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Khajuria A, Sharma R, Joshi D. EEG Dynamics of Locomotion and Balancing: Solution to Neuro-Rehabilitation. Clin EEG Neurosci 2024; 55:143-163. [PMID: 36052404 DOI: 10.1177/15500594221123690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed tremendous growth in analyzing the cortical representation of human locomotion and balance using Electroencephalography (EEG). With the advanced developments in miniaturized electronics, wireless brain recording systems have been developed for mobile recordings, such as in locomotion. In this review, the cortical dynamics during locomotion are presented with extensive focus on motor imagery, and employing the treadmill as a tool for performing different locomotion tasks. Further, the studies that examine the cortical dynamics during balancing, focusing on two types of balancing tasks, ie, static and dynamic, with the challenges in sensory inputs and cognition (dual-task), are presented. Moreover, the current literature demonstrates the advancements in signal processing methods to detect and remove the artifacts from EEG signals. Prior studies show the electrocortical sources in the anterior cingulate, posterior parietal, and sensorimotor cortex was found to be activated during locomotion. The event-related potential has been observed to increase in the fronto-central region for a wide range of balance tasks. The advanced knowledge of cortical dynamics during mobility can benefit various application areas such as neuroprosthetics and gait/balance rehabilitation. This review will be beneficial for the development of neuroprostheses, and rehabilitation devices for patients suffering from movement or neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Khajuria
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Richa Sharma
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Joshi
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Alammari BJ, Lee Y, Aruin AS. The effect of a contralateral foot touch on stability of one-leg stance in young adults: an exploratory study. Somatosens Mot Res 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37965723 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2023.2280541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies demonstrated that providing light finger touch to a stationary object leads to reduced body sway. The focus of the current exploratory study was on the investigation of postural sway during one-leg stance when light touch is provided by the contralateral foot. METHODS Eleven healthy young adults participated in the study. They stood on the top of the force platform with eyes open and on their dominant leg with no touch and with a touch from the contralateral foot applied to the stance leg. Medial arch, heel, and big toe of the contralateral foot were used to touch the medial malleolus or mid shank of the stance leg. The excursion, velocity, and sway area of the centre of pressure were obtained and analysed. RESULTS Standing with light touch from the contralateral foot to the medial malleolus resulted in significantly smaller postural sway as compared to standing with no touch (p < 0.05). There was no difference in the study outcomes between conditions of standing with a touch applied by the medial arch, heel, or big toe to the stance leg. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study suggest that the application of light touch provided by a contralateral foot could be an effective strategy for enhancing body stability when no external support is available. The study outcome provides a foundation for future studies exploring ways to enhance balance control during one-leg stance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balsam J Alammari
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yunju Lee
- School of Engineering and Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Alexander S Aruin
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Pais-Vieira C, Allahdad MK, Perrotta A, Peres AS, Kunicki C, Aguiar M, Oliveira M, Pais-Vieira M. Neurophysiological correlates of tactile width discrimination in humans. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1155102. [PMID: 37250697 PMCID: PMC10213448 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1155102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tactile information processing requires the integration of sensory, motor, and cognitive information. Width discrimination has been extensively studied in rodents, but not in humans. Methods Here, we describe Electroencephalography (EEG) signals in humans performing a tactile width discrimination task. The first goal of this study was to describe changes in neural activity occurring during the discrimination and the response periods. The second goal was to relate specific changes in neural activity to the performance in the task. Results Comparison of changes in power between two different periods of the task, corresponding to the discrimination of the tactile stimulus and the motor response, revealed the engagement of an asymmetrical network associated with fronto-temporo-parieto-occipital electrodes and across multiple frequency bands. Analysis of ratios of higher [Ratio 1: (0.5-20 Hz)/(0.5-45 Hz)] or lower frequencies [Ratio 2: (0.5-4.5 Hz)/(0.5-9 Hz)], during the