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Everson CA, Szabo A, Plyer C, Hammeke TA, Stemper BD, Budde MD. Sleep loss, caffeine, sleep aids and sedation modify brain abnormalities of mild traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2024; 372:114620. [PMID: 38029810 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Little evidence exists about how mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is affected by commonly encountered exposures of sleep loss, sleep aids, and caffeine that might be potential therapeutic opportunities. In addition, while propofol sedation is administered in severe TBI, its potential utility in mild TBI is unclear. Each of these exposures is known to have pronounced effects on cerebral metabolism and blood flow and neurochemistry. We hypothesized that they each interact with cerebral metabolic dynamics post-injury and change the subclinical characteristics of mTBI. MTBI in rats was produced by head rotational acceleration injury that mimics the biomechanics of human mTBI. Three mTBIs spaced 48 h apart were used to increase the likelihood that vulnerabilities induced by repeated mTBI would be manifested without clinically relevant structural damage. After the third mTBI, rats were immediately sleep deprived or administered caffeine or suvorexant (an orexin antagonist and sleep aid) for the next 24 h or administered propofol for 5 h. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were performed 24 h after the third mTBI and again after 30 days to determine changes to the brain mTBI phenotype. Multi-modal analyses on brain regions of interest included measures of functional connectivity and regional homogeneity from rs-fMRI, and mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) from DTI. Each intervention changed the mTBI profile of subclinical effects that presumably underlie healing, compensation, damage, and plasticity. Sleep loss during the acute post-injury period resulted in dramatic changes to functional connectivity. Caffeine, propofol sedation and suvorexant were especially noteworthy for differential effects on microstructure in gray and white matter regions after mTBI. The present results indicate that commonplace exposures and short-term sedation alter the subclinical manifestations of repeated mTBI and therefore likely play roles in symptomatology and vulnerability to damage by repeated mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Everson
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine) and Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Aniko Szabo
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Cade Plyer
- Neurology Residency Program, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Thomas A Hammeke
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Brian D Stemper
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Neuroscience Research, Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Mathew D Budde
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Alvarez FJ, Alvarez AA, Rodríguez JJ, Lafuente H, Canduela MJ, Hind W, Blanco-Bruned JL, Alonso-Alconada D, Hilario E. Effects of Cannabidiol, Hypothermia, and Their Combination in Newborn Rats with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0417-22.2023. [PMID: 37072177 PMCID: PMC10166126 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0417-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia is well established as a standard treatment for infants with hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephalopathy but it is only partially effective. The potential for combination treatments to augment hypothermic neuroprotection has major relevance. Our aim was to assess the effects of treating newborn rats following HI injury with cannabidiol (CBD) at 0.1 or 1 mg/kg, i.p., in normothermic (37.5°C) and hypothermic (32.0°C) conditions, from 7 d of age (neonatal phase) to 37 d of age (juvenile phase). Placebo or CBD was administered at 0.5, 24, and 48 h after HI injury. Two sensorimotor (rotarod and cylinder rearing) and two cognitive (novel object recognition and T-maze) tests were conducted 30 d after HI. The extent of brain damage was determined by magnetic resonance imaging, histologic evaluation, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, amplitude-integrated electroencephalography, and Western blotting. At 37 d, the HI insult produced impairments in all neurobehavioral scores (cognitive and sensorimotor tests), brain activity (electroencephalography), neuropathological score (temporoparietal cortexes and CA1 layer of hippocampus), lesion volume, magnetic resonance biomarkers of brain injury (metabolic dysfunction, excitotoxicity, neural damage, and mitochondrial impairment), oxidative stress, and inflammation (TNFα). We observed that CBD or hypothermia (to a lesser extent than CBD) alone improved cognitive and motor functions, as well as brain activity. When used together, CBD and hypothermia ameliorated brain excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation, reduced brain infarct volume, lessened the extent of histologic damage, and demonstrated additivity in some parameters. Thus, coadministration of CBD and hypothermia could complement each other in their specific mechanisms to provide neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonia A Alvarez
- Department of Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - José J Rodríguez
- Functional Neuroanatomy Group, Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE), 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Hector Lafuente
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia, Spain
| | - M Josune Canduela
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - William Hind
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge CB24 9BZ, United Kingdom
| | - José L Blanco-Bruned
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cruces University Hospital, OSI-Ezkerraldea Enkarterri Cruces, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Hilario
- Department of Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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Costa G, Serra M, Maccioni R, Casu MA, Kasture SB, Acquas E, Morelli M. Withania somnifera influences MDMA-induced hyperthermic, cognitive, neurotoxic and neuroinflammatory effects in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114475. [PMID: 36905810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Withania somnifera (WS) is utilized in Ayurvedic medicine owing to its central and peripheral beneficial properties. Several studies have accrued indicating that the recreational amphetamine-related drug (+/-)- 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; Ecstasy) targets the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in mice, inducing neurodegeneration and gliosis, causing acute hyperthermia and cognitive impairment. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a standardized extract of W. somnifera (WSE) on MDMA-induced neurotoxicity, neuroinflammation, memory impairment and hyperthermia. Mice received a 3-day pretreatment with vehicle or WSE. Thereafter, vehicle- and WSE-pretreated mice were randomly divided into four groups: saline, WSE, MDMA alone, WSE plus MDMA. Body temperature was recorded throughout treatment, and memory performance was assessed by a novel object recognition (NOR) task at the end of treatment. Thereafter, immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and striatum the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), as marker of dopaminergic degeneration, and of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and TMEM119, as markers of astrogliosis or microgliosis, respectively. MDMA-treated mice showed a decrease in TH-positive neurons and fibers in the SNc and striatum respectively, an increase in gliosis and body temperature, and a decrease in NOR performance, irrespective of vehicle or WSE pretreatment. Acute WSE plus MDMA counteracted the modifications in TH-positive cells in SNc, GFAP-positive cells in striatum, TMEM in both areas and NOR performance, as compared to MDMA alone, while no differences were observed as compared to saline. Results indicate that WSE acutely administered in combination with MDMA, but not as pretreatment, protects mice against the noxious central effects of MDMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Marcello Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Maccioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maria Antonietta Casu
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, UOS of Cagliari, Scientific and Technological Park of Sardinia POLARIS, Pula, Italy
| | - Sanjay B Kasture
- Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Buldhana, Maharashtra, India
| | - Elio Acquas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; National Research Council of Italy, Neuroscience Institute, Cagliari, Italy
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Does a Single Exposure to General Anesthesia Have a Cumulative Effect on the Developing Brain after Mild Perinatal Asphyxia? LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12101568. [PMID: 36295002 PMCID: PMC9605013 DOI: 10.3390/life12101568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background: General anesthesia (GA) in pediatric patients represents a clinical routine. Factors such as increased birth age and maternal chronic conditions cause more infants to experience hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, an additional risk for anesthesia. Aim: This study evaluates the effect of one sevoflurane-induced GA episode on the immature brain previously exposed to perinatal asphyxia (PA). Methods: Postnatal day 6 (PND6) Wistar rats were exposed to a 90-min episode of normoxia/PA and at PND15 to a 120-min episode of normoxia/GA. Four groups were analyzed: Control (C), PA, GA, and PA-GA. Post-exposures, fifteen pups/group were sacrificed and the hippocampi were isolated to assess S-100B and IL-1B protein levels, using ELISA. At maturity, the behavior was assessed by: forced swimming test (FST), and novel object recognition test. Results: Hippocampal S-100B level was increased in PA, GA, and PA-GA groups, while IL-1B was increased in PA, but decreased in PA-GA. The immobility time was increased in PA and PA-GA, in FST. Conclusions: Both PA and GA contribute to glial activation, however with no cumulative effect. Moreover, PA reduces the rats’ mobility, irrespective of GA exposure, while memory evaluated by the novel object recognition test was not influenced.
