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Gordon MS, Ataucusi A. Continuous sliding frequency shifts produce an illusory tempo drift. JASA EXPRESS LETTERS 2021; 1:053202. [PMID: 36154107 DOI: 10.1121/10.0005001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An acceleration or deceleration in the rate of music is described as a tempo drift. This study investigated tempo drift and how tempo drift might be influenced by a sliding frequency shift. Drifts of 10% or greater in tempo tended to be accurately detected; however, those judgments were somewhat affected by the type of music. Continuous sliding frequency shifts that paralleled the tempo drift improved the accuracy of tempo drift judgments. When frequency shifts were independent from a tempo drift, they produced an illusory experience of the tempo change. Findings are reported with their implications for music and time perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Gordon
- Department of Psychology, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, USA ,
| | - Alejandro Ataucusi
- Department of Psychology, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, USA ,
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2
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Guérin SMR, Boitout J, Delevoye-Turrell YN. Attention Guides the Motor-Timing Strategies in Finger-Tapping Tasks When Moving Fast and Slow. Front Psychol 2021; 11:574396. [PMID: 33569019 PMCID: PMC7868383 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.574396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human beings adapt the spontaneous pace of their actions to interact with the environment. Yet, the nature of the mechanism enabling such adaptive behavior remains poorly understood. The aim of the present contribution was to examine the role of attention in motor timing using (a) time series analysis, and (b) a dual task paradigm. In a series of two studies, a finger-tapping task was used in sensorimotor synchronization with various tempi (from 300 to 1,100 ms) and motor complexity (one target vs. six targets). Time series analyzes indicated that two different timing strategies were used depending on the speed constraints. At slow tempi, tapping sequences were characterized by strong negative autocorrelations, suggesting the implication of cognitive predictive timing. When moving at fast and close-to-spontaneous tempi, tapping sequences were characterized by less negative autocorrelations, suggesting that timing properties emerged from body movement dynamics. The analysis of the dual-task reaction times confirmed that both the temporal and spatial constraints impacted the attentional resources allocated to the finger-tapping tasks. Overall, our work suggests that moving fast and slow involve distinct timing strategies that are characterized by contrasting attentional demands.
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Effects of Motor Tempo on Frontal Brain Activity: An fNIRS Study. Neuroimage 2021; 230:117597. [PMID: 33418074 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
People are able to modify the spontaneous pace of their actions to interact with their environment and others. This ability is underpinned by high-level cognitive functions but little is known in regard to the brain areas that underlie such temporal control. A salient practical issue is that current neuroimaging techniques (e.g., EEG, fMRI) are extremely sensitive to movement, which renders challenging any investigation of brain activity in the realm of whole-body motor paradigms. Within the last decade, the noninvasive imaging method of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has become the reference tool for experimental motor paradigms due to its tolerance to motion artefacts. In the present study, we used a continuous-wave fNIRS system to record the prefrontal and motor hemodynamic responses of 16 participants, while they performed a spatial-tapping task varying in motor complexity and externally-paced tempi (i.e., 300 ms, 500 ms, 1200 ms). To discriminate between physiological noise and cerebral meaningful signals, the physiological data (i.e., heart and respiratory rates) were recorded so that frequency bands of such signals could be regressed from the fNIRS data. Particular attention was taken to control the precise position of the optodes in reference to the cranio-cerebral correlates of the NIR channels throughout the experimental session. Results indicated that fast pacing relied on greater activity of the motor areas whereas moving at close-to-spontaneous pace placed a heavier load on posterior prefrontal processes. These results provide new insight concerning the role of frontal cognitive control in modulating the pacing of voluntary motor behaviors.
