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Germann M, Maffitt NJ, Poll A, Raditya M, Ting JSK, Baker SN. Pairing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Loud Sounds Produces Plastic Changes in Motor Output. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2469-2481. [PMID: 36859307 PMCID: PMC10082460 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0228-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most current methods for neuromodulation target the cortex. Approaches for inducing plasticity in subcortical motor pathways, such as the reticulospinal tract, could help to boost recovery after damage (e.g., stroke). In this study, we paired loud acoustic stimulation (LAS) with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the motor cortex in male and female healthy humans. LAS activates the reticular formation; TMS activates descending systems, including corticoreticular fibers. Two hundred paired stimuli were used, with 50 ms interstimulus interval at which LAS suppresses TMS responses. Before and after stimulus pairing, responses in the contralateral biceps muscle to TMS alone were measured. Ten, 20, and 30 min after stimulus pairing ended, TMS responses were enhanced, indicating the induction of LTP. No long-term changes were seen in control experiments which used 200 unpaired TMS or LAS, indicating the importance of associative stimulation. Following paired stimulation, no changes were seen in responses to direct corticospinal stimulation at the level of the medulla, or in the extent of reaction time shortening by a loud sound (StartReact effect), suggesting that plasticity did not occur in corticospinal or reticulospinal synapses. Direct measurements in female monkeys undergoing a similar paired protocol revealed no enhancement of corticospinal volleys after paired stimulation, suggesting no changes occurred in intracortical connections. The most likely substrate for the plastic changes, consistent with all our measurements, is an increase in the efficacy of corticoreticular connections. This new protocol may find utility, as it seems to target different motor circuits compared with other available paradigms.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Induction of plasticity by neurostimulation protocols may be promising to enhance functional recovery after damage such as following stroke, but current protocols mainly target cortical circuits. In this study, we developed a novel paradigm which may generate long-term changes in connections between cortex and brainstem. This could provide an additional tool to modulate and improve recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Germann
- Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie J Maffitt
- Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Annie Poll
- Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Raditya
- Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Jason S K Ting
- Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N Baker
- Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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2
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Sasaki R, Watanabe H, Onishi H. Therapeutic benefits of noninvasive somatosensory cortex stimulation on cortical plasticity and somatosensory function: a systematic review. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:4669-4698. [PMID: 35804487 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Optimal limb coordination requires efficient transmission of somatosensory information to the sensorimotor cortex. The primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is frequently damaged by stroke, resulting in both somatosensory and motor impairments. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) to the primary motor cortex is thought to induce neural plasticity that facilitates neurorehabilitation. Several studies have also examined if NIBS to the S1 can enhance somatosensory processing as assessed by somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) and improve behavioral task performance, but it remains uncertain if NIBS can reliably modulate S1 plasticity or even whether SEPs can reflect this plasticity. This systematic review revealed that NIBS has relatively minor effects on SEPs or somatosensory task performance, but larger early SEP changes after NIBS can still predict improved performance. Similarly, decreased paired-pulse inhibition in S1 post-NIBS is associated with improved somatosensory performance. However, several studies still debate the role of inhibitory function in somatosensory performance after NIBS in terms of the direction of the change (that, disinhibition or inhibition). Altogether, early SEP and paired-pulse inhibition (particularly inter-stimulus intervals of 30-100 ms) may become useful biomarkers for somatosensory deficits, but improved NIBS protocols are required for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoki Sasaki
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.,Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hiraku Watanabe
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hideaki Onishi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
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3
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Enhancement of LTD-like plasticity by associative pairing of quadripulse magnetic stimulation with peripheral nerve stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 138:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Intensity dependency of peripheral nerve stimulation in spinal LTP induced by paired associative corticospinal-motoneuronal stimulation (PCMS). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259931. [PMID: 34793533 PMCID: PMC8601434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired associative corticospinal-motoneuronal stimulation (PCMS) induces plasticity at synapses between corticospinal tracts (CSTs) and spinal motoneurons (SMs). We investigated the effects of peripheral nerve electrical stimulation (PNS) intensity on PCMS-induced plasticity. PCMS consisted of 180 paired stimuli of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the left primary motor cortex with PNS on the right ulnar nerve at the wrist. We compared effects induced by different PNS intensities: supramaximal, twice and three times sensory threshold intensities. For evaluating efficacy of the synapse between CSTs and SMs, single-pulse TMS was delivered at cervicomedullary junction level, and cervicomedullary motor-evoked potentials (CMEPs) were recorded from the right first-dorsal interosseous muscle before and after PCMS. PCMS with the supramaximal PNS intensity increased CMEP amplitude. The facilitatory effect of PCMS with the supramaximal PNS was larger than those of PCMS with weaker PNS intensities. Sham TMS with the supramaximal PNS showed no CMEP changes after the intervention. PNS intensity of PCMS influences the magnitude of synaptic plasticity induction between the CSTs and SMs at the spinal level, and the supramaximal intensity is the best for induction of long-term potentiation-like effects. The PNS intensity may influence the number of activated SMs by axonal backpropagating pulses with PNS which must overlap with descending volleys induced by TMS.