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Association between Novel Object Recognition/Spontaneous Alternation Behavior and Emission of Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Rats: Possible Relevance to the Study of Memory. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11081053. [PMID: 34439672 PMCID: PMC8394680 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rats emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in situations with emotional valence, and USVs have also been proposed as a marker for memories conditioned to those situations. This study investigated whether USV emissions can predict and/or be associated with the behavior of rats in tests that evaluate unconditioned memory. To this end, rats were subjected to “tickling”, a procedure of heterospecific play that has emotional valence and elicits the emission of USVs, and afterwards evaluated in the novel object recognition test (NOR) and in the single trial continuous spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) test in a Y maze. The number of 22-kHz USVs (aversive) and 50-kHz USVs (appetitive) emitted in response to tickling and during NOR and SAB tests were scored, and the correlations among them and with rats’ behavior evaluated. Rats emitted 50-kHz USVs, but not 22-kHz USVs, during the NOR and SAB tests, and such calling behavior was not linked with the behavioral readouts indicative of memory function in either test. However, rats that prevalently emitted 22-kHz USVs in response to tickling displayed an impaired NOR performance. These findings suggest that measuring the emission of USVs could be of interest in studies of unconditioned memory, at least with regard to 22-kHz USVs.
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Farfán N, Carril J, Redel M, Zamorano M, Araya M, Monzón E, Alvarado R, Contreras N, Tapia-Bustos A, Quintanilla ME, Ezquer F, Valdés JL, Israel Y, Herrera-Marschitz M, Morales P. Intranasal Administration of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome Reduces Hippocampal Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation and Cell Death, Improving the Behavioral Outcome Following Perinatal Asphyxia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207800. [PMID: 33096871 PMCID: PMC7589575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal Asphyxia (PA) is a leading cause of motor and neuropsychiatric disability associated with sustained oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and cell death, affecting brain development. Based on a rat model of global PA, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of intranasally administered secretome, derived from human adipose mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-S), preconditioned with either deferoxamine (an hypoxia-mimetic) or TNF-α+IFN-γ (pro-inflammatory cytokines). PA was generated by immersing fetus-containing uterine horns in a water bath at 37 °C for 21 min. Thereafter, 16 μL of MSC-S (containing 6 μg of protein derived from 2 × 105 preconditioned-MSC), or vehicle, were intranasally administered 2 h after birth to asphyxia-exposed and control rats, evaluated at postnatal day (P) 7. Alternatively, pups received a dose of either preconditioned MSC-S or vehicle, both at 2 h and P7, and were evaluated at P14, P30, and P60. The preconditioned MSC-S treatment (i) reversed asphyxia-induced oxidative stress in the hippocampus (oxidized/reduced glutathione); (ii) increased antioxidative Nuclear Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (NRF2) translocation; (iii) increased NQO1 antioxidant protein; (iv) reduced neuroinflammation (decreasing nuclearNF-κB/p65 levels and microglial reactivity); (v) decreased cleaved-caspase-3 cell-death; (vi) improved righting reflex, negative geotaxis, cliff aversion, locomotor activity, anxiety, motor coordination, and recognition memory. Overall, the study demonstrates that intranasal administration of preconditioned MSC-S is a novel therapeutic strategy that prevents the long-term effects of perinatal asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Farfán
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (N.F.); (J.C.); (M.R.); (M.Z.); (M.A.); (E.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.Q.); (Y.I.); (M.H.-M.)
| | - Jaime Carril
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (N.F.); (J.C.); (M.R.); (M.Z.); (M.A.); (E.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.Q.); (Y.I.); (M.H.-M.)
| | - Martina Redel
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (N.F.); (J.C.); (M.R.); (M.Z.); (M.A.); (E.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.Q.); (Y.I.); (M.H.-M.)
| | - Marta Zamorano
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (N.F.); (J.C.); (M.R.); (M.Z.); (M.A.); (E.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.Q.); (Y.I.); (M.H.-M.)
| | - Maureen Araya
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (N.F.); (J.C.); (M.R.); (M.Z.); (M.A.); (E.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.Q.); (Y.I.); (M.H.-M.)
| | - Estephania Monzón
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (N.F.); (J.C.); (M.R.); (M.Z.); (M.A.); (E.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.Q.); (Y.I.); (M.H.-M.)
| | - Raúl Alvarado
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (N.F.); (J.C.); (M.R.); (M.Z.); (M.A.); (E.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.Q.); (Y.I.); (M.H.-M.)
| | - Norton Contreras
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (N.C.); (J.L.V.)
| | - Andrea Tapia-Bustos
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370149, Chile;
| | - María Elena Quintanilla
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (N.F.); (J.C.); (M.R.); (M.Z.); (M.A.); (E.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.Q.); (Y.I.); (M.H.-M.)
| | - Fernando Ezquer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7710162, Chile;
| | - José Luis Valdés
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (N.C.); (J.L.V.)
| | - Yedy Israel
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (N.F.); (J.C.); (M.R.); (M.Z.); (M.A.); (E.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.Q.); (Y.I.); (M.H.-M.)
| | - Mario Herrera-Marschitz
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (N.F.); (J.C.); (M.R.); (M.Z.); (M.A.); (E.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.Q.); (Y.I.); (M.H.-M.)
| | - Paola Morales
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (N.F.); (J.C.); (M.R.); (M.Z.); (M.A.); (E.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.Q.); (Y.I.); (M.H.-M.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (N.C.); (J.L.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-229786788
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Costa G, Sisalli MJ, Simola N, Della Notte S, Casu MA, Serra M, Pinna A, Feliciello A, Annunziato L, Scorziello A, Morelli M. Gender Differences in Neurodegeneration, Neuroinflammation and Na +-Ca 2+ Exchangers in the Female A53T Transgenic Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:118. [PMID: 32477098 PMCID: PMC7232579 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve-month-old male mice expressing the human A53T variant of α-synuclein (A53T) develop dopamine neuron degeneration, neuroinflammation, and motor deficits, along with dysfunctions of the mitochondrial Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) isoforms 1 (NCX1) and 3 (NCX3) in the nigrostriatal system. Since gender is thought to play a role in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), we characterized neurochemical and behavioral alterations in 12-month-old female A53T transgenic mice. We investigated the presence of dopaminergic degeneration, astrogliosis and microgliosis using immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (IBA-1) in both the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and striatum. In the same regions, we also evaluated the co-localization of NCX1 in cells positive for IBA-1 and the co-localization of NCX3 in TH-positive neurons and fibers. Furthermore, in both male and female mice, we performed motor (beam walking and pole tests) and memory [novel object recognition (NOR) and spontaneous alternation] tasks, together with tests to evaluate peripheral deficits (olfactory and stool collection tests). Female A53T transgenic mice displayed degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons, but neither microgliosis nor astrogliosis in the SNc and striatum. Moreover, female A53T transgenic mice displayed co-localization between NCX1 and IBA-1 positive cells in the striatum but not SNc, whereas NCX3 did not co-localize with either TH-positive terminals or neuronal bodies in the nigrostriatal system. Furthermore, female A53T transgenic mice showed increased crossing time in the beam walking test, but no impairments in the pole or memory tests, and in tests that evaluated peripheral deficits, whereas male A53T transgenic mice displayed motor, memory and peripheral deficits. Immunohistochemical and behavioral results obtained here in the female mice differ from those previously observed in males, and suggest a dissimilar influence of NCX1 and NCX3 on dopaminergic function in female and male A53T transgenic mice, strengthening the validity of these mice as a model for studying the etiological factors of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Jose Sisalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Della Notte
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Casu
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, UOS of Cagliari, Scientific and Technological Park of Sardinia POLARIS, Pula, Italy
| | - Marcello Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pinna
- National Research Council of Italy, Neuroscience Institute, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Feliciello
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Annunziato
- SDN Research Institute Diagnostics and Nuclear (IRCCS SDN), Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Scorziello
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,National Research Council of Italy, Neuroscience Institute, Cagliari, Italy
