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Sokratous D, Charalambous CC, Papanicolaou EZ, Michailidou K, Konstantinou N. Investigation of in-phase bilateral exercise effects on corticospinal plasticity in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: A registered report single-case concurrent multiple baseline design across five subjects. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0272114. [PMID: 36862693 PMCID: PMC9980831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis is the most common demyelinating neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by periods of relapses and generation of various motor symptoms. These symptoms are associated with the corticospinal tract integrity, which is quantified by means of corticospinal plasticity which can be probed via transcranial magnetic stimulation and assessed with corticospinal excitability measures. Several factors, such as exercise and interlimb coordination, can influence corticospinal plasticity. Previous work in healthy and in chronic stroke survivors showed that the greatest improvement in corticospinal plasticity occurred during in-phase bilateral exercises of the upper limbs. During in-phase bilateral movement, both upper limbs are moving simultaneously, activating the same muscle groups and triggering the same brain region respectively. Altered corticospinal plasticity due to bilateral cortical lesions is common in MS, yet, the impact of these type of exercises in this cohort is unclear. The aim of this concurrent multiple baseline design study is to investigate the effects of in-phase bilateral exercises on corticospinal plasticity and on clinical measures using transcranial magnetic stimulation and standardized clinical assessment in five people with relapsing-remitting MS. The intervention protocol will last for 12 consecutive weeks (30-60 minutes /session x 3 sessions/week) and include in-phase bilateral movements of the upper limbs, adapted to different sports activities and to functional training. To define functional relation between the intervention and the results on corticospinal plasticity (central motor conduction time, resting motor threshold, motor evoked potential amplitude and latency) and on clinical measures (balance, gait, bilateral hand dexterity and strength, cognitive function), we will perform a visual analysis and if there is a potential sizeable effect, we will perform statistical analysis. A possible effect from our study, will introduce a proof-of-concept for this type of exercise that will be effective during disease progression. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05367947.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Sokratous
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
- Physiotherapy Unit, Neurology Clinics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- * E-mail:
| | - Charalambos C. Charalambous
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Centre for Neuroscience and Integrative Brain Research (CENIBRE), University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Biostatistics Unit, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nikos Konstantinou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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Kumari R, Janković M, Costa A, Savić A, Konstantinović L, Djordjević O, Vucković A. Short term priming effect of brain-actuated muscle stimulation using bimanual movements in stroke. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 138:108-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Chen L, Chen Y, Fu WB, Huang DF, Lo WLA. The Effect of Virtual Reality on Motor Anticipation and Hand Function in Patients with Subacute Stroke: A Randomized Trial on Movement-Related Potential. Neural Plast 2022; 2022:7399995. [PMID: 35111219 PMCID: PMC8803454 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7399995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Impaired cognitive ability to anticipate the required control for an upcoming task in patients with stroke may affect rehabilitation outcome. The cortical excitability of task-related motor anticipation for upper limb movement induced by virtual reality (VR) training remains unclear. Aims To investigate the effect of VR training on the cortical excitability of motor anticipation when executing upper limb movement in patients with subacute stroke. Methods A total of thirty-six stroke survivors with upper limb hemiparesis resulting from the first occurrence of stroke within 1 to 3 months were recruited. Participants were randomly allocated to the VR intervention group or conventional therapy group. Event-related potentials (ERPs) and electromyography (EMG) were used to simultaneously record the cortical excitability and muscle activities during palmar grasp motion. Outcome measures of the contingent negative variation (CNV) latency and amplitude, EMG reaction time, Upper Limb Fugl-Meyer Assessment (UL-FMA), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) were recorded pre- and postintervention. The between-group difference was analysed by mixed model ANOVA. Results The EMG onset time of the paretic hand in the VR group was earlier than that observed in the control group (t = 2.174, p = 0.039) postintervention. CNV latency reduction postintervention was larger in the VR group than in the control group (t = 2.411, p = 0.021) during paretic hand movement. The reduction in CNV amplitude in the VR group was larger in the VR group than in the control group (p < 0.001 for all electrodes except for C3) when executing paretic hand movement. ARAT and UL-FMA scores were significantly higher in the VR group than in the control group (p = 0.019 and p = 0.037, respectively) postintervention. No significant difference in the reduction in NIHSS was found between the VR and control groups (p = 0.072). Conclusions VR intervention is superior to conventional therapy to improve the cognitive neural process of motor anticipation and reduce the excessive compensatory activation of the contralesional hemisphere. The improvements observed in the cognitive neural process corroborated with the improvements in hand function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Bin Fu
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Feng Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rehabilitation Medicine and Translation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Wai Leung Ambrose Lo
