrophy, with a significant decrease in TRPM8 mRNA and protein expression in pulmonary arteries (PAs). The downregulation of TRPM8 was associated with significant reduction in menthol-induced cation-influx. Time-profiles showed that TRPM8 down-regulation occurred prior to the increase of right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and right ventricular mass index (RVMI) in CH-exposed rats, but these changes were delayed in MCT-treated rats. The TRPM8 agonist menthol induced vasorelaxation in phenylephrine-precontracted PAs, and the vasorelaxing effects were significantly attenuated in PAs of both PH rat models, consistent with decreased TRPM8 expression. CONCLUSION Downregulation of TRPM8 may contribute to the enhanced vasoreactivity in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ru Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
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Kurose M, Meng ID. Dry eye modifies the thermal and menthol responses in rat corneal primary afferent cool cells. J Neurophysiol 2013; 110:495-504. [PMID: 23636717 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00222.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye syndrome is a painful condition caused by inadequate or altered tear film on the ocular surface. Primary afferent cool cells innervating the cornea regulate the ocular fluid status by increasing reflex tearing in response to evaporative cooling and hyperosmicity. It has been proposed that activation of corneal cool cells via a transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channel agonist may represent a potential therapeutic intervention to treat dry eye. This study examined the effect of dry eye on the response properties of corneal cool cells and the ability of the TRPM8 agonist menthol to modify these properties. A unilateral dry eye condition was created in rats by removing the left lacrimal gland. Lacrimal gland removal reduced tears in the dry eye to 35% compared with the contralateral eye and increased the number of spontaneous blinks in the dry eye by over 300%. Extracellular single-unit recordings were performed 8-10 wk following surgery in the trigeminal ganglion of dry eye animals and age-matched controls. Responses of corneal cool cells to cooling were examined after the application of menthol (10 μM-1.0 mM) to the ocular surface. The peak frequency of discharge to cooling was higher and the cooling threshold was warmer in dry eye animals compared with controls. The dry condition also altered the neuronal sensitivity to menthol, causing desensitization to cold-evoked responses at concentrations that produced facilitation in control animals. The menthol-induced desensitization of corneal cool cells would likely result in reduced tearing, a deleterious effect in individuals with dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kurose
- Division of Oral Physiology, Department of Oral Biological Sciences, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Abstract
Of somatosensory modalities, cold is one of the more ambiguous percepts, evoking the pleasant sensation of cooling, the stinging bite of cold pain, and welcome relief from chronic pain. Moreover, unlike the precipitous thermal thresholds for heat activation of thermosensitive afferent neurons, thresholds for cold fibers are across a range of cool to cold temperatures that spans over 30 °C. Until recently, how cold produces this myriad of biological effects has been poorly studied, yet new advances in our understanding of cold mechanisms may portend a better understanding of sensory perception as well as provide novel therapeutic approaches. Chief among these was the identification of a number of ion channels that either serve as the initial detectors of cold as a stimulus in the peripheral nervous system, or are part of rather sophisticated differential expression patterns of channels that conduct electrical signals, thereby endowing select neurons with properties that are amenable to electrical signaling in the cold. This review highlights the current understanding of the channels involved in cold transduction as well as presents a hypothetical model to account for the broad range of cold thermal thresholds and distinct functions of cold fibers in perception, pain, and analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D. McKemy
- Section of Neurobiology,
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Petho G, Reeh PW. Sensory and signaling mechanisms of bradykinin, eicosanoids, platelet-activating factor, and nitric oxide in peripheral nociceptors. Physiol Rev 2013; 92:1699-775. [PMID: 23073630 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00048.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral mediators can contribute to the development and maintenance of inflammatory and neuropathic pain and its concomitants (hyperalgesia and allodynia) via two mechanisms. Activation or excitation by these substances of nociceptive nerve endings or fibers implicates generation of action potentials which then travel to the central nervous system and may induce pain sensation. Sensitization of nociceptors refers to their increased responsiveness to either thermal, mechanical, or chemical stimuli that may be translated to corresponding hyperalgesias. This review aims to give an account of the excitatory and sensitizing actions of inflammatory mediators including bradykinin, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, platelet-activating factor, and nitric oxide on nociceptive primary afferent neurons. Manifestations, receptor molecules, and intracellular signaling mechanisms of the effects of these mediators are discussed in detail. With regard to signaling, most data reported have been obtained from transfected nonneuronal cells and somata of cultured sensory neurons as these structures are more accessible to direct study of sensory and signal transduction. The peripheral processes of sensory neurons, where painful stimuli actually affect the nociceptors in vivo, show marked differences with respect to biophysics, ultrastructure, and equipment with receptors and ion channels compared with cellular models. Therefore, an effort was made to highlight signaling mechanisms for which supporting data from molecular, cellular, and behavioral models are consistent with findings that reflect properties of peripheral nociceptive nerve endings. Identified molecular elements of these signaling pathways may serve as validated targets for development of novel types of analgesic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Petho
- Pharmacodynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Mandadi S, Armati PJ, Roufogalis BD. Protein kinase C modulation of thermo-sensitive transient receptor potential channels: Implications for pain signaling. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2012; 2:13-25. [PMID: 22470230 PMCID: PMC3312694 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.82311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of molecules are reported to be involved in chronic pain. This review outlines the specifics of protein kinase C (PKC), its isoforms and their role in modulating thermo-sensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channels TRPV1-4, TRPM8, and TRPA1. Anatomically, PKC and thermo-sensitive TRPs are co-expressed in cell bodies of nociceptive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, which are used as physiological correlates of peripheral and central projections involved in pain transmission. In the past decade, modulation of painful heat-sensitive TRPV1 by PKC has received the most attention. Recently, PKC modulation of other newly discovered thermo-sensitive pain-mediating TRPs has come into focus. Such modulation may occur under conditions of chronic pain resulting from nerve damage or inflammation. Since thermo-TRPs are primary detectors of acute pain stimuli, their modulation by PKC can severely alter their function, resulting in chronic pain. Comprehensive knowledge of pain signaling involving interaction of specific isoforms of PKC with specific thermo-sensitive TRP channels is incomplete. Such information is necessary to dissect out modality specific mechanisms to better manage the complex polymodal nature of chronic pain. This review is an attempt to update the readers on current knowledge of PKC modulation of thermo-sensitive TRPs and highlight implications of such modulation for pain signaling
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravan Mandadi
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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