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Costa G, Serra M, Pintori N, Casu MA, Zanda MT, Murtas D, De Luca MA, Simola N, Fattore L. The novel psychoactive substance methoxetamine induces persistent behavioral abnormalities and neurotoxicity in rats. Neuropharmacology 2019; 144:219-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Provensi G, Costa A, Izquierdo I, Blandina P, Passani MB. Brain histamine modulates recognition memory: possible implications in major cognitive disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 177:539-556. [PMID: 30129226 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several behavioural tests have been developed to study and measure emotionally charged or emotionally neutral memories and how these may be affected by pharmacological, dietary or environmental manipulations. In this review, we describe the experimental paradigms used in preclinical studies to unravel the brain circuits involved in the recognition and memorization of environmentally salient stimuli devoid of strong emotional value. In particular, we focus on the modulatory role of the brain histaminergic system in the elaboration of recognition memory that is based on the judgement of the prior occurrence of an event, and it is believed to be a critical component of human declarative memory. The review also addresses questions that may help improve the treatment of impaired declarative memory described in several affective and neuropsychiatric disorders such as ADHD, Alzheimer's disease and major neurocognitive disorder. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on New Uses for 21st Century. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.3/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Provensi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia Costa
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ivan Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrizio Blandina
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Passani
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Renaud J, Bassareo V, Beaulieu J, Pinna A, Schlich M, Lavoie C, Murtas D, Simola N, Martinoli MG. Dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a rat model of long-term hyperglycemia: preferential degeneration of the nigrostriatal motor pathway. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 69:117-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Perinatal Asphyxia and Brain Development: Mitochondrial Damage Without Anatomical or Cellular Losses. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8668-8679. [PMID: 29582399 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia remains a significant cause of neonatal mortality and is associated with long-term neurodegenerative disorders. In the present study, we evaluated cellular and subcellular damages to brain development in a model of mild perinatal asphyxia. Survival rate in the experimental group was 67%. One hour after the insult, intraperitoneally injected Evans blue could be detected in the fetuses' brains, indicating disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Although brain mass and absolute cell numbers (neurons and non-neurons) were not reduced after perinatal asphyxia immediately and in late brain development, subcellular alterations were detected. Cortical oxygen consumption increased immediately after asphyxia, and remained high up to 7 days, returning to normal levels after 14 days. We observed an increased resistance to mitochondrial membrane permeability transition, and calcium buffering capacity in asphyxiated animals from birth to 14 days after the insult. In contrast to ex vivo data, mitochondrial oxygen consumption in primary cell cultures of neurons and astrocytes was not altered after 1% hypoxia. Taken together, our results demonstrate that although newborns were viable and apparently healthy, brain development is subcellularly altered by perinatal asphyxia. Our findings place the neonate brain mitochondria as a potential target for therapeutic protective interventions.
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Herrera-Marschitz M, Perez-Lobos R, Lespay-Rebolledo C, Tapia-Bustos A, Casanova-Ortiz E, Morales P, Valdes JL, Bustamante D, Cassels BK. Targeting Sentinel Proteins and Extrasynaptic Glutamate Receptors: a Therapeutic Strategy for Preventing the Effects Elicited by Perinatal Asphyxia? Neurotox Res 2018; 33:461-473. [PMID: 28844085 PMCID: PMC5766721 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia (PA) is a relevant cause of death at the time of labour, and when survival is stabilised, associated with short- and long-term developmental disabilities, requiring inordinate care by health systems and families. Its prevalence is high (1 to 10/1000 live births) worldwide. At present, there are few therapeutic options, apart from hypothermia, that regrettably provides only limited protection if applied shortly after the insult.PA implies a primary and a secondary insult. The primary insult relates to the lack of oxygen, and the secondary one to the oxidative stress triggered by re-oxygenation, formation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen (RNS) species, and overactivation of glutamate receptors and mitochondrial deficiencies. PA induces overactivation of a number of sentinel proteins, including hypoxia-induced factor-1α (HIF-1α) and the genome-protecting poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Upon activation, PARP-1 consumes high amounts of ATP at a time when this metabolite is scarce, worsening in turn the energy crisis elicited by asphyxia. The energy crisis also impairs ATP-dependent transport, including glutamate re-uptake by astroglia. Nicotinamide, a PARP-1 inhibitor, protects against the metabolic cascade elicited by the primary stage, avoiding NAD+ exhaustion and the energetic crisis. Upon re-oxygenation, however, oxidative stress leads to nuclear translocation of the NF-κB subunit p65, overexpression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, and glutamate-excitotoxicity, due to impairment of glial-glutamate transport, extracellular glutamate overflow, and overactivation of NMDA receptors, mainly of the extrasynaptic type. This leads to calcium influx, mitochondrial impairment, and inactivation of antioxidant enzymes, increasing further the activity of pro-oxidant enzymes, thereby making the surviving neonate vulnerable to recurrent metabolic insults whenever oxidative stress is involved. Here, we discuss evidence showing that (i) inhibition of PARP-1 overactivation by nicotinamide and (ii) inhibition of extrasynaptic NMDA receptor overactivation by memantine can prevent the short- and long-term consequences of PA. These hypotheses have been evaluated in a rat preclinical model of PA, aiming to identify the metabolic cascades responsible for the long-term consequences induced by the insult, also assessing postnatal vulnerability to recurrent oxidative insults. Thus, we present and discuss evidence demonstrating that PA induces long-term changes in metabolic pathways related to energy and oxidative stress, priming vulnerability of cells with both the neuronal and the glial phenotype. The effects induced by PA are region dependent, the substantia nigra being particularly prone to cell death. The issue of short- and long-term consequences of PA provides a framework for addressing a fundamental issue referred to plasticity of the CNS, since the perinatal insult triggers a domino-like sequence of events making the developing individual vulnerable to recurrent adverse conditions, decreasing his/her coping repertoire because of a relevant insult occurring at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Herrera-Marschitz
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia, PO Box 8389100, 1027 Santiago, Chile
| | - Ronald Perez-Lobos
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia, PO Box 8389100, 1027 Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Tecnologia Medica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, PO Box 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolyne Lespay-Rebolledo
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia, PO Box 8389100, 1027 Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Tapia-Bustos
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia, PO Box 8389100, 1027 Santiago, Chile
| | - Emmanuel Casanova-Ortiz
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia, PO Box 8389100, 1027 Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Morales
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia, PO Box 8389100, 1027 Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Diego Bustamante
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia, PO Box 8389100, 1027 Santiago, Chile
| | - Bruce K. Cassels
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Cadoni C, Pisanu A, Simola N, Frau L, Porceddu PF, Corongiu S, Dessì C, Sil A, Plumitallo A, Wardas J, Di Chiara G. Widespread reduction of dopamine cell bodies and terminals in adult rats exposed to a low dose regimen of MDMA during adolescence. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:385-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Models of progressive neurological dysfunction originating early in life. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 155:2-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Barkhuizen M, van den Hove DLA, Vles JSH, Steinbusch HWM, Kramer BW, Gavilanes AWD. 25 years of research on global asphyxia in the immature rat brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:166-182. [PMID: 28161509 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy remains a common cause of brain damage in neonates. Preterm infants have additional complications, as prematurity by itself increases the risk of encephalopathy. Currently, therapy for this subset of asphyxiated infants is limited to supportive care. There is an urgent need for therapies in preterm infants - and for representative animal models for preclinical drug development. In 1991, a novel rodent model of global asphyxia in the preterm infant was developed in Sweden. This method was based on the induction of asphyxia during the birth processes itself by submerging pups, still in the uterine horns, in a water bath followed by C-section. This insult occurs at a time-point when the rodent brain maturity resembles the brain of a 22-32 week old human fetus. This model has developed over the past 25 years as an established model of perinatal global asphyxia in the early preterm brain. Here we summarize the knowledge gained on the short- and long-term neuropathological and behavioral effects of asphyxia on the immature central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barkhuizen
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; DST/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - D L A van den Hove
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - J S H Vles
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Child Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - H W M Steinbusch
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - B W Kramer
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A W D Gavilanes
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedicine, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Ecuador.
