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Song A, Kuznetsov NA, Winges SA, MacLellan MJ. Muscle synergy for upper limb damping behavior during object transport while walking in healthy young individuals. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:1203-1218. [PMID: 32248244 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transporting an object during locomotion is one of the most common activities humans perform. Previous studies have shown that continuous and predictive control of grip force, along with the inertial load force of the object, is required to complete this task successfully. Another possible CNS strategy to ensure the dynamic stability of the upper limb is to modify the apparent stiffness and damping via altered muscle activation patterns. In this study, the term damping was used to describe a reduction in upper limb vertical oscillation amplitude to maintain the orientation of the hand-held object. The goal of this study was to identify the neuromuscular strategy for controlling the upper limb during object transport while walking. Three-dimensional kinematic and surface electromyography (EMG) data were recorded from eight, right-handed, healthy young adults who were instructed to walk on a treadmill while carrying an object in their dominant/non-dominant hand, with dominant/non-dominant arm positioning but without an object, and without any object or instructed arm-positioning. EMG recordings from the dominant and non-dominant arms were decomposed separately into underlying muscle synergies using non-negative matrix factorization (NNMF). Results revealed that the dominant arm showed higher damping compared to the non-dominant arm. All muscles showed higher mean levels of activation during object transport except for posterior deltoid (PD), with activation peaks occurring around or slightly before heel contact. The muscle synergy analysis revealed an anticipatory stabilization of the shoulder and elbow joints through a proximal-to-distal muscle activation pattern. These activations appear to play an essential role in maintaining the stability of the carried object in addition to the adjustment of grip force against the perturbations caused by heel contact during walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Song
- Neuromotor Control and Rehabilitation Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - N A Kuznetsov
- Neuromotor Control and Rehabilitation Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - S A Winges
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, USA
| | - M J MacLellan
- Biomechanics and Motor Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
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Ebner-Karestinos D, Thonnard JL, Bleyenheuft Y. Precision Grip Control while Walking Down a Stair Step. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165549. [PMID: 27802343 PMCID: PMC5089719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether the internal model regulating grip force (GF)/load force (LF) coordination during a brisk load increase is preserved when the lower extremities produce a perturbation during a single step-down task. We observed the coordination of the vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), GF and LF while holding a handheld object during a single step-down task. The 3 forces (vGRF, GF and LF) decreased during the start of the task. While the subject was descending, LF and GF became dissociated from vGRF and increased in value, probably to anticipate the first foot contact. Coordination of LF and GF was maintained until the maximal vGRF (knee extension). LF peaked in the same time window as vGRF, whereas GF peaked about 70 ms later. This desynchronization, which was previously observed in direct load increase on a handheld object, was interpreted to be a predictive action to ensure the smooth management of the brisk increase in load induced by the lower extremities. Incidentally, in this group, kinematic and dynamic differences were observed between men and women, which may highlight a gender-specific strategy to perform the step-down task. In conclusion, these results suggest that the internal model of precision grip is able to integrate a brisk load change, whatever its origin, and regulate the forces to provide an ideal GF to dampen a brisk load increase and secure the object.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Louis Thonnard
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yannick Bleyenheuft
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Chen B, Lee YJ, Aruin AS. Control of grip force and vertical posture while holding an object and being perturbed. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:3193-3201. [PMID: 27421290 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated motor control perspectives of coordinating maintenance of posture and application of grip force when holding an object and being perturbed. Ten subjects stood on the force platform holding an instrumented object in their dominant hand and were exposed to an external perturbation applied to their shoulders. Task demands were manipulated by positioning a slippery cap on top of the instrumented object. Grip force applied to the object, the object acceleration and the center of pressure (COP) were recorded and analyzed during the time intervals typical for the anticipatory (APA) and compensatory (CPA) components of postural control. Onsets of grip force were seen before the onsets of the COP displacement and initiation of movements of the handheld object during the APA phase of postural control, while the onsets of maximum grip force preceded the maximum COP displacement during the CPA phase. When the task demands increased by holding a handheld object with the slippery cap, subjects tended to generate grip force earlier and of a smaller magnitude; also, the COP displacement in the APA phase was smaller as compared to holding a handheld object only. The outcome provides a foundation for future studies of maintenance of vertical posture in people with impairments of balance and grip force control when holding an object and being perturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- PhD Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yun-Ju Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy (MC 898), University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Alexander S Aruin
- Department of Physical Therapy (MC 898), University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Emotional state affects gait initiation in individuals with Parkinson's disease. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012; 12:207-19. [PMID: 22194236 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-011-0071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine the impact of manipulating emotional state on gait initiation in persons with Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy older adults. Following the presentation of pictures that are known to elicit specific emotional responses, participants initiated gait and continued to walk for several steps at their normal pace. Reaction time, the displacement and velocity of the center of pressure (COP) trajectory during the preparatory postural adjustments, and length and velocity of the first two steps were measured. Analysis of the gait initiation measures revealed that exposure to (1) threatening pictures, relative to all other pictures, speeded the initiation of gait for PD patients and healthy older adults; (2) approach-oriented emotional pictures (erotic and happy people), relative to withdrawal-oriented pictures, facilitated the anticipatory postural adjustments of gait initiation for PD patients and healthy older adults, as evidenced by greater displacement and velocity of the COP movement; and (3) emotional pictures modulated gait initiation parameters in PD patients to the same degree as in healthy older adults. Collectively, these findings hold significant implications for understanding the circuitry underlying the manner by which emotions modulate movement and for the development of emotion-based interventions designed to maximize improvements in gait initiation for individuals with PD.