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Sui YF, Tong LQ, Zhang XY, Song ZH, Guo TC. Effects of paired associated stimulation with different stimulation position on motor cortex excitability and upper limb motor function in patients with cerebral infarction. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 90:363-369. [PMID: 34275577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of paired associated stimulation (PAS) with different stimulation position on motor cortex excitability and upper limb motor function in patients with cerebral infarction. METHOD A total of 120 volunteers with cerebral infarction were randomly divided into four groups. Based on conventional rehabilitation treatment, the PAS stimulation group was given the corresponding position of PAS treatment once a day for 28 consecutive days. The MEP amplitude and RMT of both hemispheres were assessed before and after treatment, and a simple upper limb Function Examination Scale (STEF) score, simplified upper limb Fugl-Meyer score (FMA), and improved Barthel Index (MBI) were used to assess upper limb motor function in the four groups. RESULTS Following PAS, the MEP amplitude decreased, and the RMT of abductor pollicis brevis (APB) increased on the contralesional side, while the MEP amplitude increased and the RMT of APB decreased on the ipsilesional side. After 28 consecutive days the scores of STEF, FMA, and MBI in the bilateral stimulation group were significantly better than those in the ipsilesional stimulation group and the contralesional stimulation group, but there was no significant difference in the scores of STEF, FMA, and MBI between the ipsilesional stimulation group and the contralesional stimulation group. CONCLUSION The excitability of the motor cortex can be changed when the contralesional side or the ipsilesional side was given the corresponding PAS stimulation, while the bilateral PAS stimulation can more easily cause a change of excitability of the motor cortex, resulting in better recovery of the upper limb function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Sui
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou 570208, China
| | - Liang-Qian Tong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou 570208, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 5th Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 470000, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Song
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou 570208, China.
| | - Tie-Cheng Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Huang Y, Chen JC, Chen CM, Tsai CH, Lu MK. Paired Associative Electroacupuncture and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Humans. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:49. [PMID: 30809140 PMCID: PMC6379477 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pairing transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with specific stimulus-intervals induces associative motor plasticity at the primary motor cortex (M1). Electroacupuncture (EA) is an established medical technique in the eastern countries. This study investigates whether EA paired with TMS induces distinct M1 motor plasticity. Fifteen healthy, right-handed subjects (aged 23.6 ± 2.0 years, eight women) were studied. Two-hundred and twenty-five pairs of TMS of the left M1 preceded by right EA at acupoint “Neiguan” [Pericardium 6 (PC6), located 2 decimeters proximal from the wrist wrinkle] were respectively applied with the interstimulus interval (ISI) of individual somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) N20 latency plus 2 ms (N20+2) and minus 5 ms (N20-5) with at least 1-week interval. The paired stimulation was delivered at a rate of 0.25 Hz. Sham TMS with a sham coil was adopted to examine the low-frequency EA influence on M1 in eleven subjects. M1 excitability was assessed by motor-evoked potential (MEP) recruitment curve with five TMS intensity levels, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), intracortical facilitation (ICF) and cerebellar inhibition (CBI) at the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle of the right hand before and after the EA-M1 paired associative stimulation (PAS). In addition, median nerve SSEPs and H-reflex were respectively measured to monitor somatosensory and spinal excitability. The MEP showed significantly facilitated after the sham EA-M1 PAS while tested with 80% of the TMS intensity producing on average 1 mV amplitude (i.e., MEP1 mV) in the resting APB muscle. It was also facilitated while tested with 90% MEP1 mV irrespective of the stimulation conditions. The SSEP showed a higher amplitude from the real EA-M1 PAS compared to that from the sham EA-M1 PAS. No significant change was found on SICI, ICF, CBI and H-reflex. Findings suggest that repetitive low frequency EA paired with real TMS did not induce spike-timing dependent motor plasticity but EA paired with sham TMS induced specific M1 excitability change. Complex sensory afferents with dispersed time locked to the sensorimotor cortical area could hamper instead of enhancing the induction of the spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) in M1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Medical College, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Cheng Chen
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Medical College, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Chen
- Department of Radiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chon-Haw Tsai
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Medical College, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kuei Lu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Medical College, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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7