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Docosahexaenoic Acid Reduces Cerebral Damage and Ameliorates Long-Term Cognitive Impairments Caused by Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7137-7155. [PMID: 27796751 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0221-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
As the interest in the neuroprotective possibilities of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for brain injury has grown in the recent years, we aimed to investigate the long-term effects of this fatty acid in an experimental model of perinatal hypoxia-ischemia in rats. To this end, motor activity, aspects of learning, and memory function and anxiety, as well as corticofugal connections visualized by using tracer injections, were evaluated at adulthood. We found that in the hours immediately following the insult, DHA maintained mitochondrial inner membrane integrity and transmembrane potential, as well as the integrity of synaptic processes. Seven days later, morphological damage at the level of the middle hippocampus was reduced, since neurons and myelin were preserved and the astroglial reactive response and microglial activation were seen to be diminished. At adulthood, the behavioral tests revealed that treated animals presented better long-term working memory and less anxiety than non-treated hypoxic-ischemic animals, while no difference was found in the spontaneous locomotor activity. Interestingly, hypoxic-ischemic injury caused alterations in the anterograde corticofugal neuronal connections which were not so evident in rats treated with DHA. Thus, our results indicate that DHA treatment can lead to long-lasting neuroprotective effects in this experimental model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemic brain injury, not only by mitigating axonal changes but also by enhancing cognitive performance at adulthood.
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Flores-Balter G, Cordova-Jadue H, Chiti-Morales A, Lespay C, Espina-Marchant P, Falcon R, Grinspun N, Sanchez J, Bustamante D, Morales P, Herrera-Marschitz M, Valdés JL. Effect of perinatal asphyxia on tuberomammillary nucleus neuronal density and object recognition memory: A possible role for histamine? Behav Brain Res 2016; 313:226-232. [PMID: 27444242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia (PA) is associated with long-term neuronal damage and cognitive deficits in adulthood, such as learning and memory disabilities. After PA, specific brain regions are compromised, including neocortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and ascending neuromodulatory pathways, such as dopamine system, explaining some of the cognitive disabilities. We hypothesize that other neuromodulatory systems, such as histamine system from the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN), which widely project to telencephalon, shown to be relevant for learning and memory, may be compromised by PA. We investigated here the effect of PA on (i) Density and neuronal activity of TMN neurons by double immunoreactivity for adenosine deaminase (ADA) and c-Fos, as marker for histaminergic neurons and neuronal activity respectively. (ii) Expression of the histamine-synthesizing enzyme, histidine decarboxylase (HDC) by western blot and (iii) thioperamide an H3 histamine receptor antagonist, on an object recognition memory task. Asphyxia-exposed rats showed a decrease of ADA density and c-Fos activity in TMN, and decrease of HDC expression in hypothalamus. Asphyxia-exposed rats also showed a low performance in object recognition memory compared to caesarean-delivered controls, which was reverted in a dose-dependent manner by the H3 antagonist thioperamide (5-10mg/kg, i.p.). The present results show that the histaminergic neuronal system of the TMN is involved in the long-term effects induced by PA, affecting learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Flores-Balter
- Program of Physiology & Biophysics, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Héctor Cordova-Jadue
- Program of Physiology & Biophysics, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alessandra Chiti-Morales
- Program of Physiology & Biophysics, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolyne Lespay
- Program of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Espina-Marchant
- Program of Physiology & Biophysics, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile; Program of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Romina Falcon
- Program of Physiology & Biophysics, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, BNI, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Noemi Grinspun
- Program of Physiology & Biophysics, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, BNI, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jessica Sanchez
- Program of Physiology & Biophysics, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, BNI, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Bustamante
- Program of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Morales
- Program of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Herrera-Marschitz
- Program of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, BNI, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | - José L Valdés
- Program of Physiology & Biophysics, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, BNI, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
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18
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Pinna A, Ko WKD, Costa G, Tronci E, Fidalgo C, Simola N, Li Q, Tabrizi MA, Bezard E, Carta M, Morelli M. Antidyskinetic effect of A2Aand 5HT1A/1Breceptor ligands in two animal models of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2016; 31:501-11. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Pinna
- National Research Council of Italy, Neuroscience Institute; Cagliari Italy
| | - Wai Kin D. Ko
- Motac Neuroscience Ltd; Manchester UK
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, China Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Giulia Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, section of Neuropsychopharmacology; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tronci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, section of Physiology; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
| | - Camino Fidalgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, section of Physiology; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, section of Neuropsychopharmacology; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
| | - Qin Li
- Motac Neuroscience Ltd; Manchester UK
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, China Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | | | - Erwan Bezard
- Motac Neuroscience Ltd; Manchester UK
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; Bordeaux France
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; Bordeaux France
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, China Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Manolo Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, section of Physiology; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- National Research Council of Italy, Neuroscience Institute; Cagliari Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, section of Neuropsychopharmacology; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
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Ferreira-Vieira TH, de Freitas-Silva DM, Ribeiro AF, Pereira SRC, Ribeiro ÂM. Perinatal thiamine restriction affects central GABA and glutamate concentrations and motor behavior of adult rat offspring. Neurosci Lett 2016; 617:182-7. [PMID: 26836141 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of the present study were to investigate the effects of perinatal thiamine deficiency, from the 11th day of gestation until the 5th day of lactation, on motor behavior and neurochemical parameters in adult rat offspring, using 3-month-old, adult, male Wistar rats. All rats were submitted to motor tests, using the rotarod and paw print tasks. After behavioral tests, their thalamus, cerebellum and spinal cord were dissected for glutamate and GABA quantifications by high performance liquid chromatography. The thiamine-restricted mothers (RM) group showed a significant reduction of time spent on the rotarod at 25 rpm and an increase in hind-base width. A significant decrease of glutamate concentration in the cerebellum and an increase of GABA concentrations in the thalamus were also observed. For the offspring from control mothers (CM) group there were significant correlations between thalamic GABA concentrations and both rotarod performance and average hind-base width. In addition, for rats from the RM group a significant correlation between stride length and cerebellar GABA concentration was found. These results show that the deficiency of thiamine during an early developmental period affects certain motor behavior parameters and GABA and glutamate levels in specific brain areas. Hence, a thiamine deficiency episode during an early developmental period can induce motor impairments and excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter changes that are persistent and detectable in later periods of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Hélen Ferreira-Vieira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Laboratório de Neurociência Comportamental e Molecular, LaNeC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901,Brazil
| | - Danielle Marra de Freitas-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB-Laboratório de Neurociências Comportamental e Molecular, LaNeC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901,Brazil
| | - Andrea Frozino Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Laboratório de Neurociência Comportamental e Molecular, LaNeC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901,Brazil
| | - Sílvia Rejane Castanheira Pereira
- Departamento de Psicologia, FaFiCH-Laboratório de Neurociência Comportamental e Molecular, LaNeC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901,Brazil
| | - Ângela Maria Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Laboratório de Neurociência Comportamental e Molecular, LaNeC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901,Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB-Laboratório de Neurociências Comportamental e Molecular, LaNeC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901,Brazil.