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Correction and Validation of Time-Critical Behavioral Measurements over the Internet in the Stage Twin Cohort with More Than 7000 Participants. PSYCH 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/psych2030012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral data are increasingly collected over the Internet. This is particularly useful when participants’ own computers can be used as they are, without any modification that relies on their technical skills. However, the temporal accuracy in these settings is generally poor, unknown, and varies substantially across different hard- and software components. This makes it dubious to administer time-critical behavioral tests such as implicit association, reaction time, or various forms of temporal judgment/perception and production. Here, we describe the online collection and subsequent data quality control and adjustment of reaction time and time interval production data from 7127 twins sourced from the Swedish Twin Registry. The purposes are to (1) validate the data that are already and will continue to be reported in forthcoming publications (due to their utility, such as the large sample size and the twin design) and to (2) provide examples of how one might engage in post-hoc analyses of such data, and (3) explore how one might control for systematic influences from specific components in the functional chain. These possible influences include the type and version of the operating system, browser, and multimedia plug-in type
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Karampela O, Madison G, Holm L. Motor timing training improves sustained attention performance but not fluid intelligence: near but not far transfer. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:1051-1060. [PMID: 32206850 PMCID: PMC7181559 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Associations between cognitive and motor timing performance are documented in hundreds of studies. A core finding is a correlation of about - 0.3 to - 0.5 between psychometric intelligence and time interval production variability and reaction time, but the nature of the relationship remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether this relation is subject to near and far transfer across a battery of cognitive and timing tasks. These tasks were administered pre- and post-five daily 30 min sessions of sensorimotor synchronization training with feedback for every interval. The training group exhibited increased sustained attention performance in Conners' Continuous Performance Test II, but no change in the block design and figure weights subtests from the WAIS-IV. A passive control group exhibited no change in performance on any of the timing or cognitive tests. These findings provide evidence for a direct involvement of sustained attention in motor timing as well as near transfer from synchronization to unpaced serial interval production. Implications for the timing-cognition relationship are discussed in light of various putative timing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy Madison
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Linus Holm
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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Colley ID, Dean RT. Origins of 1/f noise in human music performance from short-range autocorrelations related to rhythmic structures. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216088. [PMID: 31059519 PMCID: PMC6502337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
1/f fluctuations have been described in numerous physical and biological processes. This noise structure describes an inverse relationship between the intensity and frequency of events in a time series (for example reflected in power spectra), and is believed to indicate long-range dependence, whereby events at one time point influence events many observations later. 1/f has been identified in rhythmic behaviors, such as music, and is typically attributed to long-range correlations. However short-range dependence in musical performance is a well-established finding and past research has suggested that 1/f can arise from multiple continuing short-range processes. We tested this possibility using simulations and time-series modeling, complemented by traditional analyses using power spectra and detrended fluctuation analysis (as often adopted more recently). Our results show that 1/f-type fluctuations in musical contexts may be explained by short-range models involving multiple time lags, and the temporal ranges in which rhythmic hierarchies are expressed are apt to create these fluctuations through such short-range autocorrelations. We also analyzed gait, heartbeat, and resting-state EEG data, demonstrating the coexistence of multiple short-range processes and 1/f fluctuation in a variety of phenomena. This suggests that 1/f fluctuation might not indicate long-range correlations, and points to its likely origins in musical rhythm and related structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D. Colley
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Roger T. Dean
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Zamm A, Wang Y, Palmer C. Musicians' Natural Frequencies of Performance Display Optimal Temporal Stability. J Biol Rhythms 2018; 33:432-440. [PMID: 29940801 DOI: 10.1177/0748730418783651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Many human action sequences, such as speaking and performing music, are inherently rhythmic: Sequence events are produced at quasi-regular temporal intervals. A wide range of interindividual variation has been noted in spontaneous production rates of these rhythmic action sequences. Dynamical theories of motor coordination suggest that individuals spontaneously produce rhythmic sequences at a natural frequency characterized by minimal energy expenditure and maximal temporal stability, relative to other frequencies. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the temporal variability with which musicians performed rhythmic melodies at their natural spontaneous rate with variability in their performances at faster and slower rates. Musicians' temporal variability was lowest during performances at their spontaneous rate; in addition, performers' tempo drift during trials at other rates showed bias toward their spontaneous rate. This study provides the first direct evidence that spontaneous rates of motor coordination represent optimally stable natural frequencies of endogenous rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caroline Palmer
