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McCormick CR. Lifestyle factors and their impact on the networks of attention. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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2
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Luppi AI, Spindler LRB, Menon DK, Stamatakis EA. The Inert Brain: Explaining Neural Inertia as Post-anaesthetic Sleep Inertia. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:643871. [PMID: 33737863 PMCID: PMC7960927 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.643871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
"Neural inertia" is the brain's tendency to resist changes in its arousal state: it is manifested as emergence from anaesthesia occurring at lower drug doses than those required for anaesthetic induction, a phenomenon observed across very different species, from invertebrates to mammals. However, the brain is also subject to another form of inertia, familiar to most people: sleep inertia, the feeling of grogginess, confusion and impaired performance that typically follows awakening. Here, we propose a novel account of neural inertia, as the result of sleep inertia taking place after the artificial sleep induced by anaesthetics. We argue that the orexinergic and noradrenergic systems may be key mechanisms for the control of these transition states, with the orexinergic system exerting a stabilising effect through the noradrenergic system. This effect may be reflected at the macroscale in terms of altered functional anticorrelations between default mode and executive control networks of the human brain. The hypothesised link between neural inertia and sleep inertia could explain why different anaesthetic drugs induce different levels of neural inertia, and why elderly individuals and narcoleptic patients are more susceptible to neural inertia. This novel hypothesis also enables us to generate several empirically testable predictions at both the behavioural and neural levels, with potential implications for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I. Luppi
- Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lennart R. B. Spindler
- Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David K. Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel A. Stamatakis
- Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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3
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Luppi AI, Spindler LRB, Menon DK, Stamatakis EA. The Inert Brain: Explaining Neural Inertia as Post-anaesthetic Sleep Inertia. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:643871. [PMID: 33737863 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.64387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
"Neural inertia" is the brain's tendency to resist changes in its arousal state: it is manifested as emergence from anaesthesia occurring at lower drug doses than those required for anaesthetic induction, a phenomenon observed across very different species, from invertebrates to mammals. However, the brain is also subject to another form of inertia, familiar to most people: sleep inertia, the feeling of grogginess, confusion and impaired performance that typically follows awakening. Here, we propose a novel account of neural inertia, as the result of sleep inertia taking place after the artificial sleep induced by anaesthetics. We argue that the orexinergic and noradrenergic systems may be key mechanisms for the control of these transition states, with the orexinergic system exerting a stabilising effect through the noradrenergic system. This effect may be reflected at the macroscale in terms of altered functional anticorrelations between default mode and executive control networks of the human brain. The hypothesised link between neural inertia and sleep inertia could explain why different anaesthetic drugs induce different levels of neural inertia, and why elderly individuals and narcoleptic patients are more susceptible to neural inertia. This novel hypothesis also enables us to generate several empirically testable predictions at both the behavioural and neural levels, with potential implications for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I Luppi
- Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lennart R B Spindler
- Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David K Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel A Stamatakis
- Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Lastella M, Halson SL, Vitale JA, Memon AR, Vincent GE. To Nap or Not to Nap? A Systematic Review Evaluating Napping Behavior in Athletes and the Impact on Various Measures of Athletic Performance. Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:841-862. [PMID: 34194254 PMCID: PMC8238550 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s315556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this systematic review was to 1) determine how studies evaluated napping behavior in athletes (frequency, duration, timing and measurement); 2) explore how napping impacted physical performance, cognitive performance, perceptual measures (eg, fatigue, muscle soreness, sleepiness and alertness), psychological state and night-time sleep in athletes. METHODS Five bibliographic databases were searched from database inception to 11 August 2020. Observational and experimental studies comprising able-bodied athletes (mean age ≥12 years), published in English, in peer-reviewed journal papers were included. The Downs and Black Quality Assessment Checklist was used for quality appraisal. RESULTS Thirty-seven studies were identified of moderate quality. Most studies did not include consistent information regarding nap frequency, duration, and timing. Napping may be beneficial for a range of outcomes that benefit athletes (eg, physical and cognitive performance, perceptual measures, psychological state and night-time sleep). In addition, napping presents athletes with the opportunity to supplement their night-time sleep without compromising sleep quality. CONCLUSION Athletes may consider napping between 20 to 90 min in duration and between 13:00 and 16:00 hours. Finally, athletes should allow 30 min to reduce sleep inertia prior to training or competition to obtain better performance outcomes. Future studies should include comprehensive recordings of nap duration and quality, and consider using sleep over a 24 hour period (daytime naps and night-time sleep period), specifically using objective methods of sleep assessment (eg, polysomnography/actigraphy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Lastella