discrimination period revealed that activity recorded from frontal-parietal electrodes was correlated to tactile width discrimination performance between-subjects, independently of task difficulty. Meanwhile, the dynamics in parieto-occipital electrodes were correlated to the changes in performance within-subjects (i.e., between the first and the second blocks) independently of task difficulty. In addition, analysis of information transfer, using Granger causality, further demonstrated that improvements in performance between blocks were characterized by an overall reduction in information transfer to the ipsilateral parietal electrode (P4) and an increase in information transfer to the contralateral parietal electrode (P3). Discussion The main finding of this study is that fronto-parietal electrodes encoded between-subjects' performances while parieto-occipital electrodes encoded within-subjects' performances, supporting the notion that tactile width discrimination processing is associated with a complex asymmetrical network involving fronto-parieto-occipital electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pais-Vieira
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Saúde (CIIS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde (ICS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mehrab K. Allahdad
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Saúde (CIIS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde (ICS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - André Perrotta
- Centre for Informatics and Systems of the University of Coimbra (CISUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - André S. Peres
- Proaction Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CINEICC, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carolina Kunicki
- Vasco da Gama Research Center (CIVG), Vasco da Gama University School (EUVG), Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Aguiar
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute of Biomedicine, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuel Oliveira
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute of Biomedicine, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Miguel Pais-Vieira
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute of Biomedicine, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Chen W, Miao G, Xv Y, Zhou Z, Zhu W. Acute arterial stiffness responses to on-ball balance exercises in young and middle-aged adults: Role of posture and cumulative effects. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1081668. [PMID: 36875041 PMCID: PMC9982103 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1081668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To examine the acute arterial stiffness changes after maintaining one bout of balance on Swiss ball using different postures in young and middle-aged adults, and to evaluate the cumulative exposure effects on arterial stiffness after multiple exercise bouts in middle-aged adults. Methods: Using crossover design, we first enrolled 22 young adults (24.0 ± 1.1 years) and randomized them to non-exercise control (CON), on-ball balance exercise trial lasting 1 × 5 min in kneeling posture (K1) and sitting posture (S1). In a following crossover experiment, 19 middle-aged adults (53.0 ± 4.7 years) were randomized to non-exercise control (CON), on-ball balance exercise trial lasting 1 × 5 min in kneeling posture (K1) and in sitting posture (S1), and on-ball balance exercise trial lasting 2 × 5 min in kneeling posture (K2) and in sitting posture (S2). Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), an indicator of systemic arterial stiffness, was measured at baseline (BL), immediately after (0 min), and every 10 min after exercise. CAVI changes from BL in the same trial (⊿CAVI) were used for analysis. Results: In K1 trial, ⊿CAVI decreased significantly at 0 min (p < 0.05) in both young and middle-aged adults; however in S1 trial, ⊿CAVI at 0 min increased significantly in young adults (p < 0.05), with ⊿CAVI tending to increase in middle-aged adults. Bonferroni post-test revealed that at 0 min, ⊿CAVI of K1 in both young and middle-aged adults, and ⊿CAVI of S1 in young adults differed significantly from that of CON (p < 0.05). In middle-aged adults, ⊿CAVI decreased significantly at 10 min compared to BL in K2 trial (p < 0.05), and increased at 0 min compared to BL in S2 trial (p < 0.05); however, difference compared to CON was not significant. Conclusion: Single on-ball balance bout in kneeling posture improved arterial stiffness transiently in both young and middle-aged adults; however, sitting posture elicited opposite changes, and this happened only in young adults. Multiple balance bouts resulted in no significant change in arterial stiffness in middle-aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Cardiovascular Health Laboratory, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Gaofan Miao
- Cardiovascular Health Laboratory, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Xv
- Cardiovascular Health Laboratory, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhou
- Cardiovascular Health Laboratory, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Zhu
- Cardiovascular Health Laboratory, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
