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Li Z, He M, Dai D, Gao X, Liang H, Xiong L. Middle aged CAMKII-Cre:Cbs fl/fl mice: a new model for studying perioperative neurocognitive disorders. Exp Anim 2024; 73:109-123. [PMID: 37766548 PMCID: PMC10877146 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.23-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative complications, such as perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND), have become a major issue affecting surgical outcomes. However, the mechanism of PND remains unclear, and stable animal models of middle-aged PND are lacking. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) allosteric activator, can reduce the level of plasma homocysteine and prevent the occurrence of PND. However, the time and resource-intensive process of constructing models of PND in elderly animals have limited progress in PND research and innovative therapy development. The present study aimed to construct a stable PND model in middle-aged CAMKII-Cre:Cbsfl/fl mice whose Cbs was specifically knocked out in CAMKII positive neurons. Behavioral tests showed that these middle-aged mice displayed cognitive deficits which were aggravated by exploratory laparotomy under isoflurane anesthesia. Compared with typical PND mice which were 18-month-old, these middle-aged mice showed similar cognitive deficits after undergoing exploratory laparotomy under isoflurane anesthesia. Though there was no significant difference in the number of neurons in either the hippocampus or the cortex, a significant increase in numbers of microglia and astrocytes in the hippocampus was observed. These indicate that middle-aged CAMKII-Cre:Cbsfl/fl mice can be used as a new PND model for mechanistic studies and therapy development for PND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
| | - Mengfan He
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
| | - Danqing Dai
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Gao
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
| | - Huazheng Liang
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
- Monash Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215127, P.R. China
| | - Lize Xiong
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P.R. China
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Chen B, Qin G, Xiao J, Deng X, Lin A, Liu H. Transient neuroinflammation following surgery contributes to long-lasting cognitive decline in elderly rats via dysfunction of synaptic NMDA receptor. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:181. [PMID: 35831873 PMCID: PMC9281167 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02528-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs) are considered the most common postoperative complication in geriatric patients. However, its pathogenesis is not fully understood. Surgery-triggered neuroinflammation is a major contributor to the development of PNDs. Neuroinflammation can influence N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) expression or function which is closely associated with cognition. We, therefore, hypothesized that the persistent changes in NMDAR expression or function induced by transient neuroinflammation after surgery were involved in the development of PNDs. Methods Eighteen-month-old male Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to abdominal surgery with sevoflurane anesthesia to establish the PNDs animal model. Then, we determined the transient neuroinflammation by detecting the protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines and microglia activation using ELISA, western blot, immunohistochemistry, and microglial morphological analysis from postoperative days 1–20. Persistent changes in NMDAR expression were determined by detecting the protein levels of NMDAR subunits from postoperative days 1–59. Subsequently, the dysfunction of synaptic NMDAR was evaluated by detecting the structural plasticity of dendritic spine using Golgi staining. Pull-down assay and western blot were used to detect the protein levels of Rac1-GTP, phosphor-cofilin, and Arp3, which contribute to the regulation of the structural plasticity of dendritic spine. Finally, glycyrrhizin, an anti-inflammatory agent, was administered to further explore the role of synaptic NMDAR dysfunction induced by transient neuroinflammation in the neuropathogenesis of PNDs. Results We showed that transient neuroinflammation induced by surgery caused sustained downregulation of synaptic NR2A and NR2B subunits in the dorsal hippocampus and led to a selective long-term spatial memory deficit. Meanwhile, the detrimental effect of neuroinflammation on the function of synaptic NMDARs was shown by the impaired structural plasticity of dendritic spines and decreased activity of the Rac1 signaling pathways during learning. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory treatment reversed the downregulation and hypofunction of synaptic NR2A and NR2B and subsequently rescued the long-term spatial memory deficit. Conclusions Our results identify sustained synaptic NR2A and NR2B downregulation and hypofunction induced by transient neuroinflammation following surgery as important contributors to the development of PNDs in elderly rats. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02528-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangcheng Qin
- Laboratory Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyuan Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Aolei Lin
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.
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Ebrahimnejad M, Azizi P, Alipour V, Zarrindast MR, Vaseghi S. Complicated Role of Exercise in Modulating Memory: A Discussion of the Mechanisms Involved. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1477-1490. [PMID: 35195832 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03552-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has shown the beneficial effects of exercise on learning and memory. However, many studies have reported controversial results, indicating that exercise can impair learning and memory. In this article, we aimed to review basic studies reporting inconsistent complicated effects of exercise on memory in rodents. Also, we discussed the mechanisms involved in the effects of exercise on memory processes. In addition, we tried to find scientific answers to justify the inconsistent results. In this article, the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (involved in synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis), and vascular endothelial growth factor, nerve growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, inflammatory markers, apoptotic factors, and antioxidant system was discussed in the modulation of exercise effects on memory. The role of intensity and duration of exercise, and type of memory task was also investigated. We also mentioned to the interaction of exercise with the function of neurotransmitter systems, which complicates the prediction of exercise effect via altering the level of BDNF. Eventually, we suggested that changes in the function of neurotransmitter systems following different types of exercise (depending on exercise intensity or age of onset) should be investigated in further studies. It seems that exercise-induced changes in the function of neurotransmitter systems may have a stronger role than age, type of memory task, or exercise intensity in modulating memory. Importantly, high levels of interactions between neurotransmitter systems and BDNF play a critical role in the modulation of exercise effects on memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Ebrahimnejad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paniz Azizi
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahide Alipour
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, P.O. Box: 1419815477, Karaj, Iran.