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rehabilitation Medicine and Translation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Hill CM, Waddell DE, Del Arco A. Cortical preparatory activity during motor learning reflects visuomotor retention deficits after punishment feedback. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:3243-3254. [PMID: 34453554 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that reinforcement-based motor learning requires the brain to process feedback-related information after movement execution. However, whether reinforcement feedback changes how the brain processes motor preparation before movement execution is unclear. By using electroencephalography (EEG), this study investigates whether reinforcement feedback changes cortical preparatory activity to modulate motor learning and memory. Human subjects were divided in three groups [reward, punishment, control] to perform a visuomotor rotation task under different conditions that assess adaptation (learning) and retention (memory) during the task. Reinforcement feedback was provided in the form of points after each trial that signaled monetary gains (reward) or losses (punishment). EEG was utilized to evaluate the amplitude of movement readiness potentials (MRPs) at the beginning of each trial for each group during the adaptation and retention conditions of the task. The results show that punishment feedback significantly decreased MRPs amplitude during both task conditions compared to Reward and Control groups. Moreover, the punishment-related decrease in MRPs amplitude paralleled decreases in motor performance during the retention but not the adaptation condition. No changes in MRPs or motor performance were observed in the Reward group. These results support the idea that reinforcement feedback modulates motor preparation and suggest that changes in cortical preparatory activity contribute to the visuomotor retention deficits observed after punishment feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Hill
- Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, 228 Anderson Hall, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA.
| | - Dwight E Waddell
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Alberto Del Arco
- Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA.,Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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Holman SR, Staines WR. The effect of acute aerobic exercise on the consolidation of motor memories. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2461-2475. [PMID: 34114077 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Acute aerobic exercise performed prior to training may assist with motor skill acquisition through enhancement of motor cortical plasticity. In addition, high-intensity exercise performed after training improves retention, although the mechanisms of this are unclear. We hypothesized that acute continuous moderate-intensity exercise performed post-motor training would also assist with motor skill retention and that this behavioral change would be positively correlated with neural markers of training-related cortical adaptation. Participants [n = 33; assigned to an exercise (EXE) or control (CON) group] completed a single visuomotor training session using bilateral wrist movements while movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) were collected. After motor training, the EXE group exercised for 20 min [70% of heart rate reserve (HRR)] and the CON group read for the same amount of time. Both groups completed two post-training tests after exercise/rest: 10 min and ~ 30 min once heart rate returned to resting level in EXE. Retention and transfer tests were both completed 1 and 7 days later. MRCPs measured training-related neural adaptations during the first visit and motor performance was assessed as time and trajectory to the target. The EXE group had better performance than CON at retention (significant 7 days post-training). MRCP amplitudes increased from early to late motor training and this amplitude change was correlated with motor performance at retention. Results suggest that moderate-intensity exercise post-motor training helps motor skill retention and that there may be a relationship with motor training-related cortical adaptations that is enhanced with post-motor training exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Holman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - W Richard Staines
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Alder G, Signal N, Rashid U, Olsen S, Niazi IK, Taylor D. Intra- and Inter-Rater Reliability of Manual Feature Extraction Methods in Movement Related Cortical Potential Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E2427. [PMID: 32344692 PMCID: PMC7219488 DOI: 10.3390/s20082427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Event related potentials (ERPs) provide insight into the neural activity generated in response to motor, sensory and cognitive processes. Despite the increasing use of ERP data in clinical research little is known about the reliability of human manual ERP labelling methods. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability were evaluated in five electroencephalography (EEG) experts who labelled the peak negativity of averaged movement related cortical potentials (MRCPs) derived from thirty datasets. Each dataset contained 50 MRCP epochs from healthy people performing cued voluntary or imagined movement, or people with stroke performing cued voluntary movement. Reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient and standard error of measurement. Excellent intra- and inter-rater reliability was demonstrated in the voluntary movement conditions in healthy people and people with stroke. In comparison reliability in the imagined condition was low to moderate. Post-hoc secondary epoch analysis revealed that the morphology of the signal contributed to the consistency of epoch inclusion; potentially explaining the differences in reliability seen across conditions. Findings from this study may inform future research focused on developing automated labelling methods for ERP feature extraction and call to the wider community of researchers interested in utilizing ERPs as a measure of neurophysiological change or in the delivery of EEG-driven interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Alder
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand; (N.S.); (U.R.); (S.O.); (I.K.N.); (D.T.)