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Gonçalves GCV, Santos ATS, Calixto Júnior R, Dias MPF, Iunes DH, Chaves EDCL, Marino LDS, Borges JBC, Silva Vilela Terra AM. Aquatic Exercise on Brain Activity in Type 2 Diabetic: Randomized Clinical Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14759. [PMID: 36429477 PMCID: PMC9690811 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A water-based physical exercise program is extremely important for the rehabilitation of type 2 diabetes. Little is known about its action on cerebral electrical activity. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of a water-based physical exercise protocol on electroencephalographic activity, blood glucose levels, and functional capacity, as well as their correlation, in type 2 diabetics. METHODS Study design: Randomized Clinical Trial. Forty volunteers were randomized into two groups: control (n = 20) and study (n = 20). A water-based physical exercise program comprising 50 min sessions was conducted three times a week for five weeks. Assessments were performed at the pre- and post-intervention and follow-up phases. The qualitative data were compared using the Mann-Whitney test and Chi-Square. Quantitative data were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis, Independent t, and ANOVA mixed tests. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to correlate the data. RESULTS The data were similar when comparing the groups. Six-minute walk test data increased in the comparison between times (p = 0.01-PrexPos). EEG data decreased in comparison between times (prexfollow-up-p < 0.05), except AF3. EEG data decreased in the timexgroup comparison (prexfollow-up and postxfollow-up-p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The water-based exercise protocol maintained electroencephalographic activity, glucose levels, and functional capacity in people with type 2 diabetes, and there was no relationship between brain electrical activity and capillary blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Cândido Viana Gonçalves
- Pos-Graduation in Rehabilitation Sciencies, Institute of Motor Science, Federal University of Alfenas, Santa Clara Campus, Alfenas 37133-840, MG, Brazil
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Institute of Motor Science, Federal University of Alfenas, Santa Clara Campus, Alfenas 37133-840, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriana Teresa Silva Santos
- Pos-Graduation in Rehabilitation Sciencies, Institute of Motor Science, Federal University of Alfenas, Santa Clara Campus, Alfenas 37133-840, MG, Brazil
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Institute of Motor Science, Federal University of Alfenas, Santa Clara Campus, Alfenas 37133-840, MG, Brazil
| | - Ruanito Calixto Júnior
- Pos-Graduation in Rehabilitation Sciencies, Institute of Motor Science, Federal University of Alfenas, Santa Clara Campus, Alfenas 37133-840, MG, Brazil
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Institute of Motor Science, Federal University of Alfenas, Santa Clara Campus, Alfenas 37133-840, MG, Brazil
| | - Miqueline Pivoto Faria Dias
- Pos-Graduation in Rehabilitation Sciencies, Institute of Motor Science, Federal University of Alfenas, Santa Clara Campus, Alfenas 37133-840, MG, Brazil
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Institute of Motor Science, Federal University of Alfenas, Santa Clara Campus, Alfenas 37133-840, MG, Brazil
| | - Denise Hollanda Iunes
- Pos-Graduation in Rehabilitation Sciencies, Institute of Motor Science, Federal University of Alfenas, Santa Clara Campus, Alfenas 37133-840, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Ligia de Sousa Marino
- Pos-Graduation in Rehabilitation Sciencies, Institute of Motor Science, Federal University of Alfenas, Santa Clara Campus, Alfenas 37133-840, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana Bassalobre Carvalho Borges
- Pos-Graduation in Rehabilitation Sciencies, Institute of Motor Science, Federal University of Alfenas, Santa Clara Campus, Alfenas 37133-840, MG, Brazil
| | - Andréia Maria Silva Vilela Terra
- Pos-Graduation in Rehabilitation Sciencies, Institute of Motor Science, Federal University of Alfenas, Santa Clara Campus, Alfenas 37133-840, MG, Brazil
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Institute of Motor Science, Federal University of Alfenas, Santa Clara Campus, Alfenas 37133-840, MG, Brazil
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Unilateral cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the parietal area modulates postural control depending with eyes open and closed. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269145. [PMID: 36137124 PMCID: PMC9499265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (C-tDCS) is generally assumed to inhibit cortical excitability. The parietal cortex contributes to multisensory information processing in the postural control system, and this processing is proposed to be different between the right and left hemispheres and sensory modality. However, previous studies did not clarify whether the effects of unilateral C-tDCS of the parietal cortex on the postural control system differ depending on the hemisphere. We investigated the changes in static postural stability after unilateral C-tDCS of the parietal cortex. Methods Ten healthy right-handed participants were recruited for right- and left-hemisphere tDCS and sham stimulation, respectively. The cathodal electrode was placed on either the right or left parietal area, whereas the anodal electrode was placed over the contralateral orbit. tDCS was applied at 1.5 mA for 15 min. We evaluated static standing balance by measuring the sway path length (SPL), mediolateral sway path length (ML-SPL), anteroposterior sway path length (AP-SPL), sway area, and the SPL per unit area (L/A) after 15-minute C-tDCS under eyes open (EO) and closed (EC) conditions. To evaluate the effects of C-tDCS on pre- and post-offline trials, each parameter was compared using two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with factors of intervention and time. A post-hoc evaluation was performed using a paired t-test. The effect sizes were evaluated according to standardized size-effect indices of partial eta-squared (ηp2) and Cohen’s d. The power analysis was calculated (1-β). Results A significant interaction was observed between intervention and time for SPL (F (2, 27) = 4.740, p = 0.017, ηp2 = 0.260), ML-SPL (F (2, 27) = 4.926, p = 0.015, ηp2 = 0.267), and sway area (F (2, 27) = 9.624, p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.416) in the EO condition. C-tDCS over the right hemisphere significantly increased the SPL (p < 0.01, d = 0.51), ML-SPL (p < 0.01, d = 0.52), and sway area (p < 0.05, d = 0.83) in the EO condition. In contrast, C-tDCS over the left hemisphere significantly increased the L/A in both the EC and EO condition (EO; p < 0.05, d = 0.67, EC; p < 0.05, d = 0.57). Conclusion These results suggest that the right parietal region contributes to static standing balance through chiefly visual information processing during the EO condition. On the other hand, L/A increase during EC and EO by tDCS over the left parietal region depends more on somatosensory information to maintain static standing balance during the EC condition.
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Lara JR, da Silva CR, de Lima FF, da Silva MC, Kohn AF, Elias LA, Magalhães FH. Effects of light finger touch on the regularity of center-of-pressure fluctuations during quiet bipedal and single-leg postural tasks. Gait Posture 2022; 96:203-209. [PMID: 35696826 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of extra sources of sensory information associated with light fingertip touch to enhance postural steadiness has been associated with increased attentional demands, whereas the regularity of center of pressure (COP) fluctuations has been interpreted as a marker of the amount of attention invested in posture control. RESEARCH QUESTION This study addressed whether increased attentional demands associated with postural tasks involving light finger touch might be reflected by measures of COP regularity. METHODS The experiments involved quiet bipedal stance (n = 8 participants) and single-legged stance (n = 14 participants). Each participant was instructed to stand as quietly as possible on a force plate, either touching an external rigid surface (applied force < 1 N, light touch condition), or not (no touch condition). Postural steadiness was assessed by traditional COP measurements (COP Area, RMS, and velocity), whereas the regularity of postural sway was based on estimates of the sample entropy (SaEn) of the COP time series. RESULTS Traditional parameters of postural sway and COP regularity (inversely related to SaEn COP measurements) were reduced during the touch conditions as compared to the no-touch conditions, for both bipedal quiet stance and single-legged stance. Decreased COP regularity with light touch was mainly reflected in the direction of the largest postural sway (i.e. in the sagittal plane for bipedal stance and in the frontal plane for single-legged stance). SIGNIFICANCE The present results suggest that actively touching an external surface with the fingertip, besides increasing postural steadiness, generated an externally oriented (presumably cognitive-dependent) focus of attention, so that participants invested less attention on the postural task per se (as suggested by increased SaEn), which might be associated with a more "automatic" control of posture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Rodrigues Lara
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Universidade de São Paulo, EACH-USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Rocha da Silva
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory and Neuroscience Program, Universidade de São Paulo, EPUSP, PTC, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fava de Lima
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory and Neuroscience Program, Universidade de São Paulo, EPUSP, PTC, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Camargo da Silva
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Universidade de São Paulo, EACH-USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André Fabio Kohn
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory and Neuroscience Program, Universidade de São Paulo, EPUSP, PTC, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Abdala Elias
- Neural Engineering Research Laboratory, Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Campinas, Brazil; Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernando Henrique Magalhães
