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Ohtsuka H, Nakajima T, Komiyama T, Suzuki S, Irie S, Ariyasu R. Execution of natural manipulation in the air enhances the beta-rhythm intermuscular coherences of the human arm depending on muscle pairs. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:946-957. [PMID: 35294314 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00421.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural manipulation tasks in air consist of two kinematic components: a grasping component, with activation of the hand muscles, and a lifting component, with activation of the proximal muscles. However, it remains unclear whether the synchronized motor commands to the hand/proximal arm muscles are divergently controlled during the task. Therefore, we examined how intermuscular coherence was modulated depending on the muscle combinations during grip and lift (G&L) tasks. Electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from the biceps brachii (BB), triceps brachii (TB), flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS), and extensor digitorum communis (EDC) muscles. The participants were required to maintain G&L tasks involving a small cubical box with the thumb and index and middle fingers. Consequently, we found that the beta-rhythm coherence (15-35 Hz) in BB-TB, BB-FDS, and TB-EDC pairs during G&L was significantly larger than that during the isolated task with cocontraction of the two target muscles but not BB-EDC, TB-FDS, and FDS-EDC (task and muscle pair specificities). These increases in beta-rhythm coherence were also observed in intramuscular EMG recordings. Furthermore, the results from the execution of several mimic G&L tasks revealed that the separated task-related motor signals and combinations between the motor signals/sensations of the fingertips or object load had minor contributions to the increase in the coherence. These results suggest that during G&L the central nervous system regulates synchronous drive onto motoneurons depending on the muscle pairs and that the multiple combination effect of the sensations of touch/object load and motor signals in the task promotes the synchrony of these pairs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Natural manipulation in air consists of two kinematic components: grasping, with activation of hand muscles, and lifting, with activation of proximal muscles. We show that during the maintenance of object manipulation in air the central nervous system regulates the synchronous drive onto human motoneuron pools depending on the hand/proximal muscle pairs and that the multiple combination effect of the sensations of touch/object load and motor signals in the task promotes the synchrony of these pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ohtsuka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Showa University School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Sciences, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakajima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Komiyama
- Division of Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Education, Chiba University, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Health and Sports Education, The United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Suzuki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Irie
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ariyasu
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
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Bousbaïne van de Kerckhove L, Lefaucheur JP, Sorel M. Differences in stabilometric correlates of pain relief after wearing postural insoles for six weeks between chronic nociceptive and neuropathic foot pain. An open-label pilot study. Neurophysiol Clin 2021; 51:267-278. [PMID: 34023188 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine if the use of postural insoles could result in a noticeable reduction in the foot pain intensity in patients with a chronic pain condition, either nociceptive (ankylosing spondylitis, AS) or neuropathic (small fiber neuropathy, SFN). METHOD In this open-label pilot study, patients were asked to wear postural insoles for a continuous period of 6 weeks. The primary endpoint was the mean daily pain intensity at foot mobilization measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS). The secondary endpoints included global pain intensity scores (at rest or under mobilization), clinical questionnaires on pain and daily functioning (including the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory (NPSI) and the DN4 questionnaire), and posturo-podiatric variables assessed on clinical examination or using a baro-stabilometric platform. RESULTS The study was completed by 17 patients with AS and 12 patients with SFN. After wearing postural insoles for 6 weeks, a significant improvement was observed on the primary endpoint (decrease in VAS pain score at the foot during mobilization) in both groups of patients (from 6.4 ± 2.4 to 3.6 ± 2.6 (p = 0.0004) in the AS group and from 5.7 ± 2.2 to 2.4 ± 1.6 (p = 0.0003) in the SFN group). Improvement was also observed for all other pain and activity scores (global pain at rest or during mobilization (VAS), BDI, and BASDAI for the AS group or NPSI and DN4 for the SFN group), as well as for posturo-podiatric clinical variables. However, we did not find any difference in any clinical pain score whether the posturo-podiatric clinical outcomes were positive or not. Regarding the stabilometric measures, the only significant change after the intervention was a reduced mean velocity of center of pressure displacement in the AS group only (mVel in mm/s: from 7.4 ± 2.0 vs. 6.7 ± 1.9, p = 0.017). In addition, the reduction in mVel correlated to that of the BPI score (r = 0.48, p = 0.0496). CONCLUSION In both groups of patients, wearing postural insoles for 6 weeks led to a significant decrease in local pain intensity at foot level and to more global analgesic effects and positive posturo-podiatric changes. However, these latter changes did not appear to be strongly associated with pain relief. Nevertheless, an index of a better postural control, i.e. mVel decrease, was found to be related to a reduction of pain interference in daily life activities in AS patients, but not in SFN patients. Therefore, in the context of neuropathic pain, mechanisms other than postural changes likely contribute to the analgesic effects of wearing postural insoles, in contrast to nociceptive pain due to spinal osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leïla Bousbaïne van de Kerckhove
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, EA4391, ENT, F-94010 Creteil, France; Osteopathic Office, 123 rue de l'Université, F-75007 Paris, France.
| | - Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, EA4391, ENT, F-94010 Creteil, France; AP-HP, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, F-94010 Creteil, France
| | - Marc Sorel
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, EA4391, ENT, F-94010 Creteil, France; CH Sud-Seine-et-Marne, Pain Clinic (Centre d'Evaluation et Traitement de la Douleur), F-77140 Nemours, France
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3
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Nakajima T, Suzuki S, Zehr EP, Komiyama T. Long-lasting changes in muscle activation and step cycle variables induced by repetitive sensory stimulation to discrete areas of the foot sole during walking. J Neurophysiol 2020; 125:331-343. [PMID: 33326346 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00376.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether repetitive electrical stimulation to discrete foot sole regions that are phase-locked to the step cycle modulates activity patterns of ankle muscles and induces neuronal adaptation during human walking. Nonnoxious repetitive foot sole stimulation (STIM; 67 pulses at 333 Hz) was given to the medial forefoot (f-M) or heel (HL) regions at 1) the stance-to-swing transition, 2) swing-to-stance transition, or 3) midstance, during every step cycle for 10 min. Stance, but not swing, durations were prolonged with f-M STIM delivered at stance-to-swing transition, and these changes remained for up to 20-30 min after the intervention. Electromyographic (EMG) burst durations and amplitudes in the ankle extensors were also prolonged and persisted for 20 min after the intervention. Interestingly, STIM to HL was ineffective at inducing modulation, suggesting stimulation location-specific adaptation. In contrast, STIM to HL (but not f-M), at the swing-to-stance phase transition, shortened the step cycle by premature termination of swing. Furthermore, the onset of EMG bursts in the ankle extensors appeared earlier than in the control condition. STIM delivered during the midstance phase was ineffective at modulating the step cycle, highlighting phase-dependent adaptation. These effects were absent when STIM was applied while mimicking static postures for each walking phase during standing. Our findings suggest that the combination of walking-related neuronal activity with repetitive sensory inputs from the foot can generate short-term adaptation that is phase-dependent and localized to the site of STIM.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Repetitive (∼10 min) long (200 ms) trains of sensory stimulation to discrete areas of the foot sole produce persistent changes in muscle activity and cycle timing during walking. Interactions between the delivery phase and stimulus location determine the expression of the adaptations. These observations bear striking similarities to those in decerebrate cat experiments and may be usefully translated to improving locomotor function after neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nakajima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Suzuki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari, Japan
| | - E Paul Zehr
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Exercise Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tomoyoshi Komiyama
- Division of Health and Sports Education, The United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Japan.,Division of Health and Sports Scieces, Faculty of Education, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Irie S, Nakajima T, Suzuki S, Ariyasu R, Komiyama T, Ohki Y. Motor imagery enhances corticospinal transmission mediated by cervical premotoneurons in humans. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:86-101. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00574.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging movement has positive effects on the reacquisition of motor functions after damage to the central nervous system. This study shows that motor imagery facilitates oligosynaptic corticospinal excitation that is mediated via cervical premotoneurons, which may be important for motor recovery in monkeys and humans. Current findings highlight how this imagery might be a beneficial tool for movement disorders through effects on premotoneuron circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Irie
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakajima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Suzuki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu-cho, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ariyasu
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Komiyama
- Division of Health and Sports Education, The United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei City, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Education, Chiba University, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukari Ohki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
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Pearcey GEP, Zehr EP. We Are Upright-Walking Cats: Human Limbs as Sensory Antennae During Locomotion. Physiology (Bethesda) 2020; 34:354-364. [PMID: 31389772 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00008.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans and cats share many characteristics pertaining to the neural control of locomotion, which has enabled the comprehensive study of cutaneous feedback during locomotion. Feedback from discrete skin regions on both surfaces of the human foot has revealed that neuromechanical responses are highly topographically organized and contribute to "sensory guidance" of our limbs during locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E P Pearcey
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - E Paul Zehr
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Zanshin Consulting, Inc., Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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6