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Prabhu SB, Diermayr G, Gysin P, Gordon AM. Coordination of fingertip forces in object transport during gait in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2011; 53:865-869. [PMID: 21790557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep B Prabhu
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gudrun Diermayr
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Priska Gysin
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew M Gordon
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Diermayr G, McIsaac TL, Kaminski TR, Gordon AM. Aging effects on object transport during gait. Gait Posture 2011; 34:334-9. [PMID: 21715168 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate objects deteriorates with increasing age. In the coordination of fingertip forces underlying object manipulation, older adults use excessive grip (normal) forces but maintain anticipatory force control during simple manipulations. Daily activities are often more complex and involve grasp manipulations while simultaneously performing other activities. When walking while carrying an object, young adults couple grip forces to gait-induced inertial force changes (anticipatory control). It is unclear if anticipatory control is preserved in older adults during demanding tasks. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate aging effects on grasp control when walking and transporting an object. We included gait perturbations to vary task difficulty and step regularity associated with walking. Twelve healthy older (65-84 years) and young (20-30 years) adults transported a hand-held object during unperturbed walking, obstacle crossing and step-length changes. While older subjects employed higher grip-inertial force ratios, they showed a strong force coupling comparable to that of the young during unperturbed walking and step-length changes. During obstacle crossing the forces in the older group were less tightly coupled (grip force delays). Gait patterns were similar between groups. Our findings indicate that older adults maintain anticipatory control during regular and irregular walking. Grasp control changes in older adults only during obstacle crossing suggest that overall task demands (balance requirements, attention demands) may contribute to declines of manual dexterity in functional tasks. This highlights the need to investigate grasp control within complex tasks when aiming to understand impairments of older adults encountered in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Diermayr
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Diermayr G, McIsaac TL, Gordon AM. Finger Force Coordination Underlying Object Manipulation in the Elderly – A Mini-Review. Gerontology 2011; 57:217-27. [DOI: 10.1159/000295921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Albert F, Diermayr G, Diemayr G, McIsaac TL, Gordon AM. Coordination of grasping and walking in Parkinson's disease. Exp Brain Res 2010; 202:709-21. [PMID: 20143050 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies on grasp control underlying manual dexterity in people with Parkinson disease (PD) suggest that anticipatory grasp control is mainly unaffected during discrete tasks using simple two-digit grasp. Nevertheless, impaired hand function during daily activities is one of the most disabling symptoms of PD. As many daily grasping activities occur during functional movements involving the whole body, impairments in anticipatory grasp control might emerge during a continuous dynamic task such as object transport during walking. In this case, grasp control must be coordinated along with multiple body segments. The present study investigated the effect of PD on anticipatory grasp control and intersegmental coordination during walking with a hand-held object. Nine individuals with idiopathic PD (tested OFF and ON medication) and nine healthy age-matched controls carried a grip instrument between their right thumb and index finger during self-paced and fast walking. Although the amplitude of grip forces was higher in standing and walking for subjects with PD, both subjects with PD and control subjects coupled grip and inertial force changes in an anticipatory fashion while walking. However, gait-induced motions of the object relative to that of the trunk (i.e., dampening) was reduced in subjects with PD. Medication increased the dampening in all subjects with PD. We suggest that these differences are associated with impairments in intersegmental coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Albert
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 West 120th Street, Box 199, New York, NY 10017, USA
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Gysin P, Kaminski TR, Hass CJ, Grobet CE, Gordon AM. Effects of Gait Variations on Grip Force Coordination During Object Transport. J Neurophysiol 2008; 100:2477-85. [PMID: 18753327 DOI: 10.1152/jn.90561.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In object transport during unimpeded locomotion, grip force is precisely timed and scaled to the regularly paced sinusoidal inertial force fluctuations. However, it is unknown whether this coupling is due to moment-to-moment predictions of upcoming inertial forces or a longer, generalized time estimate of regularly paced inertial forces generated during the normal gait cycle. Eight subjects transported a grip instrument during five walking conditions, four of which altered the gait cycle. The variations included changes in step length (taking a longer or shorter step) or stepping on and over a stable (predictable) or unstable (unpredictable support surface) obstacle within a series of baseline steps, which resulted in altered frequencies and magnitudes of the inertial forces exerted on the transported object. Except when stepping on the unstable obstacle, a tight temporal coupling between the grip and inertial forces was maintained across gait variations. Precision of this timing varied slightly within the time window for anticipatory grip force control possibly due to increased attention demands related to some of the step alterations. Furthermore, subjects anticipated variations in inertial force when the gait cycle was altered with increases or decreases in grip force, relative to the level of the inertial force peaks. Overall the maintenance of force coupling and scaling across predictable walking conditions suggests that the CNS is able to anticipate changes in inertial forces generated by gait variations and to efficiently predict the grip force needed to maintain object stability on a moment-to-moment basis.
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