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Mitani K, Kashino M. Auditory Feedback Assists Post hoc Error Correction of Temporal Reproduction, and Perception of Self-Produced Time Intervals in Subsecond Range. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2325. [PMID: 29403407 PMCID: PMC5780434 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether auditory feedback assists the post hoc error correction of temporal reproduction, and the perception of self-produced time intervals in the subsecond and suprasecond ranges. Here, we employed a temporal reproduction task with a single motor response at a point in time with and without auditory feedback. This task limits participants to reducing errors by employing auditory feedback in a post hoc manner. Additionally, the participants were asked to judge the self-produced timing in this task. The results showed that, in the presence of auditory feedback, the participants exhibited smaller variability and bias in terms of temporal reproduction and the perception of self-produced time intervals in the subsecond range but not in the suprasecond range. Furthermore, in the presence of auditory feedback, the positive serial dependency of temporal reproduction, which is the tendency of reproduced intervals to be similar to those in adjacent trials, was reduced in the subsecond range but not in the suprasecond range. These results suggest that auditory feedback assists the post hoc error correction of temporal reproduction, and the perception of self-produced time intervals in the subsecond range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Mitani
- Department of Information Processing, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makio Kashino
- Department of Information Processing, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Atsugi, Japan
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Ravignani A, Madison G. The Paradox of Isochrony in the Evolution of Human Rhythm. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1820. [PMID: 29163252 PMCID: PMC5681750 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Isochrony is crucial to the rhythm of human music. Some neural, behavioral and anatomical traits underlying rhythm perception and production are shared with a broad range of species. These may either have a common evolutionary origin, or have evolved into similar traits under different evolutionary pressures. Other traits underlying rhythm are rare across species, only found in humans and few other animals. Isochrony, or stable periodicity, is common to most human music, but isochronous behaviors are also found in many species. It appears paradoxical that humans are particularly good at producing and perceiving isochronous patterns, although this ability does not conceivably confer any evolutionary advantage to modern humans. This article will attempt to solve this conundrum. To this end, we define the concept of isochrony from the present functional perspective of physiology, cognitive neuroscience, signal processing, and interactive behavior, and review available evidence on isochrony in the signals of humans and other animals. We then attempt to resolve the paradox of isochrony by expanding an evolutionary hypothesis about the function that isochronous behavior may have had in early hominids. Finally, we propose avenues for empirical research to examine this hypothesis and to understand the evolutionary origin of isochrony in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ravignani
- Language and Cognition Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Veterinary and Research Department, Sealcentre Pieterburen, Pieterburen, Netherlands.,Artificial Intelligence Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Madison
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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10
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Manning FC, Harris J, Schutz M. Temporal prediction abilities are mediated by motor effector and rhythmic expertise. Exp Brain Res 2016; 235:861-871. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4845-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Holm L, Karampela O, Ullén F, Madison G. Executive control and working memory are involved in sub-second repetitive motor timing. Exp Brain Res 2016; 235:787-798. [PMID: 27885405 PMCID: PMC5315705 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4839-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The nature of the relationship between timing and cognition remains poorly understood. Cognitive control is known to be involved in discrete timing tasks involving durations above 1 s, but has not yet been demonstrated for repetitive motor timing below 1 s. We examined the latter in two continuation tapping experiments, by varying the cognitive load in a concurrent task. In Experiment 1, participants repeated a fixed three finger sequence (low executive load) or a pseudorandom sequence (high load) with either 524-, 733-, 1024- or 1431-ms inter-onset intervals (IOIs). High load increased timing variability for 524 and 733-ms IOIs but not for the longer IOIs. Experiment 2 attempted to replicate this finding for a concurrent memory task. Participants retained three letters (low working memory load) or seven letters (high load) while producing intervals (524- and 733-ms IOIs) with a drum stick. High load increased timing variability for both IOIs. Taken together, the experiments demonstrate that cognitive control processes influence sub-second repetitive motor timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Holm
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | - Fredrik Ullén
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guy Madison
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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Torre K, Varlet M, Marmelat V. Predicting the biological variability of environmental rhythms: Weak or strong anticipation for sensorimotor synchronization? Brain Cogn 2013; 83:342-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Madison G, Karampela O, Ullén F, Holm L. Effects of practice on variability in an isochronous serial interval production task: asymptotical levels of tapping variability after training are similar to those of musicians. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2013; 143:119-28. [PMID: 23558155 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Timing permeates everyday activities such as walking, dancing and music, yet the effect of short-term practice in this ubiquitous activity is largely unknown. In two training experiments involving sessions spread across several days, we examined short-term practice effects on timing variability in a sequential interval production task. In Experiment 1, we varied the mode of response (e.g., drumstick and finger tapping) and the level of sensory feedback. In Experiment 2 we varied the interval in 18 levels ranging from 500 ms to 1624 ms. Both experiments showed a substantial decrease in variability within the first hour of practice, but little thereafter. This effect was similar across mode of response, amount of feedback, and interval duration, and was manifested as a reduction in both local variability (between neighboring intervals) and drift (fluctuation across multiple intervals). The results suggest mainly effects on motor implementation rather than on cognitive timing processes, and have methodological implications for timing studies that have not controlled for practice.