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Macerollo A, Brown MJ, Kilner JM, Chen R. Neurophysiological Changes Measured Using Somatosensory Evoked Potentials. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:294-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Sowman PF, Dueholm SS, Rasmussen JH, Mrachacz-Kersting N. Induction of plasticity in the human motor cortex by pairing an auditory stimulus with TMS. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:398. [PMID: 24917810 PMCID: PMC4042887 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acoustic stimuli can cause a transient increase in the excitability of the motor cortex. The current study leverages this phenomenon to develop a method for testing the integrity of auditorimotor integration and the capacity for auditorimotor plasticity. We demonstrate that appropriately timed transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the hand area, paired with auditorily mediated excitation of the motor cortex, induces an enhancement of motor cortex excitability that lasts beyond the time of stimulation. This result demonstrates for the first time that paired associative stimulation (PAS)-induced plasticity within the motor cortex is applicable with auditory stimuli. We propose that the method developed here might provide a useful tool for future studies that measure auditory-motor connectivity in communication disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Sowman
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Perception and Action Research Centre (PARC), Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders (CCD), Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Søren S Dueholm
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Aalborg University Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jesper H Rasmussen
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Aalborg University Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Natalie Mrachacz-Kersting
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Aalborg University Aalborg, Denmark
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Abstract
Neural plasticity plays a critical role in learning, memory, and recovery from injury to the nervous system. Although much is known about the physical and physiological determinants of plasticity, little is known about the influence of cognitive factors. In this study, we investigated whether selective attention plays a role in modifying changes in neural excitability reflecting long-term potentiation (LTP)-like plasticity. We induced LTP-like effects in the hand area of the human motor cortex using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). During the induction of plasticity, participants engaged in a visual detection task with either low or high attentional demands. Changes in neural excitability were assessed by measuring motor-evoked potentials in a small hand muscle before and after the TMS procedures. In separate experiments plasticity was induced either by paired associative stimulation (PAS) or intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS). Because these procedures induce different forms of LTP-like effects, they allowed us to investigate the generality of any attentional influence on plasticity. In both experiments reliable changes in motor cortex excitability were evident under low-load conditions, but this effect was eliminated under high-attentional load. In a third experiment we investigated whether the attentional task was associated with ongoing changes in the excitability of motor cortex, but found no difference in evoked potentials across the levels of attentional load. Our findings indicate that in addition to their role in modifying sensory processing, mechanisms of attention can also be a potent modulator of cortical plasticity.
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10
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Coppola G, De Pasqua V, Pierelli F, Schoenen J. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on somatosensory evoked potentials and high frequency oscillations in migraine. Cephalalgia 2012; 32:700-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102412446313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Coppola
- Department of Neurophysiology of Vision and Neurophthalmology, G.B. Bietti Foundation IRCCS, Italy
| | - Victor De Pasqua
- Headache Research Unit, Department of Neurology and GIGA- Neurosciences, Liège University, Belgium
| | | | - Jean Schoenen
- Headache Research Unit, Department of Neurology and GIGA- Neurosciences, Liège University, Belgium
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Song S, Sandrini M, Cohen LG. Modifying somatosensory processing with non-invasive brain stimulation. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2012; 29:427-37. [PMID: 22124034 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-2011-0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purposeful manipulation of cortical plasticity and excitability within somatosensory regions may have therapeutic potential. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NBS) techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have shown promise towards this end with certain NBS protocols augmenting somatosensory processing and others down-regulating it. Here, we review NBS protocols which, when applied to primary somatosensory cortex, facilitate cortical excitability and tactile acuity (i.e., high-frequency repetitive TMS (rTMS), intermittent theta burst stimulation (TBS), paired associative stimulation (PAS) N20-5 to 0, anodal tDCS), and protocols that inhibit the same (i.e., low-frequency rTMS, continuous TBS, PAS N20-20, cathodal tDCS). Other studies have targeted multisensory regions of the brain to modulate somatosensory processing. These studies in full present a wide array of strategies in which NBS can be utilized to influence somatosensory processing in a behaviorally and clinically relevant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunbin Song
- Human Cortical Physiology and Stroke Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, MD20892, USA
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12
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Conde V, Vollmann H, Sehm B, Taubert M, Villringer A, Ragert P. Cortical thickness in primary sensorimotor cortex influences the effectiveness of paired associative stimulation. Neuroimage 2012; 60:864-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Machado C, Estévez M, Rodríguez R, Carrick FR, Melillo R, Leisman G. Bilateral N20 absence in post-anoxic coma: do you pay attention? Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 123:1264-6. [PMID: 22209660 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Short-term cortical plasticity induced by conditioning pain modulation. Exp Brain Res 2011; 216:91-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2913-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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15