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20
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Farías JG, Herrera EA, Carrasco-Pozo C, Sotomayor-Zárate R, Cruz G, Morales P, Castillo RL. Pharmacological models and approaches for pathophysiological conditions associated with hypoxia and oxidative stress. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 158:1-23. [PMID: 26617218 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is the failure of oxygenation at the tissue level, where the reduced oxygen delivered is not enough to satisfy tissue demands. Metabolic depression is the physiological adaptation associated with reduced oxygen consumption, which evidently does not cause any harm to organs that are exposed to acute and short hypoxic insults. Oxidative stress (OS) refers to the imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability of endogenous antioxidant systems to scavenge ROS, where ROS overwhelms the antioxidant capacity. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diseases related to hypoxia during intrauterine development and postnatal life. Thus, excessive ROS are implicated in the irreversible damage to cell membranes, DNA, and other cellular structures by oxidizing lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Here, we describe several pathophysiological conditions and in vivo and ex vivo models developed for the study of hypoxic and oxidative stress injury. We reviewed existing literature on the responses to hypoxia and oxidative stress of the cardiovascular, renal, reproductive, and central nervous systems, and discussed paradigms of chronic and intermittent hypobaric hypoxia. This systematic review is a critical analysis of the advantages in the application of some experimental strategies and their contributions leading to novel pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge G Farías
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de la Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Emilio A Herrera
- Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile; International Center for Andean Studies (INCAS), Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | | | - Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate
- Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral (CNPC), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Cruz
- Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral (CNPC), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Paola Morales
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Rodrigo L Castillo
- Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
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Arteaga O, Revuelta M, Urigüen L, Álvarez A, Montalvo H, Hilario E. Pretreatment with Resveratrol Prevents Neuronal Injury and Cognitive Deficits Induced by Perinatal Hypoxia-Ischemia in Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142424. [PMID: 26544861 PMCID: PMC4636303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in neonatal care, hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is still a serious clinical problem, which is responsible for many cases of perinatal mortality, cerebral palsy, motor impairment and cognitive deficits. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol with important anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, is present in grapevines, peanuts and pomegranates. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the possible neuroprotective effect of resveratrol when administered before or immediately after a hypoxic-ischemic brain event in neonatal rats by analyzing brain damage, the mitochondrial status and long-term cognitive impairment. Our results indicate that pretreatment with resveratrol protects against brain damage, reducing infarct volume, preserving myelination and minimizing the astroglial reactive response. Moreover its neuroprotective effect was found to be long lasting, as behavioral outcomes were significantly improved at adulthood. We speculate that one of the mechanisms for this neuroprotection may be related to the maintenance of the mitochondrial inner membrane integrity and potential, and to the reduction of reactive oxygen species. Curiously, none of these protective features was observed when resveratrol was administered immediately after hypoxia-ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatz Arteaga
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Miren Revuelta
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Leyre Urigüen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Álvarez
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Haizea Montalvo
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Enrique Hilario
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
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22
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Costa G, Morelli M, Simola N. Involvement of Glutamate NMDA Receptors in the Acute, Long-Term, and Conditioned Effects of Amphetamine on Rat 50 kHz Ultrasonic Vocalizations. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyv057. [PMID: 25991653 PMCID: PMC4756726 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rats emit 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in response to either natural or pharmacological pleasurable stimuli, and these USVs have emerged as a new behavioral measure for investigating the motivational properties of drugs. Earlier studies have indicated that activation of the dopaminergic system is critically involved in 50 kHz USV emissions. However, evidence also exists that non-dopaminergic neurotransmitters participate in this behavioral response. METHODS To ascertain whether glutamate transmission plays a role in 50 kHz USV emissions stimulated by amphetamine, rats received five amphetamine (1-2mg/kg, i.p.) administrations on alternate days in a test cage, either alone or combined with the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 (0.1-0.5mg/kg, i.p.). Seven days after treatment discontinuation, rats were re-exposed to the test cage to assess drug conditioning, and afterwards received a drug challenge. USVs and locomotor activity were evaluated, along with immunofluorescence for Zif-268 in various brain regions and spontaneous alternation in a Y maze. RESULTS Amphetamine-treated rats displayed higher 50 kHz USV emissions and locomotor activity than vehicle-treated rats, and emitted conditioned vocalizations on test cage re-exposure. Rats co-administered amphetamine and MK-801 displayed lower and dose-dependent 50 kHz USV emissions, but not lower locomotor activity, during repeated treatment and challenge, and scarce conditioned vocalization compared with amphetamine-treated rats. These effects were associated with lower levels of Zif-268 after amphetamine challenge and spontaneous alternation deficits. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that glutamate transmission participates in the acute, long-term, and conditioned effects of amphetamine on 50 kHz USVs, possibly by influencing amphetamine-induced long-term neuronal changes and/or amphetamine-associated memories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy (Drs Costa, Morelli, and Simola); CNR, National Research Council of Italy, Neuroscience Institute, Cagliari, Italy (Dr Morelli).
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Bar-Am O, Amit T, Kupershmidt L, Aluf Y, Mechlovich D, Kabha H, Danovitch L, Zurawski VR, Youdim MB, Weinreb O. Neuroprotective and neurorestorative activities of a novel iron chelator-brain selective monoamine oxidase-A/monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor in animal models of Parkinson's disease and aging. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1529-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cadoni C, Simola N, Espa E, Fenu S, Di Chiara G. Strain dependence of adolescent Cannabis influence on heroin reward and mesolimbic dopamine transmission in adult Lewis and Fischer 344 rats. Addict Biol 2015; 20:132-42. [PMID: 23957273 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent Cannabis exposure has been hypothesized to act as a gateway to opiate abuse. In order to investigate the role of genetic background in cannabinoid-opiate interactions, we studied the effect of Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) exposure of adolescent Lewis and Fischer 344 rats on the responsiveness of accumbens shell and core dopamine (DA), as monitored by microdialysis, to THC and heroin at adulthood. Heroin reward and reinstatement by heroin priming were studied by conditioned place preference (CPP) and cognitive and emotional functions by object recognition, Y maze and elevated plus maze paradigms. THC stimulated shell DA in Lewis but not in Fischer 344 rats. Adolescent THC exposure potentiated DA stimulant effects of heroin in the shell and core of Lewis and only in the core of Fischer 344 rats. Control Lewis rats developed stronger CPP to heroin and resistance to extinction compared with Fischer 344 strain. In Lewis rats, THC exposure did not affect heroin CPP but potentiated the effect of heroin priming. In Fischer 344 rats, THC exposure increased heroin CPP and made it resistant to extinction. Lewis rats showed seeking reactions during extinction and hedonic reactions in response to heroin priming. Moreover, adolescent THC exposure affected emotional function only in Lewis rats. These observations suggest that long-term effects of Cannabis exposure on heroin addictive liability and emotionality are dependent on individual genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cadoni
- Institute of Neuroscience; National Research Council of Italy; Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience; University of Cagliari; Italy
- Centre of Excellence ‘Neurobiology of Dependence’; University of Cagliari; Italy
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Neuropsychopharmacology Section; University of Cagliari; Italy
| | - Elena Espa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Neuropsychopharmacology Section; University of Cagliari; Italy
| | - Sandro Fenu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Neuropsychopharmacology Section; University of Cagliari; Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience; University of Cagliari; Italy
- Centre of Excellence ‘Neurobiology of Dependence’; University of Cagliari; Italy
| | - Gaetano Di Chiara
- Institute of Neuroscience; National Research Council of Italy; Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Neuropsychopharmacology Section; University of Cagliari; Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience; University of Cagliari; Italy
- Centre of Excellence ‘Neurobiology of Dependence’; University of Cagliari; Italy
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25
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Short- and long-term consequences of perinatal asphyxia: looking for neuroprotective strategies. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 10:169-98. [PMID: 25287541 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1372-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia constitutes a prototype of obstetric complications occurring when pulmonary oxygenation is delayed or interrupted. A primary insult is first produced by the length of the time without oxygenation, leading to hypoxia/ischemia and death if oxygenation is not promptly established. A second insult is produced by re-oxygenation, eliciting a cascade of biochemical events for restoring function, implying, however, improper homeostasis. The effects observed long after perinatal asphyxia can be explained by over-expression of sentinel proteins, such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), competing for oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) during re-oxygenation. Asphyxia also induces transcriptional activation of pro-inflammatory factors, including nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and its subunit p65, whose translocation to the nucleus is significantly increased in brain tissue from asphyxia-exposed animals, in tandem with PARP-1 overactivation, leading to the idea that sentinel protein inhibition constitutes a suitable therapeutic strategy. It is proposed that PARP-1 inhibition also down-regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.Nicotinamide is a suitable PARP-1 inhibitor, whose effects have been studied in an experimental model of global perinatal asphyxia in rats, inducing the insult by immersing rat foetuses into a water bath for various periods of time. Following asphyxia, the pups are delivered, immediately treated, or given to surrogate dams for nursing, pending further experiments. Systemic administration of nicotinamide 1 h after the insult inhibited PARP-1 overactivity in peripheral and brain tissue, preventing several of the long-term consequences elicited by perinatal asphyxia, supporting the idea that it constitutes a lead for exploring compounds with similar or better pharmacological profiles.