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Niu K, Qin JL, Lu GF, Guo J, Williams JP, An JX. Dexmedetomidine Reverses Postoperative Spatial Memory Deficit by Targeting Surf1 and Cytochrome c. Neuroscience 2021; 466:148-161. [PMID: 33895343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Anesthesia and surgery are associated with perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND). Dexmedetomidine is known to improve PND in rats; however, little is known about the mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to resection of the hepatic apex under propofol anesthesia to clinically mimic human abdominal surgery. The rats were divided into four groups: control group (C), anesthesia group (A), model group (M), and model + dex group (D). Cognitive function was evaluated with the Morris water maze (MWM). Neuronal morphology was observed with H&E staining, Nissl's staining and immunohistochemistry. Transcriptome analysis and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to investigate functional mitochondrial mRNA changes in the hippocampus. Protein levels were measured by Western blotting at 1, 3, and 7 days after surgery. Surgery-induced cognitive decline lasted for three days, but not seven days after surgery in the M group; however, rats in the D group were significantly improved by dexmedetomidine. No significant differences in the number of neurons were observed between the groups after surgery. Rats from the M group showed significantly greater expression levels of Iba-1 and GFAP compared with the C group and the D group. Rats in the M group demonstrated increased Surf1 and Cytochrome c expression on days 1 and 3, but not day 7; similar changes were not induced in rats in the D group. Dexmedetomidine appears to reverse surgery-induced behavior, mitigate the higher density of Iba-1 and GFAP, and downregulate the expression of Surf1 and Cytochrome c protein in the hippocampus of rats in a PND model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Niu
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Pain & Sleep Medicine, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University & Beijing Institute of Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Jia-Lin Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain & Sleep Medicine, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University & Beijing Institute of Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Guo-Fang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain & Sleep Medicine, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University & Beijing Institute of Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - John P Williams
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburg 15213, PA, USA.
| | - Jian-Xiong An
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Pain & Sleep Medicine, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University & Beijing Institute of Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Medical Science & Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Minimal effects from a single exposure to sevoflurane in adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2021; 84:106955. [PMID: 33465422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.106955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Many people undergo procedures requiring general anesthesia each day and adverse cognitive effects have been reported in response to that anesthesia. Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD) may occur in as many as 80% of adults during the first post-surgical week and can have lasting effects. Here, the cognitive and motor effects of sevoflurane exposure in Sprague-Dawley rats was examined along with body weights, blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, and body temperature. Male and female rats were exposed to 2.5% sevoflurane or medical grade air for one hour at postnatal day 115. Beginning the following day, rats began a series of behavioral tests examining locomotor activity, motor coordination, novel object recognition, and spatial learning and memory in a water maze. Blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, and body temperature were not affected by the sevoflurane exposure. A slight effect on locomotor activity was detected, but no effects on motor coordination, novel object recognition, or spatial learning and memory were observed. Brain weights following behavioral testing did not differ. The results reported here along with existing literature suggest sevoflurane is largely without effects on later cognition in adult rodents when exposure is of a relatively short duration and at a relatively low concentration.
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Effects of exercise on proactive interference in memory: potential neuroplasticity and neurochemical mechanisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1917-1929. [PMID: 32488351 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proactive interference occurs when consolidated memory traces inhibit new learning. This kind of interference decreases the efficiency of new learning and also causes memory errors. Exercise has been shown to facilitate some types of cognitive function; however, whether exercise reduces proactive interference to enhance learning efficiency is not well understood. Thus, this review discusses the effects of exercise on proactive memory interference and explores potential mechanisms, such as neurogenesis and neurochemical changes, mediating any effect.
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Liu J, Zhang W, Tao Y, Li LY. Induction of Beta-amyloid Protein by Sevoflurane Is Associated with Cognitive Impairment During Anesthesia in Aged Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2018.1080.1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhu QL, Luo Y, Xue QS, Zhang FJ, Yu BW. Different doses of sevoflurane facilitate and impair learning and memory function through activation of the ERK pathway and synthesis of ARC protein in the rat hippocampus. Brain Res 2017; 1678:174-179. [PMID: 29074343 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sevoflurane has been shown to stimulate or depress memory in adult rats; however, the cellular mechanism of this bidirectional effect has not been fully investigated. METHODS We used an intra-hippocampal microinfusion of U0126 to suppress ERK activation. Male SD rats were randomly assigned to four groups: Sham, 0.11%SEV, 0.3%SEV and 0.3%+U0126. They received bilateral injections of U0126 or saline. Rats were anesthetized, and Inhibitory Avoidance (IA) training was performed immediately after anesthesia. The memory retention latency was observed 24 h later. In another experiment, the hippocampus was removed 45 min after IA training to assess ARC expression, the synapsin 1 protein levels and the phosphorylation level of ERK. RESULTS Treatment with 0.11%SEV led to rapid phosphorylation of ERK, while 0.3%SEV inhibited phosphorylation; the latter change was reversed by the microinfusion of U0126 in the hippocampus. The memory latency result had similar tendencies. The local infusion of U0126 abolished the 0.3%SEV-induced memory impairment and ERK inhibition. Selective upregulations of ARC and synapsin 1 proteins were observed in the 0.3%SEV group compared with the 0.11%SEV group. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that different doses of sevoflurane trigger synaptic plasticity-related cytoskeleton proteins through the ERK signaling pathway. This novel modulation by inhalational agents may help to reduce their side-effects on memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Lin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Sheng Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu-Jun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bu-Wei Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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