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14
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Slifkin AB, Eder JR. Amplitude requirements, visual information, and the spatial structure of movement. Exp Brain Res 2012; 220:297-310. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Bottom–up mechanisms are involved in the relation between accuracy in timing tasks and intelligence — Further evidence using manipulations of state motivation. INTELLIGENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Delignières D, Torre K. Event-based and emergent timing: dichotomy or continuum? A reply to Repp and Steinman (2010). J Mot Behav 2011; 43:311-8. [PMID: 21774607 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2011.588274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
B. H. Repp and S. R. Steiman (2010) suggested that event-based and emergent timing, usually conceived as mutually exclusive modes of timing, could in fact coexist in a single activity. According to this point of view, rhythmic activities could exploit mixtures of control modes, in which the relative importance of event-based and emergent components could depend on task characteristics. This point of view, in the opinion of the authors of the present article, corresponds to a fundamental misunderstanding of the theoretical basis of the event-based and emergent distinction, and is not supported by any experimental evidence. However, they present some new results that could support new lines of reasoning for the future developments of research in this domain.
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Kuznetsov NA, Wallot S. Effects of accuracy feedback on fractal characteristics of time estimation. Front Integr Neurosci 2011; 5:62. [PMID: 22046149 PMCID: PMC3201842 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2011.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current experiment investigated the effect of visual accuracy feedback on the structure of variability of time interval estimates in the continuation tapping paradigm. Participants were asked to repeatedly estimate a 1-s interval for a prolonged period of time by tapping their index finger. In some conditions, participants received accuracy feedback after every estimate, whereas in other conditions, no feedback was given. Also, the likelihood of receiving visual feedback was manipulated by adjusting the tolerance band around the 1-s target interval so that feedback was displayed only if the temporal estimate deviated from the target interval by more than 50, 100, or 200 ms respectively. We analyzed the structure of variability of the inter-tap intervals with fractal and multifractal methods that allow for a quantification of complex long-range correlation patterns in the timing performance. Our results indicate that feedback changes the long-range correlation structure of time estimates: Increased amounts of feedback lead to a decrease in fractal long-range correlations, as well to a decrease in the magnitude of local fluctuations in the performance. The multifractal characteristics of the time estimates were not impacted by the presence of accuracy feedback. Nevertheless, most of the data sets show significant multifractal signatures. We interpret these findings as showing that feedback acts to constrain and possibly reorganize timing performance. Implications for mechanistic and complex systems-based theories of timing behavior are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita A. Kuznetsov
- Perceptual-Motor Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychology, CAP Center for Cognition, Action and Perception, University of CincinnatiCincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sebastian Wallot
- Department of Psychology, CAP Center for Cognition, Action and Perception, University of CincinnatiCincinnati, OH, USA
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Holm L, Ullén F, Madison G. Intelligence and temporal accuracy of behaviour: unique and shared associations with reaction time and motor timing. Exp Brain Res 2011; 214:175-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2817-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Crevecoeur F, Bollens B, Detrembleur C, Lejeune T. Towards a “gold-standard” approach to address the presence of long-range auto-correlation in physiological time series. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 192:163-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 07/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Madison G. An auditory illusion of infinite tempo change based on multiple temporal levels. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8151. [PMID: 19997635 PMCID: PMC2780720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans and a few select insect and reptile species synchronise inter-individual behaviour without any time lag by predicting the time of future events rather than reacting to them. This is evident in music performance, dance, and drill. Although repetition of equal time intervals (i.e. isochrony) is the central principle for such prediction, this simple information is used in a flexible and complex way that accommodates both multiples, subdivisions, and gradual changes of intervals. The scope of this flexibility remains largely uncharted, and the underlying mechanisms are a matter for speculation. Here I report an auditory illusion that highlights some aspects of this behaviour and that provides a powerful tool for its future study. A sound pattern is described that affords multiple alternative and concurrent rates of recurrence (temporal levels). An algorithm that systematically controls time intervals and the relative loudness among these levels creates an illusion that the perceived rate speeds up or slows down infinitely. Human participants synchronised hand movements with their perceived rate of events, and exhibited a change in their movement rate that was several times larger than the physical change in the sound pattern. The illusion demonstrates the duality between the external signal and the internal predictive process, such that people's tendency to follow their own subjective pulse overrides the overall properties of the stimulus pattern. Furthermore, accurate synchronisation with sounds separated by more than 8 s demonstrate that multiple temporal levels are employed for facilitating temporal organisation and integration by the human brain. A number of applications of the illusion and the stimulus pattern are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Madison
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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21
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Forsman LJ, Madison G, Ullén F. Neuroticism is correlated with drift in serial time interval production. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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