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Viseux FJ. The sensory role of the sole of the foot: Review and update on clinical perspectives. Neurophysiol Clin 2020; 50:55-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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KLARNER TARYN, PEARCEY GREGORYEP, SUN YAO, BARSS TREVORS, KAUPP CHELSEA, MUNRO BRIDGET, FRANK NICK, ZEHR EPAUL. Beyond the Bottom of the Foot. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:2439-2450. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Nakajima T, Suzuki S, Futatsubashi G, Ohtsuska H, Mezzarane RA, Barss TS, Klarner T, Zehr EP, Komiyama T. Regionally distinct cutaneous afferent populations contribute to reflex modulation evoked by stimulation of the tibial nerve during walking. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:183-90. [PMID: 27075541 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01011.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During walking, cutaneous reflexes in ankle flexor muscle [tibialis anterior (TA)] evoked by tibial nerve (TIB) stimulation are predominantly facilitatory at early swing phase but reverse to suppression at late swing phase. Although the TIB innervates a large portion of the skin of the foot sole, the extent to which specific foot-sole regions contribute to the reflex reversals during walking remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated regional cutaneous contributions from discrete portions of the foot sole on reflex reversal in TA following TIB stimulation during walking. Summation effects on reflex amplitudes, when applying combined stimulation from foot-sole regions with TIB, were examined. Middle latency responses (MLRs; 70-120 ms) after TIB stimulation were strongly facilitated during the late stance to mid-swing phases and reversed to suppression just before heel (HL) strike. Both forefoot-medial (f-M) and forefoot-lateral stimulation in the foot sole induced facilitation during stance-to-swing transition phases, but HL stimulation evoked suppression during the late stance to the end of swing phases. At the stance-to-swing transition, a summation of MLR amplitude occurred only for combined f-M&TIB stimulation. However, the same was not true for the combined HL&TIB stimulation. At the swing-to-stance transition, there was a suppressive reflex summation only for HL&TIB stimulation. In contrast, this summation was not observed for the f-M&TIB stimulation. Our results suggest that reflex reversals evoked by TIB stimulation arise from distinct reflex pathways to TA produced by separate afferent populations innervating specific regions of the foot sole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nakajima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Shinya Suzuki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Sports and Health Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genki Futatsubashi
- Division of Sports and Health Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Business and Information Sciences, Jobu University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohtsuska
- Division of Sports and Health Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, School of Rehabilitation Science, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Rinaldo A Mezzarane
- Division of Sports and Health Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Laboratory of Signal Processing and Motor Control, College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, Telecomunicações e Controle, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Trevor S Barss
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Taryn Klarner
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - E Paul Zehr
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tomoyoshi Komiyama
- Division of Sports and Health Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
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Nakajima T, Mezzarane RA, Komiyama T, Paul Zehr E. Reflex control of human locomotion: Existence, features and functions of common interneuronal system induced by multiple sensory inputs in humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.4.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nakajima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine
| | - Rinaldo A. Mezzarane
- Laboratory of Signal Processing and Motor Control, College of Physical Education, University of Brasília
| | | | - E. Paul Zehr
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria
- Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD)
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria
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Nakajima T, Mezzarane RA, Hundza SR, Komiyama T, Zehr EP. Convergence in reflex pathways from multiple cutaneous nerves innervating the foot depends upon the number of rhythmically active limbs during locomotion. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104910. [PMID: 25170606 PMCID: PMC4149341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural output from the locomotor system for each arm and leg influences the spinal motoneuronal pools directly and indirectly through interneuronal (IN) reflex networks. While well documented in other species, less is known about the functions and features of convergence in common IN reflex system from cutaneous afferents innervating different foot regions during remote arm and leg movement in humans. The purpose of the present study was to use spatial facilitation to examine possible convergence in common reflex pathways during rhythmic locomotor limb movements. Cutaneous reflexes were evoked in ipsilateral tibialis anterior muscle by stimulating (in random order) the sural nerve (SUR), the distal tibial nerve (TIB), and combined simultaneous stimulation of both nerves (TIB&SUR). Reflexes were evoked while participants performed rhythmic stepping and arm swinging movement with both arms and the leg contralateral to stimulation (ARM&LEG), with just arm movement (ARM) and with just contralateral leg movement (LEG). Stimulation