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Perinatal Positive and Negative Influences on the Early Neurobehavioral Reflex and Motor Development. PERINATAL PROGRAMMING OF NEURODEVELOPMENT 2015; 10:149-67. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1372-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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MDMA administration during adolescence exacerbates MPTP-induced cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:4007-18. [PMID: 24687411 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3536-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE We have recently shown that chronic exposure to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") of adolescent mice exacerbates dopamine neurotoxicity and neuroinflammatory effects elicited by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in the substantia nigra and striatum at adulthood. OBJECTIVES The present study investigated whether the amplification of MPTP effects by previous treatment with MDMA extends to the limbic and cortical regions and consequently affects cognitive performance. METHODS Mice received MDMA (10 mg/kg, twice a day/twice a week) for 9 weeks, followed by MPTP (20 mg/kg × 4 administrations), starting 2 weeks after MDMA discontinuation. Complement type 3 receptor (CD11b) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in both the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to measure microglia and astroglia activation. These neurochemical evaluations were paired with an assessment of cognitive performance by means of the novel object recognition (NOR) and spontaneous alternation tasks. RESULTS MPTP administration to MDMA-pretreated mice elicited a stronger activation of CD11b and GFAP in both the hippocampus and the mPFC compared with either substance administered alone. Furthermore, NOR performance was lower in MDMA-pretreated mice administered MPTP compared with mice that received either substance alone. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that MDMA-MPTP negative interactions extend to the limbic and cortical regions and may result in cognitive impairment, providing further evidence that exposure to MDMA may amplify the effects of later neurotoxic insults.
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Herrera-Marschitz M, Neira-Pena T, Rojas-Mancilla E, Espina-Marchant P, Esmar D, Perez R, Muñoz V, Gutierrez-Hernandez M, Rivera B, Simola N, Bustamante D, Morales P, Gebicke-Haerter PJ. Perinatal asphyxia: CNS development and deficits with delayed onset. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:47. [PMID: 24723845 PMCID: PMC3972459 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia constitutes a prototype of obstetric complications occurring when pulmonary oxygenation is delayed or interrupted. The primary insult relates to the duration of the period lacking oxygenation, leading to death if not re-established. Re-oxygenation leads to a secondary insult, related to a cascade of biochemical events required for restoring proper function. Perinatal asphyxia interferes with neonatal development, resulting in long-term deficits associated to mental and neurological diseases with delayed clinical onset, by mechanisms not yet clarified. In the experimental scenario, the effects observed long after perinatal asphyxia have been explained by overexpression of sentinel proteins, such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), competing for NAD+ during re-oxygenation, leading to the idea that sentinel protein inhibition constitutes a suitable therapeutic strategy. Asphyxia induces transcriptional activation of pro-inflammatory factors, in tandem with PARP-1 overactivation, and pharmacologically induced PARP-1 inhibition also down-regulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Nicotinamide has been proposed as a suitable PARP-1 inhibitor. Its effect has been studied in an experimental model of global hypoxia in rats. In that model, the insult is induced by immersing rat fetus into a water bath for various periods of time. Following asphyxia, the pups are delivered, treated, and nursed by surrogate dams, pending further experiments. Nicotinamide rapidly distributes into the brain following systemic administration, reaching steady state concentrations sufficient to inhibit PARP-1 activity for several hours, preventing several of the long-term consequences of perinatal asphyxia, supporting the idea that nicotinamide constitutes a lead for exploring compounds with similar or better pharmacological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Herrera-Marschitz
- Millenium Institute BNI-Chile Santiago, Chile ; Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Tanya Neira-Pena
- Millenium Institute BNI-Chile Santiago, Chile ; Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile Santiago, Chile ; Department of Chemical-Biological Science, University Bernardo O'Higgins Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Daniela Esmar
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Ronald Perez
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Muñoz
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Benjamin Rivera
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Cagliari University Cagliari, Italy
| | - Diego Bustamante
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Morales
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Peter J Gebicke-Haerter
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile Santiago, Chile ; Department of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health J5 Mannheim, Germany
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29
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Environmental enrichment decreases asphyxia-induced neurobehavioral developmental delay in neonatal rats. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22258-73. [PMID: 24232451 PMCID: PMC3856064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia during delivery produces long-term disability and represents a major problem in neonatal and pediatric care. Numerous neuroprotective approaches have been described to decrease the effects of perinatal asphyxia. Enriched environment is a popular strategy to counteract nervous system injuries. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether enriched environment is able to decrease the asphyxia-induced neurobehavioral developmental delay in neonatal rats. Asphyxia was induced in ready-to-deliver mothers by removing the pups by caesarian section after 15 min of asphyxia. Somatic and neurobehavioral development was tested daily and motor coordination weekly. Our results show that rats undergoing perinatal asphyxia had a marked developmental delay and worse performance in motor coordination tests. However, pups kept in enriched environment showed a decrease in the developmental delay observed in control asphyctic pups. Rats growing up in enriched environment did not show decrease in weight gain after the first week and the delay in reflex appearance was not as marked as in control rats. In addition, the development of motor coordination was not as strikingly delayed as in the control group. Short-term neurofunctional outcome are known to correlate with long-term deficits. Our results thus show that enriched environment could be a powerful strategy to decrease the deleterious developmental effects of perinatal asphyxia.