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Schecklmann M, Volberg G, Frank G, Hadersdorfer J, Steffens T, Weisz N, Landgrebe M, Hajak G, Greenlee M, Classen J, Langguth B. Paired associative stimulation of the auditory system: a proof-of-principle study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27088. [PMID: 22073259 PMCID: PMC3206892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paired associative stimulation (PAS) consisting of repeated application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulses and contingent exteroceptive stimuli has been shown to induce neuroplastic effects in the motor and somatosensory system. The objective was to investigate whether the auditory system can be modulated by PAS. Methods Acoustic stimuli (4 kHz) were paired with TMS of the auditory cortex with intervals of either 45 ms (PAS(45 ms)) or 10 ms (PAS(10 ms)). Two-hundred paired stimuli were applied at 0.1 Hz and effects were compared with low frequency repetitive TMS (rTMS) at 0.1 Hz (200 stimuli) and 1 Hz (1000 stimuli) in eleven healthy students. Auditory cortex excitability was measured before and after the interventions by long latency auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) for the tone (4 kHz) used in the pairing, and a control tone (1 kHz) in a within subjects design. Results Amplitudes of the N1-P2 complex were reduced for the 4 kHz tone after both PAS(45 ms) and PAS(10 ms), but not after the 0.1 Hz and 1 Hz rTMS protocols with more pronounced effects for PAS(45 ms). Similar, but less pronounced effects were observed for the 1 kHz control tone. Conclusion These findings indicate that paired associative stimulation may induce tonotopically specific and also tone unspecific human auditory cortex plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schecklmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Kriváneková L, Lu MK, Bliem B, Ziemann U. Modulation of excitability in human primary somatosensory and motor cortex by paired associative stimulation targeting the primary somatosensory cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 34:1292-300. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Hoogendam JM, Ramakers GMJ, Di Lazzaro V. Physiology of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human brain. Brain Stimul 2009; 3:95-118. [PMID: 20633438 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has rapidly become a valuable method to investigate noninvasively the human brain. In addition, repetitive TMS (rTMS) is able to induce changes in brain activity that last after stimulation. Therefore, rTMS has therapeutic potential in patients with neurologic and psychiatric disorders. It is, however, unclear by which mechanism rTMS induces these lasting effects on the brain. The effects of rTMS are often described as LTD- or LTP-like, because the duration of these alterations seems to implicate changes in synaptic plasticity. In this review we therefore discuss, based on rTMS experiments and knowledge about synaptic plasticity, whether the physiologic basis of rTMS-effects relates to changes in synaptic plasticity. We present seven lines of evidence that strongly suggest a link between the aftereffects induced by rTMS and the induction of synaptic plasticity. It is, nevertheless, important to realize that at present it is impossible to demonstrate a direct link between rTMS on the one hand and synaptic plasticity on the other. Therefore, we provide suggestions for future, innovating research, aiming to investigate both the local effects of rTMS on the synapse and the effects of rTMS on other, more global levels of brain organization. Only in that way can the aftereffects of rTMS on the brain be completely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Marie Hoogendam
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Somatosensory processing and body representation. Cortex 2009; 45:1078-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Increased cortical plasticity in the elderly: changes in the somatosensory cortex after paired associative stimulation. Neuroscience 2009; 163:266-76. [PMID: 19524024 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Cortical inhibition and habituation to evoked potentials: relevance for pathophysiology of migraine. J Headache Pain 2009; 10:77-84. [PMID: 19209386 PMCID: PMC3451650 DOI: 10.1007/s10194-008-0095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of neuronal cortical excitability has been supposed to play an important role in etiopathogenesis of migraine. Neurophysiological techniques like evoked potentials (EP) and in the last years non-invasive brain stimulation techniques like transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation gave important contribution to understanding of such issue highlighting possible mechanisms of cortical dysfunctions in migraine. EP studies showed impaired habituation to repeated sensorial stimulation and this abnormality was confirmed across all sensorial modalities, making defective habituation a neurophysiological hallmark of the disease. TMS was employed to test more directly cortical excitability in visual cortex and then also in motor cortex. Contradictory results have been reported pointing towards hyperexcitability or on the contrary to reduced preactivation of sensory cortex in migraine. Other experimental evidence speaks in favour of impairment of inhibitory circuits and analogies have been proposed between migraine and conditions of sensory deafferentation in which down-regulation of GABA circuits is considered the more relevant pathophysiological mechanism. Whatever the mechanism involved, it has been found that repeated sessions of high-frequency rTMS trains that have been shown to up-regulate inhibitory circuits could persistently normalize habituation in migraine. This could give interesting insight into pathophysiology establishing a link between cortical inhibition and habituation and opening also new treatment strategies in migraine.