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shona L Halson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jacopo A Vitale
- Laboratory of Movement and Sport Science, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Aamir R Memon
- Institute of Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, Peoples University of Medical & Health Sciences for Women, Nawabshah, Shaheed Benazirabad, Pakistan
| | - Grace E Vincent
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia
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Dawson D, Ferguson SA, Vincent GE. Safety implications of fatigue and sleep inertia for emergency services personnel. Sleep Med Rev 2020; 55:101386. [PMID: 33027747 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Emergency services present a unique operational environment for the management of fatigue and sleep inertia. Communities request and often expect the provision of emergency services on a 24/7/365 basis. This can result in highly variable workloads and/or significant need for on-demand or on-call working time arrangements. In turn, the management of fatigue-related risk requires a different approach than in other more predictable shift working sectors (e.g., mining and manufacturing). The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of fatigue risk management that is accessible to regulators, policy makers and organisations in the emergency services sector. The review outlines the unique fatigue challenges in the emergency services sector, examines the current scientific and policy consensus around managing fatigue and sleep inertia, and finally discusses strategies that emergency services organisations can use to minimise the risks associated with fatigue and sleep inertia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Dawson
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Sally A Ferguson
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Grace E Vincent
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Guan Q, Hu X, Ma N, He H, Duan F, Li X, Luo Y, Zhang H. Sleep Quality, Depression, and Cognitive Function in Non-Demented Older Adults. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 76:1637-1650. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-190990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Guan
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Center for Neuroimaging, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohui Hu
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Center for Sleep Research, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao He
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Center for Neuroimaging, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feiyan Duan
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuejia Luo
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Center for Neuroimaging, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haobo Zhang
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Center for Neuroimaging, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Barclay NL, Rowley S, Robson A, Akram U, Myachykov A. Sleep duration, sleep variability, and impairments of visual attention. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2019; 73:868-880. [PMID: 31813326 DOI: 10.1177/1747021819895771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Attentional networks are sensitive to sleep deprivation. However, variation in attentional performance as a function of normal sleep parameters is understudied. We examined whether attentional performance is influenced by (a) individual differences in sleep duration, (b) sleep duration variability, and/or (c) their interaction. A total of 57 healthy participants (61.4% female, Mage = 32.37 years, SD = 8.68) completed questionnaires, wore wrist actigraphy for 1 week, and subsequently completed the attention network test. Sleep duration and sleep duration variability did not predict orienting score, executive control score, or error rates. Sleep duration variability appeared to moderate the association between sleep duration with overall reaction time (β = -.34, t = -2.13, p = .04) and alerting scores (β = .43, t = 2.94, p = .01), though further inspection of the data suggested that these were spurious findings. Time of testing was a significant predictor of alerting score (β = .35, t = 2.96, p = .01), chronotype of orienting (β = .31, t = 2.28, p = .03), and age of overall reaction time (β = .35, t = 2.70, p = .01). Our results highlight the importance of examining the associations between variations in sleep-wake patterns and attentional networks in samples with greater variation in sleep, as well as the importance of rigorously teasing apart mechanisms of the sleep homeostat from those related to the circadian rhythm in studies examining cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Barclay
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK * †
| | - Susan Rowley
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK †
| | - Anna Robson
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK †
| | - Umair Akram
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK †
| | - Andriy Myachykov
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK †.,Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Vincent GE, Sargent C, Roach GD, Miller DJ, Kovac K, Scanlan AT, Waggoner LB, Lastella M. Exercise before bed does not impact sleep inertia in young healthy males. J Sleep Res 2019; 29:e12903. [PMID: 31621995 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sleep inertia is the transitional state marked by impaired cognitive performance and reduced vigilance upon waking. Exercising before bed may increase the amount of slow-wave sleep within the sleep period, which has previously been associated with increased sleep inertia. Healthy males (n = 12) spent 3 nights in a sleep laboratory (1-night washout period between each night) and completed one of the three conditions on each visit - no exercise, aerobic exercise (30 min cycling at 75% heart rate), and resistance exercise (six resistance exercises, three sets of 10 repetitions). The exercise conditions were completed 90 min prior to bed. Sleep was measured using polysomnography. Upon waking, participants completed five test batteries every 15 min, including the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, a Psychomotor Vigilance Task, and the Spatial Configuration Task. Two separate linear mixed-effects models were used to assess: (a) the impact of condition; and (b) the amount of slow-wave sleep, on sleep inertia. There were no significant differences in sleep inertia between conditions, likely as a result of the similar sleep amount, sleep structure and time of awakening between conditions. The amount of slow-wave sleep impacted fastest 10% reciprocal reaction time on the Psychomotor Vigilance Task only, whereby more slow-wave sleep improved performance; however, the magnitude of this relationship was small. Results from this study suggest that exercise performed 90 min before bed does not negatively impact on sleep inertia. Future studies should investigate the impact of exercise intensity, duration and timing on sleep and subsequent sleep inertia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Vincent