intensities were just below threshold for evoking early latency (<80 ms to peak) reflexes. For each stimulus condition, rectified EMG signals were averaged while participants held static contractions in the stationary (stimulated) leg. During ARM&LEG movement, amplitudes of cutaneous reflexes evoked by combined TIB&SUR stimulation were significantly larger than simple mathematical summation of the amplitudes evoked by SUR or TIB alone. Interestingly, this extra facilitation seen during combined nerve stimulation was significantly reduced when performing ARM or LEG compared to ARM&LEG. We conclude that locomotor rhythmic limb movement induces excitation of common IN reflex pathways from cutaneous afferents innervating different foot regions. Importantly, activity in this pathway is most facilitated during ARM&LEG movement. These results suggest that transmission in IN reflex pathways is weighted according to the number of limbs directly engaged in human locomotor activity and underscores the importance of arm swing to support neuronal excitability in leg muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nakajima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Rinaldo A. Mezzarane
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Laboratory of Signal Processing and Motor Control, College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Sandra R. Hundza
- Motion and Mobility Rehabilitation Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - E. Paul Zehr
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Zehr EP, Nakajima T, Barss T, Klarner T, Miklosovic S, Mezzarane RA, Nurse M, Komiyama T. Cutaneous stimulation of discrete regions of the sole during locomotion produces "sensory steering" of the foot. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2014; 6:33. [PMID: 25202452 PMCID: PMC4158001 DOI: 10.1186/2052-1847-6-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the neural and mechanical effects of whole nerve cutaneous stimulation on human locomotion have been previously studied, there is less information about effects evoked by activation of discrete skin regions on the sole of the foot. Electrical stimulation of discrete foot regions evokes position-modulated patterns of cutaneous reflexes in muscles acting at the ankle during standing but data during walking are lacking. Here, non-noxious electrical stimulation was delivered to five discrete locations on the sole of the foot (heel, and medial and lateral sites on the midfoot and forefoot) during treadmill walking. EMG activity from muscles acting at the hip, knee and ankle were recorded along with movement at these three joints. Additionally, 3 force sensing resistors measuring continuous force changes were placed at the heel, and the medial and lateral aspects of the right foot sole. All data were sorted based on stimulus occurrence in twelve step-cycle phases, before being averaged together within a phase for subsequent analysis. METHODS Non-noxious electrical stimulation was delivered to five discrete locations on the sole of the foot (heel, and medial and lateral sites on the midfoot and forefoot) during treadmill walking. EMG activity from muscles acting at the hip, knee and ankle were recorded along with movement at these three joints. Additionally, 3 force sensing resistors measuring continuous force changes were placed at the heel, and the medial and lateral aspects of the right foot sole. All data were sorted based on stimulus occurrence in twelve step-cycle phases, before being averaged together within a phase for subsequent analysis. RESULTS The results demonstrate statistically significant dynamic changes in reflex amplitudes, kinematics and foot sole pressures that are site-specific and phase-dependent. The general trends demonstrate responses producing decreased underfoot pressure at the site of stimulation. CONCLUSIONS The responses to stimulation of discrete locations on the foot sole evoke a kind of "sensory steering" that may promote balance and maintenance of locomotion through the modulation of limb loading and foot placement. These results have implications for using sensory stimulation as a therapeutic modality during gait retraining (e.g. after stroke) as well as for footwear design and implementation of foot sole contact surfaces during gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Paul Zehr
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University Victoria, PO Box 3010 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P1, Canada ; Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada ; Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada ; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakajima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Trevor Barss
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University Victoria, PO Box 3010 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P1, Canada ; Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada ; Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Taryn Klarner
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University Victoria, PO Box 3010 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P1, Canada ; Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada ; Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Stefanie Miklosovic
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University Victoria, PO Box 3010 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P1, Canada
| | - Rinaldo A Mezzarane
- Laboratory of Signal Processing and Motor Control, College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil ; Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, EPUSP, PTC, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil ; Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Education, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Tomoyoshi Komiyama
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Education, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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