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Murakami T, Sakuma K, Nakashima K. Somatosensory evoked potentials and high-frequency oscillations in athletes. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119:2862-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
We investigated whether plasticity of human motor cortex (M1) is influenced by time of day, and whether changes in circulating levels of cortisol contribute to this effect. Neuroplasticity was induced using paired associative stimulation (PAS), involving electrical stimulation of left median nerve, paired with transcranial magnetic stimulation over the right M1 25 ms later (90 pairs at 0.05 Hz). Surface EMG was recorded from the left abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and first dorsal interosseous muscle. Cortisol levels were assessed from saliva. Time-of-day modulation of PAS effectiveness was assessed in 25 subjects who were tested twice, at 8:00 A.M. and 8:00 P.M. on separate days. In a second double-blind study, 17 subjects were tested with PAS at 8:00 P.M. on two occasions after administration of oral hydrocortisone (24 mg) or placebo. The motor-evoked potential (MEP) in resting APB increased significantly after PAS in the evening (when endogenous cortisol levels were low), but not in the morning. Oral hydrocortisone prevented facilitation of the APB MEP after PAS, and in the drug study, mean salivary cortisol levels were negatively associated with PAS effectiveness. The GABA(B)-mediated cortical silent period for APB was longer in the morning than in the evening, and was lengthened by PAS and oral hydrocortisone. We conclude that neuroplasticity in human M1 and GABA(B)-dependent intracortical inhibitory systems are influenced by time of day and modified by circulating levels of cortisol.
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Ziemann U, Paulus W, Nitsche MA, Pascual-Leone A, Byblow WD, Berardelli A, Siebner HR, Classen J, Cohen LG, Rothwell JC. Consensus: Motor cortex plasticity protocols. Brain Stimul 2008; 1:164-82. [PMID: 20633383 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive transcranial stimulation is being increasingly used by clinicians and neuroscientists to alter deliberately the status of the human brain. Important applications are the induction of virtual lesions (for example, transient dysfunction) to identify the importance of the stimulated brain network for a certain sensorimotor or cognitive task, and the induction of changes in neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity or behavioral function outlasting the stimulation, for example, for therapeutic purposes. The aim of this article is to review critically the properties of the different currently used stimulation protocols, including a focus on their particular strengths and weaknesses, to facilitate their appropriate and conscientious application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Ziemann
- Department Neurology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany.
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De Gennaro L, Fratello F, Marzano C, Moroni F, Curcio G, Tempesta D, Pellicciari MC, Pirulli C, Ferrara M, Rossini PM. Cortical plasticity induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation during wakefulness affects electroencephalogram activity during sleep. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2483. [PMID: 18575583 PMCID: PMC2423620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) brain oscillations in the low-frequency range show local signs of homeostatic regulation after learning. Such increases and decreases of slow wave activity are limited to the cortical regions involved in specific task performance during wakefulness. Here, we test the hypothesis that reorganization of motor cortex produced by long-term potentiation (LTP) affects EEG activity of this brain area during subsequent sleep. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS By pairing median nerve stimulation with transcranial magnetic stimulation over the contralateral motor cortex, one can potentiate the motor output, which is presumed to reflect plasticity of the neural circuitry. This paired associative stimulation increases M1 cortical excitability at interstimulus intervals of 25 ms. We compared the scalp distribution of sleep EEG power following paired associative stimulation at 25 ms to that following a control paradigm with 50 ms intervals. It is shown that the experimental manipulation by paired associative stimulation at 25 ms induces a 48% increase in amplitude of motor evoked potentials. This LTP-like potentiation, induced during waking, affects delta and theta EEG power in both REM and non-REM sleep, measured during the following night. Slow-wave activity increases in some frontal and prefrontal derivations and decreases at sites neighboring and contralateral to the stimulated motor cortex. The magnitude of increased amplitudes of motor evoked potentials by the paired associative stimulation at 25 ms predicts enhancements of slow-wave activity in prefrontal regions. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE An LTP-like paradigm, presumably inducing increased synaptic strength, leads to changes in local sleep regulation, as indexed by EEG slow-wave activity. Enhancement and depression of slow-wave activity are interpreted in terms of a simultaneous activation of both excitatory and inhibitory circuits consequent to the paired associative stimulation at 25 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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Bergmann TO, Mölle M, Marshall L, Kaya-Yildiz L, Born J, Roman Siebner H. A local signature of LTP- and LTD-like plasticity in human NREM sleep. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:2241-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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