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Charli Sargent
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gregory D Roach
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dean J Miller
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Katya Kovac
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Aaron T Scanlan
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Lauren B Waggoner
- Operational Fatigue Research, Institutes for Behavior Resources, Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michele Lastella
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Cunningham JEA, Jones SAH, Eskes GA, Rusak B. Acute Sleep Restriction Has Differential Effects on Components of Attention. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:499. [PMID: 30425658 PMCID: PMC6218409 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequate nightly sleep duration can impair daytime functioning, including interfering with attentional and other cognitive processes. Current models posit that attention is a complex function regulated by several separate, but interacting, neural systems responsible for vigilance, orienting, and executive control. However, it is not clear to what extent each of these underlying component processes is affected by sleep loss. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of acute sleep restriction on these attentional components using the Dalhousie Computerized Attention Battery (DalCAB). DalCAB tasks were administered to healthy women (aged 19-25 years) on two consecutive mornings: once after a night with 9 h time in bed (TIB), and once again after either another night with 9 h TIB (control condition, n = 19) or after a night with 3 h TIB (sleep restriction condition, n = 20). Self-ratings of sleepiness and mood were also obtained following each sleep condition. Participants showed increases in self-reported sleepiness and fatigue after the second night only in the sleep restriction group. Sleep restriction primarily affected processing speed on tasks measuring vigilance; however, performance deficits were also observed on some measures of executive function (e.g., go/no-go task, flanker task, working memory). Tasks assessing orienting of attention were largely unaffected. These results indicate that acute sleep restriction has differential effects on distinct components of attention, which should be considered in modeling the impacts of sleep loss on the underlying attentional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmyn E A Cunningham
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Gail A Eskes
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Benjamin Rusak
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Chronobiology and Sleep Program, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Trotti LM. Waking up is the hardest thing I do all day: Sleep inertia and sleep drunkenness. Sleep Med Rev 2017; 35:76-84. [PMID: 27692973 PMCID: PMC5337178 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The transition from sleep to wake is marked by sleep inertia, a distinct state that is measurably different from wakefulness and manifests as performance impairments and sleepiness. Although the precise substrate of sleep inertia is unknown, electroencephalographic, evoked potential, and neuroimaging studies suggest the persistence of some features of sleep beyond the point of awakening. Forced desynchrony studies have demonstrated that sleep inertia impacts cognition differently than do homeostatic and circadian drives and that sleep inertia is most intense during awakenings from the biological night. Recovery sleep after sleep deprivation also amplifies sleep inertia, although the effects of deep sleep vary based on task and timing. In patients with hypersomnolence disorders, especially but not exclusively idiopathic hypersomnia, a more pronounced period of confusion and sleepiness upon awakening, known as "sleep drunkenness", is common and problematic. Optimal treatment of sleep drunkenness is unknown, although several medications have been used with benefit in small case series. Difficulty with awakening is also commonly endorsed by individuals with mood disorders, disproportionately to the general population. This may represent an important treatment target, but evidence-based treatment guidance is not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Trotti
- Emory Sleep Center and Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Dr NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Facer-Childs E, Brandstaetter R. Circadian Phenotype Composition is a Major Predictor of Diurnal Physical Performance in Teams. Front Neurol 2015; 6:208. [PMID: 26483754 PMCID: PMC4589674 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Team performance is a complex phenomenon involving numerous influencing factors including physiology, psychology, and management. Biological rhythms and the impact of circadian phenotype have not been studied for their contribution to this array of factors so far despite our knowledge of the circadian regulation of key physiological processes involved in physical and mental performance. This study involved 216 individuals from 12 different teams who were categorized into circadian phenotypes using the novel RBUB chronometric test. The composition of circadian phenotypes within each team was used to model predicted daily team performance profiles based on physical performance tests. Our results show that the composition of circadian phenotypes within teams is variable and unpredictable. Predicted physical peak performance ranged from 1:52 to 8:59 p.m. with performance levels fluctuating by up to 14.88% over the course of the day. The major predictor for peak performance time in the course of a day in a team is the occurrence of late circadian phenotypes. We conclude that circadian phenotype is a performance indicator in teams that allows new insight and a better understanding of team performance variation in the course of a day as often observed in different groupings of individuals.
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