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30
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Pazos MR, Cinquina V, Gómez A, Layunta R, Santos M, Fernández-Ruiz J, Martínez-Orgado J. Cannabidiol administration after hypoxia-ischemia to newborn rats reduces long-term brain injury and restores neurobehavioral function. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:776-83. [PMID: 22659086 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) demonstrated short-term neuroprotective effects in the immature brain following hypoxia-ischemia (HI). We examined whether CBD neuroprotection is sustained over a prolonged period. Newborn Wistar rats underwent HI injury (10% oxygen for 120 min after left carotid artery electrocoagulation) and then received vehicle (HV, n = 22) or 1 mg/kg CBD (HC, n = 23). Sham animals were similarly treated (SV, n = 16 and SC, n = 16). The extent of brain damage was determined by magnetic resonance imaging, histological evaluation (neuropathological score, 0-5), magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Western blotting. Several neurobehavioral tests (RotaRod, cylinder rear test[CRT],and novel object recognition[NOR]) were carried out 30 days after HI (P37). CBD modulated brain excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation seven days after HI. We observed that HI led to long-lasting functional impairment, as observed in all neurobehavioral tests at P37, whereas the results of HC animals were similar to those of sham animals (all p < 0.05 vs. HV). CBD reduced brain infarct volume by 17% (p < 0.05) and lessened the extent of histological damage. No differences were observed between the SV and SC groups in any of the experiments. In conclusion, CBD administration after HI injury to newborn rats led to long-lasting neuroprotection, with the overall effect of promoting greater functional rather than histological recovery. These effects of CBD were not associated with any side effects. These results emphasize the interest in CBD as a neuroprotective agent for neonatal HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Pazos
- Experimental Unit, Foundation for Biomedical Research, Madrid, Spain
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Impact of prenatal ischemia on behavior, cognitive abilities and neuroanatomy in adult rats with white matter damage. Behav Brain Res 2012; 232:233-44. [PMID: 22521835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early brain damage, such as white matter damage (WMD), resulting from perinatal hypoxia-ischemia in preterm and low birth weight infants represents a high risk factor for mortality and chronic disabilities, including sensory, motor, behavioral and cognitive disorders. In previous studies, we developed a model of WMD based on prenatal ischemia (PI), induced by unilateral ligation of uterine artery at E17 in pregnant rats. We have shown that PI reproduced some of the main deficits observed in preterm infants, such as white and gray matter damage, myelination deficits, locomotor, sensorimotor, and short-term memory impairments, as well as related musculoskeletal and neuroanatomical histopathologies [1-3]. Here, we determined the deleterious impact of PI on several behavioral and cognitive abilities in adult rats, as well as on the neuroanatomical substratum in various related brain areas. Adult PI rats exhibited spontaneous exploratory and motor hyperactivity, deficits in information encoding, and deficits in short- and long-term object memory tasks, but no impairments in spatial learning or working memory in watermaze tasks. These results were in accordance with white matter injury and damage in the medial and lateral entorhinal cortices, as detected by axonal degeneration, astrogliosis and neuronal density. Although there was astrogliosis and axonal degeneration in the fornix, hippocampus and cingulate cortex, neuronal density in the hippocampus and cingulate cortex was not affected by PI. Levels of spontaneous hyperactivity, deficits in object memory tasks, neuronal density in the medial and lateral entorhinal cortices, and astrogliosis in the fornix correlated with birth weight in PI rats. Thus, this rodent model of WMD based on PI appears to recapitulate the main neurobehavioral and neuroanatomical human deficits often observed in preterm children with a perinatal history of ischemia.
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Lyon L, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ. Spontaneous object recognition and its relevance to schizophrenia: a review of findings from pharmacological, genetic, lesion and developmental rodent models. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 220:647-72. [PMID: 22068459 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Spontaneous (novel) object recognition (SOR) is one of the most widely used rodent behavioural tests. The opportunity for rapid data collection has made SOR a popular choice in studies that explore cognitive impairment in rodent models of schizophrenia, and that test the efficacy of drugs intended to reverse these deficits. OBJECTIVES We provide an overview of the many recent studies that have used SOR to explore the mnemonic effects of manipulation of the key transmitter systems relevant to schizophrenia-the dopamine, glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine, serotonin and cannabinoid systems-alone or in combination. We also review the use of SOR in studying memory in genetically modified mouse models of schizophrenia, as well as in neurodevelopmental and lesion models. We end by discussing the construct and predictive validity, and translational relevance, of SOR with respect to cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. RESULTS Perturbation of the dopamine or glutamate systems can generate robust and reliable impairment in SOR. Impaired performance is also seen following antagonism of the muscarinic acetylcholine system, or exposure to cannabinoid agonists. Cognitive enhancement has been reported using alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists and 5-HT(6) antagonists. Among non-pharmacological models, neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions and maternal immune activation can impair SOR, while mixed results have been obtained with mice carrying mutations in schizophrenia risk-associated genes, including neuregulin and COMT. CONCLUSIONS While SOR is not without its limitations, the task represents a useful method for studying manipulations with relevance to cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, as well as the interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lyon
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
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Kupershmidt L, Amit T, Bar-Am O, Youdim MBH, Weinreb O. Neuroprotection by the multitarget iron chelator M30 on age-related alterations in mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2012; 133:267-74. [PMID: 22426424 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Based on a multimodal drug design paradigm, we have synthesized a multifunctional non-toxic, brain permeable iron chelating compound, M30, possessing the neuroprotective N-propargyl moiety of the anti-Parkinsonian drug, monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B inhibitor, rasagiline and the antioxidant-iron chelator moiety of an 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative of the iron chelator, VK28. Here, we report that a chronic systemic treatment of aged mice with M30 (1 and 5mg/kg; 4 times weekly for 6 months), had a significant positive impact on neuropsychiatry functions and cognitive age-related impairment. M30 significantly reduced cerebral iron accumulation as demonstrated by Perl's staining, accompanied by a marked decrease in cerebral β-amyloid plaques. In addition, our results demonstrate that M30 caused a significant inhibition of both MAO-A and -B activities in the cerebellum of aged mice, compared with vehicle-treated aged control mice. In summary, the present study indicates that the novel MAO inhibitor/iron chelating drug, M30, acting against multiple brain targets could reverse age-associated memory impairment and provide a potential treatment against the progression of neurodegeneration in ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Kupershmidt
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute Technion-Faculty of Medicine, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Morales P, Bustamante D, Espina-Marchant P, Neira-Peña T, Gutiérrez-Hernández MA, Allende-Castro C, Rojas-Mancilla E. Pathophysiology of perinatal asphyxia: can we predict and improve individual outcomes? EPMA J 2011. [PMID: 23199150 PMCID: PMC3405380 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-011-0100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia occurs still with great incidence whenever delivery is prolonged, despite improvements in perinatal care. After asphyxia, infants can suffer from short- to long-term neurological sequelae, their severity depend upon the extent of the insult, the metabolic imbalance during the re-oxygenation period and the developmental state of the affected regions. Significant progresses in understanding of perinatal asphyxia pathophysiology have achieved. However, predictive diagnostics and personalised therapeutic interventions are still under initial development. Now the emphasis is on early non-invasive diagnosis approach, as well as, in identifying new therapeutic targets to improve individual outcomes. In this review we discuss (i) specific biomarkers for early prediction of perinatal asphyxia outcome; (ii) short and long term sequelae; (iii) neurocircuitries involved; (iv) molecular pathways; (v) neuroinflammation systems; (vi) endogenous brain rescue systems, including activation of sentinel proteins and neurogenesis; and (vii) therapeutic targets for preventing or mitigating the effects produced by asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Morales
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, PO Box 70.000, Santiago 7, Chile
| | - Diego Bustamante
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, PO Box 70.000, Santiago 7, Chile
| | - Pablo Espina-Marchant
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, PO Box 70.000, Santiago 7, Chile
| | - Tanya Neira-Peña
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, PO Box 70.000, Santiago 7, Chile
| | - Manuel A. Gutiérrez-Hernández
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, PO Box 70.000, Santiago 7, Chile
| | - Camilo Allende-Castro
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, PO Box 70.000, Santiago 7, Chile
| | - Edgardo Rojas-Mancilla
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, PO Box 70.000, Santiago 7, Chile
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Birth asphyxia as the major complication in newborns: moving towards improved individual outcomes by prediction, targeted prevention and tailored medical care. EPMA J 2011. [PMID: 23199149 PMCID: PMC3405378 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-011-0087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal Asphyxia—oxygen deficit at delivery—can lead to severe hypoxic ischaemic organ damage in newborns followed by a fatal outcome or severe life-long pathologies. The severe insults often cause neurodegenerative diseases, mental retardation and epilepsies. The mild insults lead to so-called “minimal brain-damage disorders” such as attention deficits and hyperactivity, but can also be associated with the development of schizophrenia and life-long functional psychotic syndromes. Asphyxia followed by re-oxygenation can potentially lead to development of several neurodegenerative pathologies, diabetes type 2 and cancer. The task of individual prediction, targeted prevention and personalised treatments before a manifestation of the life-long chronic pathologies usually developed by newborns with asphyxic deficits, should be given the extraordinary priority in neonatology and paediatrics. Socio-economical impacts of educational measures and advanced strategies in development of robust diagnostic approaches targeted at effected molecular pathways, biomarker-candidates and potential drug-targets for tailored treatments are reviewed in the paper.