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Universidade de São Paulo, EACH-USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Biomedical Engineering Laboratory and Neuroscience Program, Universidade de São Paulo, EPUSP, PTC, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Shindo M, Isezaki T, Aoki R, Koike Y. Force Control on Fingertip Using EMS to Maintain Light Touch. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2021; 2021:4641-4644. [PMID: 34892248 DOI: 10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Light touch on a rigid surface with minimal force below a specific threshold reduces postural sway by providing additional sensory cues from the fingertips. The feasibility of maintaining light touch depends on subject characteristics and task difficulty. Therefore, we introduce a method of maintaining light touch by using electrical muscle stimulation (EMS). We applied it in a single-leg standing task involving healthy adult subjects. The subjects stood upright in a single-leg stance on a firm surface and on foam rubber (FR), respectively, under three conditions: no touch (NT, NT-FR), light touch without EMS (LT, LT-FR), and light touch in which EMS was applied based on the contact force (LT-EMS, LT-EMS-FR). The results showed that the force control by EMS helped maintain light touch and reduce postural sway compared with the no-touch condition. The amplitude of postural sway under the touch condition with EMS was equivalent to that under the touch condition without EMS.
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Shima K, Shimatani K, Sakata M. A wearable light-touch contact device for human balance support. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7324. [PMID: 33795710 PMCID: PMC8016895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85687-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for the development of ways to address the major issue of falls among today's globally aging population. The authors here outline a new approach referred to as virtual light-touch contact to mitigate postural sway during ambulatory and stationary periods, and propose a wearable light-touch (WLT) system featuring a virtual partition around the user that allows determination of virtual forces resulting from related contact. The data produced are used to create vibrotactile fingertip feedback, which supports comprehensive perception of the partition. Non-impaired subjects were recruited to support evaluation of the prototype system (incorporating tactile stimulation and motion-capture technology), with outcomes showing successful mitigation of postural sway in a heel-to-toe tandem stance. Research performed with 150 able-bodied volunteers to validate the performance of the new set-up (incorporating an acceleration sensor and a voice coil motor to render the light-touch effect) suggested that the proposed WLT approach supports human balance on a level comparable to that of the light-touch effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Shima
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Koji Shimatani
- Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Mihara, 723-0053, Japan
| | - Mami Sakata
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
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Kagawa T, Makeig S, Miyakoshi M. Electroencephalographic Study on Sensory Integration in Visually Induced Postural Sway. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 33:482-498. [PMID: 33284075 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A periodically reversing optic flow animation, experienced while standing, induces an involuntary sway termed visually induced postural sway (VIPS). Interestingly, VIPS is suppressed during light finger touch to a stationary object. Here, we explored whether VIPS is mediated by parietal field activity in the dorsal visual stream as well as by activity in early visual areas, as has been suggested. We performed a mobile brain/body imaging study using high-density electroencephalographic recording from human participants (11 men and 3 women) standing during exposure to periodically reversing optic flow with and without light finger touch to a stable surface. We also performed recording their visuo-postural tracking movements as a typical visually guided movement to explore differences of cortical process of VIPS from the voluntary visuomotor process involving the dorsal stream. In the visuo-postural tracking condition, the participants moved their center of pressure in time with a slowly oscillating (expanding, shrinking) target rectangle. Source-resolved results showed that alpha band (8-13 Hz) activity in the medial and right occipital cortex during VIPS was modulated by the direction and velocity of optic flow and increased significantly during light finger touch. However, source-resolved potentials from the parietal association cortex showed no such modulation. During voluntary postural sway with feedback (but no visual flow) in which the dorsal stream is involved, sensorimotor areas produced more theta band (4-7 Hz) and less beta band (14-35 Hz) activity than during involuntary VIPS. These results suggest that VIPS involves cortical field dynamic changes in the early visual cortex rather than in the posterior parietal cortex of the visual dorsal stream.