| | - Nada Signal
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand; (N.S.); (U.R.); (S.O.); (I.K.N.); (D.T.)
| | - Usman Rashid
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand; (N.S.); (U.R.); (S.O.); (I.K.N.); (D.T.)
| | - Sharon Olsen
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand; (N.S.); (U.R.); (S.O.); (I.K.N.); (D.T.)
| | - Imran Khan Niazi
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand; (N.S.); (U.R.); (S.O.); (I.K.N.); (D.T.)
- Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand
| | - Denise Taylor
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand; (N.S.); (U.R.); (S.O.); (I.K.N.); (D.T.)
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Jochumsen M, Rovsing C, Rovsing H, Cremoux S, Signal N, Allen K, Taylor D, Niazi IK. Quantification of Movement-Related EEG Correlates Associated with Motor Training: A Study on Movement-Related Cortical Potentials and Sensorimotor Rhythms. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:604. [PMID: 29375337 PMCID: PMC5770657 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to learn motor tasks is important in both healthy and pathological conditions. Measurement tools commonly used to quantify the neurophysiological changes associated with motor training such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging pose some challenges, including safety concerns, utility, and cost. EEG offers an attractive alternative as a quantification tool. Different EEG phenomena, movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) and sensorimotor rhythms (event-related desynchronization—ERD, and event-related synchronization—ERS), have been shown to change with motor training, but conflicting results have been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate how the EEG correlates (MRCP and ERD/ERS) from the motor cortex are modulated by short (single session in 14 subjects) and long (six sessions in 18 subjects) motor training. Ninety palmar grasps were performed before and after 1 × 45 (or 6 × 45) min of motor training with the non-dominant hand (laparoscopic surgery simulation). Four channels of EEG were recorded continuously during the experiments. The MRCP and ERD/ERS from the alpha/mu and beta bands were calculated and compared before and after the training. An increase in the MRCP amplitude was observed after a single session of training, and a decrease was observed after six sessions. For the ERD/ERS analysis, a significant change was observed only after the single training session in the beta ERD. In conclusion, the MRCP and ERD change as a result of motor training, but they are subject to a marked intra- and inter-subject variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Jochumsen
- SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Rovsing
- SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Helene Rovsing
- SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sylvain Cremoux
- LAMIH, UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8201, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis, Valenciennes, France
| | - Nada Signal
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn Allen
- Center for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Denise Taylor
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Imran K Niazi
- SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Center for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland, New Zealand
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Neva JL, Vesia M, Singh AM, Staines WR. Bilateral primary motor cortex circuitry is modulated due to theta burst stimulation to left dorsal premotor cortex and bimanual training. Brain Res 2015; 1618:61-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Understanding bimanual coordination across small time scales from an electrophysiological perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47:614-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Selective modulation of left primary motor cortex excitability after continuous theta burst stimulation to right primary motor cortex and bimanual training. Behav Brain Res 2014; 269:138-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Neva JL, Vesia M, Singh AM, Staines WR. Modulation of left primary motor cortex excitability after bimanual training and intermittent theta burst stimulation to left dorsal premotor cortex. Behav Brain Res 2014; 261:289-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Byblow WD, Stinear CM, Smith MC, Bjerre L, Flaskager BK, McCambridge AB. Mirror symmetric bimanual movement priming can increase corticomotor excitability and enhance motor learning. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33882. [PMID: 22457799 PMCID: PMC3310871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive mirror symmetric bilateral upper limb may be a suitable priming technique for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke. Here we demonstrate neurophysiological and behavioural after-effects in healthy participants after priming with 20 minutes of repetitive active-passive bimanual wrist flexion and extension in a mirror symmetric pattern with respect to the body midline (MIR) compared to an control priming condition with alternating flexion-extension (ALT). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) indicated that corticomotor excitability (CME) of the passive hemisphere remained elevated compared to baseline for at least 30 minutes after MIR but not ALT, evidenced by an increase in the size of motor evoked potentials in ECR and FCR. Short and long-latency intracortical inhibition (SICI, LICI), short afferent inhibition (SAI) and interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) were also examined using pairs of stimuli. LICI differed between patterns, with less LICI after MIR compared with ALT, and an effect of pattern on IHI, with reduced IHI in passive FCR 15 minutes after MIR compared with ALT and baseline. There was no effect of pattern on SAI or FCR H-reflex. Similarly, SICI remained unchanged after 20 minutes of MIR. We then had participants complete a timed manual dexterity motor learning task with the passive hand during, immediately after, and 24 hours after MIR or control priming. The rate of task completion was faster with MIR priming compared to control conditions. Finally, ECR and FCR MEPs were examined within a pre-movement facilitation paradigm of wrist extension before and after MIR. ECR, but not FCR, MEPs were consistently facilitated before and after MIR, demonstrating no degradation of selective muscle activation. In summary, mirror symmetric active-passive bimanual movement increases CME and can enhance motor learning without degradation of muscle selectivity. These findings rationalise the use of mirror symmetric bimanual movement as a priming modality in post-stroke upper limb rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston D Byblow
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Sport & Exercise Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Smith AL, Staines WR. Externally cued inphase bimanual training enhances preparatory premotor activity. Clin Neurophysiol 2012; 123:1846-57. [PMID: 22401934 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have demonstrated that cortical potentials representing motor preparation for visually-cued movements are enhanced following a single session of visually-cued bimanual movement training (BMT). The neuroanatomical sources that contribute to these rapid training-induced adaptations were unclear. To address this, we compared cortical potentials associated with motor preparation for visually-cued (movement-related potential, MRP) and self-paced (Bereitschaftspotential, BP) movements and investigated adaptations of these following BMT. METHODS EEG recorded the cued MRP and self-paced BP during two experiments. In experiment one, pre and post self-paced unimanual trials were interspersed with cued inphase BMT. In experiment two, self-paced and visually-cued movement trials were performed to assess the differences between and the contributing neural sources to the cued MRP and self-paced BP. RESULTS Inphase BMT does not affect the early BP. Source localization analysis revealed that the preparatory portion of the cued MRP and self-paced BP are generated by the lateral premotor cortex and the supplementary motor area, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The early cued MRP and self-paced BP have unique cortical generators and are independently modulated by specific training types. SIGNIFICANCE These novel findings have implications for interpreting rapid, single-session, training adaptations previously observed. These cortical potentials may also be useful measurement tools to gauge within-session cortical modulations in response to specific modes of rehabilitative training in the stroke population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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Primary motor cortex excitability is modulated with bimanual training. Neurosci Lett 2012; 514:147-51. [PMID: 22405809 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bimanual visuomotor movement has been shown to enhance cortical motor activity in both hemispheres, especially when movements require simultaneous activation of homologous muscle groups (in-phase movement). It is currently unclear if these adaptations are specific to motor preparatory areas or if they also involve changes in primary motor cortex (M1). The present study investigated the representation of wrist muscles within motor cortex before and following bimanual movement training that was in-phase, anti-phase with or without motor preparation. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) for the extensor carpi radialis muscle (ECR) cortical territory were acquired and analyzed before and following bimanual movement. The cortical representation was quantified and compared in terms of spatial extent and MEP amplitude, in two different experiments involving distinct movement training types. In Experiment 1, participants performed bimanual wrist flexion/extension movements to targets which involved in-phase movements, either following a 2s preparation period (In-phase preparation), or without the preparation period (In-phase no preparation). In Experiment 2, training involved antagonist muscle groups activated simultaneously (Anti-phase) with the addition of the 2s preparation period. In-phase bimanual movement enhanced the spatial representation of ECR in M1, and did not show a difference in MEP amplitude of the cortical area. It may be that simultaneous activation of homologous M1 representations in both hemispheres, in combination with activity from premotor areas, leads to a greater increase in plasticity in terms of increased M1 spatial extent of trained muscles.
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