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Galeano P, Calvo EB, Oliveira DM, Cuenya L, Kamenetzky GV, Mustaca AE, Barreto GE, Giraldez‐Alvarez LD, Milei J, Capani F. Long‐lasting effects of perinatal asphyxia on exploration, memory and incentive downshift. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:609-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Galeano
- Instituto de Investigaciones “Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini” (ININCA)Facultad de Medicina, UBA‐CONICETMarcelo T. de Alvear 2270C1122AAJBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Eduardo Blanco Calvo
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de PsicologíaUniversidad de MálagaCampus de Teatinos s/n29071MálagaSpain
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Fundación IMABISHospital Carlos HayaAvenida Carlos Haya 8229010MálagaSpain
| | - Diêgo Madureira Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia CelularInstituto de Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA)Campus do Canela40110‐100SalvadorBahiaBrazil
| | - Lucas Cuenya
- Laboratorio de Psicología Experimental y Aplicada (PSEA)Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), UBA‐CONICETCombatientes de Malvinas 3150C1427AROBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Giselle Vanesa Kamenetzky
- Laboratorio de Psicología Experimental y Aplicada (PSEA)Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), UBA‐CONICETCombatientes de Malvinas 3150C1427AROBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Alba Elisabeth Mustaca
- Laboratorio de Psicología Experimental y Aplicada (PSEA)Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), UBA‐CONICETCombatientes de Malvinas 3150C1427AROBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - George Emilio Barreto
- Department of AnesthesiaStanford University School of MedicineStanford UniversityPalo Alto, StanfordCA94305‐5117USA
| | - Lisandro Diego Giraldez‐Alvarez
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia CelularInstituto de Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA)Campus do Canela40110‐100SalvadorBahiaBrazil
| | - José Milei
- Instituto de Investigaciones “Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini” (ININCA)Facultad de Medicina, UBA‐CONICETMarcelo T. de Alvear 2270C1122AAJBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Francisco Capani
- Instituto de Investigaciones “Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini” (ININCA)Facultad de Medicina, UBA‐CONICETMarcelo T. de Alvear 2270C1122AAJBuenos AiresArgentina
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Perinatal asphyxia: current status and approaches towards neuroprotective strategies, with focus on sentinel proteins. Neurotox Res 2010; 19:603-27. [PMID: 20645042 PMCID: PMC3291837 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Delivery is a stressful and risky event menacing the newborn. The mother-dependent respiration has to be replaced by autonomous pulmonary breathing immediately after delivery. If delayed, it may lead to deficient oxygen supply compromising survival and development of the central nervous system. Lack of oxygen availability gives rise to depletion of NAD+ tissue stores, decrease of ATP formation, weakening of the electron transport pump and anaerobic metabolism and acidosis, leading necessarily to death if oxygenation is not promptly re-established. Re-oxygenation triggers a cascade of compensatory biochemical events to restore function, which may be accompanied by improper homeostasis and oxidative stress. Consequences may be incomplete recovery, or excess reactions that worsen the biological outcome by disturbed metabolism and/or imbalance produced by over-expression of alternative metabolic pathways. Perinatal asphyxia has been associated with severe neurological and psychiatric sequelae with delayed clinical onset. No specific treatments have yet been established. In the clinical setting, after resuscitation of an infant with birth asphyxia, the emphasis is on supportive therapy. Several interventions have been proposed to attenuate secondary neuronal injuries elicited by asphyxia, including hypothermia. Although promising, the clinical efficacy of hypothermia has not been fully demonstrated. It is evident that new approaches are warranted. The purpose of this review is to discuss the concept of sentinel proteins as targets for neuroprotection. Several sentinel proteins have been described to protect the integrity of the genome (e.g. PARP-1; XRCC1; DNA ligase IIIα; DNA polymerase β, ERCC2, DNA-dependent protein kinases). They act by eliciting metabolic cascades leading to (i) activation of cell survival and neurotrophic pathways; (ii) early and delayed programmed cell death, and (iii) promotion of cell proliferation, differentiation, neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis. It is proposed that sentinel proteins can be used as markers for characterising long-term effects of perinatal asphyxia, and as targets for novel therapeutic development and innovative strategies for neonatal care.
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Strackx E, Van den Hove DL, Prickaerts J, Zimmermann L, Steinbusch HW, Blanco CE, Danilo Gavilanes A, Vles JH. Fetal asphyctic preconditioning protects against perinatal asphyxia-induced behavioral consequences in adulthood. Behav Brain Res 2010; 208:343-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Morales P, Simola N, Bustamante D, Lisboa F, Fiedler J, Gebicke-Haerter PJ, Morelli M, Tasker RA, Herrera-Marschitz M. Nicotinamide prevents the long-term effects of perinatal asphyxia on apoptosis, non-spatial working memory and anxiety in rats. Exp Brain Res 2009; 202:1-14. [PMID: 20012537 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-2103-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There is no established treatment for the long-term effects produced by perinatal asphyxia. Thus, we investigated the neuroprotection provided by nicotinamide against the effects elicited by perinatal asphyxia on hippocampus and behaviour observed at 30-90 days of age. Asphyxia was induced by immersing foetuses-containing uterine horns, removed from ready-to-deliver rats into a water bath at 37 degrees C for 20 min. Caesarean-delivered siblings were used as controls. Saline or nicotinamide (0.8 mmol/kg, i.p.) was administered to control and asphyxia-exposed animals 24, 48, and 72 h after birth. The animals were examined for morphological changes in hippocampus, focusing on delayed cell death and mossy fibre sprouting, and behaviour, focusing on cognitive behaviour and anxiety. At the age of 30-45 days, asphyxia-exposed rats displayed (1) increased apoptosis, assessed in whole hippocampus by nuclear Hoechst staining, and (2) increased mossy fibre sprouting, restricted to the stratum oriens of dorsal hippocampus, assessed by Timm's staining. Rats from the same cohorts displayed (3) deficits in non-spatial working memory, assessed by a novel object recognition task, and (4) increased anxiety, assessed by an elevated plus-maze test when examined at the age of 90 days. Nicotinamide prevented the effects elicited by perinatal asphyxia on apoptosis, working memory, and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Morales
- Programme of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, PO Box 70,000, Santiago 7, Chile.
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Kiss P, Szogyi D, Reglodi D, Horvath G, Farkas J, Lubics A, Tamas A, Atlasz T, Szabadfi K, Babai N, Gabriel R, Koppan M. Effects of perinatal asphyxia on the neurobehavioral and retinal development of newborn rats. Brain Res 2008; 1255:42-50. [PMID: 19118536 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia during delivery produces long-term deficits and represents a major problem in both neonatal and pediatric care. Several morphological, biochemical and behavioral changes have been described in rats exposed to perinatal asphyxia. The aim of the present study was to evaluate how perinatal asphyxia affects the complex early neurobehavioral development and retinal structure of newborn rats. Asphyxia was induced in ready-to-deliver mothers by removing the pups by cesarian section after 15 min of asphyxia. Somatic and neurobehavioral development was tested daily during the first 3 weeks, and motor coordination tests were performed on postnatal weeks 3-5. After completion of the testing procedure, retinas were removed for histological analysis. We found that in spite of the fast catch-up-growth of asphyctic pups, nearly all examined reflexes were delayed by 1-4 days: negative geotaxis, sensory reflexes, righting reflexes, development of fore- and hindlimb grasp and placing, gait and auditory startle reflexes. Time to perform negative geotaxis, surface righting and gait reflexes was significantly longer during the first few weeks in asphyctic pups. Among the motor coordination tests, a markedly weaker performance was observed in the grid walking and footfault test and in the walk initiation test. Retinal structure showed severe degeneration in the layer of the photoreceptor and bipolar cell bodies. In summary, our present study provided a detailed description of reflex and motor development following perinatal asphyxia, showing that asphyxia led to a marked delay in neurobehavioral development and a severe retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kiss
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary.
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