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EEG-based trial-by-trial texture classification during active touch. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20755. [PMID: 33247177 PMCID: PMC7699648 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77439-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Trial-by-trial texture classification analysis and identifying salient texture related EEG features during active touch that are minimally influenced by movement type and frequency conditions are the main contributions of this work. A total of twelve healthy subjects were recruited. Each subject was instructed to use the fingertip of their dominant hand's index finger to rub or tap three textured surfaces (smooth flat, medium rough, and rough) with three levels of movement frequency (approximately 2, 1 and 0.5 Hz). EEG and force data were collected synchronously during each touch condition. A systematic feature selection process was performed to select temporal and spectral EEG features that contribute to texture classification but have low contribution towards movement type and frequency classification. A tenfold cross validation was used to train two 3-class (each for texture and movement frequency classification) and a 2-class (movement type) Support Vector Machine classifiers. Our results showed that the total power in the mu (8-15 Hz) and beta (16-30 Hz) frequency bands showed high accuracy in discriminating among textures with different levels of roughness (average accuracy > 84%) but lower contribution towards movement type (average accuracy < 65%) and frequency (average accuracy < 58%) classification.
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Silva CR, Magalhães FH, Kohn AF. Fingertip-Coupled Spindle Signaling Does Not Contribute to Reduce Postural Sway Under Light Touch. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1072. [PMID: 31507441 PMCID: PMC6713998 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The details of how light touch (LT) of a stable surface reduces postural sway are still not well known. We hypothesized that removal of feedback provided by muscle afferents of the touching fingertip would increase postural sway in standing subjects. Eleven participants stood upright on a force plate with eyes closed and on an unstable surface. The experimental conditions involved two different finger positions: with partial muscle afferents (PMA), which includes sensory information from the fingertip flexor muscles, and no muscle afferents (NMA), without information from either fingertip flexor or extensor muscles. In the control condition, the participants kept the same posture, but with no finger touch (NT). Postural sway in both anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) axes were recorded. Results showed that LT decreased all sway quantifiers as compared with the NT condition. The withdrawal of information from the touch finger muscle afferents (NMA condition) did not increase postural sway. Actually, there was a small, albeit statistically significant, decrease in the variability of center of pressure displacement in the AP direction. These results indicate that in some cases, muscle afferent input may either not contribute or even worsen the overall quality of sensory feedback from a given body segment, leading to no improvement or even a slightly decreased performance of the motor control system (evaluated by means of levels of postural sway in the present investigation). The results suggest that non-spindle fingertip afferents provide the bulk of the sensory feedback associated with the fingertip that is touching a ground-referenced object during quiet standing under LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Rocha Silva
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Universidade de São Paulo, EPUSP, São Paulo, Brazil.,Neuroscience Program, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Henrique Magalhães
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Universidade de São Paulo, EPUSP, São Paulo, Brazil.,Neuroscience Program, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Universidade de São Paulo, EACH-USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Fabio Kohn
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Universidade de São Paulo, EPUSP, São Paulo, Brazil.,Neuroscience Program, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Martinelli AR, Coelho DB, Teixeira LA. Light touch leads to increased stability in quiet and perturbed balance: Equivalent effects between post-stroke and healthy older individuals. Hum Mov Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Kaulmann D, Hermsdörfer J, Johannsen L. Disruption of right posterior parietal cortex by continuous Theta Burst Stimulation alters the control of body balance in quiet stance. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:671-678. [PMID: 28092413 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Control of body balance relies on the integration of multiple sensory modalities. Lightly touching an earth-fixed reference augments the control of body sway. We aimed to advance the understanding of cortical integration of an afferent signal from light fingertip contact (LT) for the stabilisation of standing body balance. Assuming that right-hemisphere Posterior Parietal Cortex (rPPC) is involved in the integration and processing of touch for postural control, we expected that disrupting rPPC would attenuate any effects of light touch. Eleven healthy right-handed young adults received continuous Theta Burst Stimulation over the left- and right-hemisphere PPC with sham stimulation as an additional control. Before and after stimulation, sway of the blindfolded participants was assessed in Tandem-Romberg stance with and without haptic contact. We analysed sway in terms of the variability of Centre-of-Pressure (CoP) rate of change as well as Detrended Fluctuation Analysis of CoP position. Light touch decreased sway variability in both directions but showed direction-specific changes in its dynamic complexity: a positive increase in complexity in the mediolateral direction coincided with a reduction in the anteroposterior direction. rPPC disruption affected the control of body sway in two ways: first, it led to an overall decrease in sway variability irrespective of the presence of LT; second, it reduced the complexity of sway with LT at the contralateral, non-dominant hand. We speculate that rPPC is involved in the active exploration of the postural stability state, with utilisation of LT for this purpose if available, by normally inhibiting mechanisms of postural stiffness regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kaulmann
- Human Movement Science, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Joachim Hermsdörfer
- Human Movement Science, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Leif Johannsen
- Human Movement Science, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.,School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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15
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Katayama O, Osumi M, Kodama T, Morioka S. Dysesthesia symptoms produced by sensorimotor incongruence in healthy volunteers: an electroencephalogram study. J Pain Res 2016; 9:1197-1204. [PMID: 27994482 PMCID: PMC5153295 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s122564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Pathological pain such as phantom limb pain is caused by sensorimotor incongruence. Several studies with healthy participants have clearly indicated that dysesthesia, which is similar to pathological pain, is caused by incongruence between proprioception and/or motor intention and visual feedback. It is not clear to what extent dysesthesia may be caused by incongruence between motor intention and visual feedback or by incongruence between proprioception and visual feedback. The aim of this study was to clarify the neurophysiology of these factors by analyzing electroencephalograms (EEGs). Methods In total, 18 healthy participants were recruited for this study. Participants were asked to perform repetitive flexion/extension exercises with their elbows in a congruent/incongruent position while viewing the activity in a mirror. EEGs were performed to determine cortical activation during sensorimotor congruence and incongruence. Results In the high-frequency alpha band (10–12 Hz), numeric rating scale scores of a feeling of peculiarity were significantly correlated with event-related desynchronization/synchronization under the incongruence and proprioception conditions associated with motor intention and visual feedback (right inferior parietal region; r=−0.63, P<0.01) and between proprioception and visual feedback (right temporoparietal region; r=−0.49 and r=−0.50, P<0.05). In these brain regions, there was a region in which incongruence between proprioception and visual feedback and between motor intention and visual feedback caused an increase in activity. Conclusion The present findings suggest that neural mechanisms of dysesthesia are caused by incongruence between proprioception associated with motor intention and visual feedback and, in particular, are a result of incongruence between proprioception only and visual feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Katayama
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara; Department of Rehabilitation, Watanabe Hospital, Aichi
| | - Michihiro Osumi
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, Nara
| | - Takayuki Kodama
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shu Morioka
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara; Department of Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, Nara
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Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the posterior parietal cortex reduces steady-state postural stability during the effect of light touch. Neuroreport 2016; 27:1050-5. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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