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Muroi D, Kodama K, Tomono T, Saito Y, Koyake A, Higuchi T. Approaching Process in Walking through an Aperture for Individuals with Stroke. J Mot Behav 2023; 56:139-149. [PMID: 38047437 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2023.2280259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Muroi et al. show that individuals with stroke have improved collision avoidance behavior when passing through an aperture while entering from the paretic-side of the body. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. We reanalyzed Muroi et al.'s data to reveal how individuals with stroke walk through an aperture by examining changes in walking velocity and behavioral complexity (i.e., sample entropy, an index of (ir)regularity of time series, regarded lower entropy as more regular and less complex) by focusing on the approaching process. The results showed that individuals with stroke reduced their walking velocity and behavioral complexity before passing through the narrow aperture when approaching from the paretic side. We interpreted that the improved obstacle avoidance when penetrating from the paretic side may be due to careful body rotation and adjusting the walking velocity in advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Muroi
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Care Sciences, Chiba Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kodama
- University Education Center, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tomono
- Faculty of Humanities, Sapporo Gakuin University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yutaro Saito
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kameda Rehabilitation Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Aki Koyake
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kameda Rehabilitation Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Higuchi
- University Education Center, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
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Vauclin P, Wheat J, Wagman JB, Seifert L. A systematic review of perception of affordances for the person-plus-object system. Psychon Bull Rev 2023; 30:2011-2029. [PMID: 37407795 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02319-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Human behavior often involves the use of an object held by or attached to the body, which modifies the individual's action capabilities. Moreover, most everyday behaviors consist of sets of behaviors that are nested over multiple spatial and temporal scales, which require perceiving and acting on nested affordances for the person-plus-object system. This systematic review investigates how individuals attune to information about affordances involving the person-plus-object system and how they (re)calibrate their actions to relevant information. We analyzed 71 articles-34 on attunement and 37 on (re)calibration with healthy participants-that experimentally investigated the processes involved in the perception of affordances for the person-plus-object system (including attunement, calibration, and recalibration). With respect to attunement, objects attached to the body create a multiplicity of affordances for the person-plus-object system, and individuals learned (1) to detect information about affordances of (and for) the person-plus-object system in a task and (2) to choose whether, when, and how to exploit those affordances to perform that task. Concerning (re)calibration, individuals were able (1) to quickly scale their actions in relation to the (changed) action capabilities of the person-plus-object system and (2) to perceive multiple functionally equivalent ways to exploit the affordances of that system, and these abilities improved with practice. Perceiving affordances for the person-plus-object system involves learning to detect the information about such affordances (attunement) and the scaling of behaviors to such information (calibration). These processes imply a general ability to incorporate an object attached to the body into an integrated person-plus-object system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vauclin
- Univ Rouen Normandie, CETAPS UR 3832, F-76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Jon Wheat
- College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jeffrey B Wagman
- Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Ludovic Seifert
- Univ Rouen Normandie, CETAPS UR 3832, F-76000, Rouen, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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Lucaites KM, Venkatakrishnan R, Venkatakrishnan R, Pagano CC. Generalizing the optic flow equalization control law to an asymmetrical person-plus-object system. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023; 85:2337-2355. [PMID: 37784001 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02777-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Visually guided action in humans occurs in part through the use of control laws, which are dynamical equations in which optical information modulates an actor's interaction with their environment. For example, humans locomote through the center of a corridor by equalizing the speed of optic flow across their left and right fields of view. This optic flow equalization control law relies on a crucial assumption: that the shape of the body relative to the eyes is laterally symmetrical. Humans engaging in tool use are often producing person-plus-object systems that are not laterally symmetrical, such as when they hold a tool, bag, or briefcase in one hand, or when they drive a vehicle. This experiment tests a new generalized control law for centered steering that accounts for asymmetries produced by external tool use. Participants held an asymmetrical bar and centered themselves within a virtual moving hallway while the speed of the virtual walls were systematically changed. The results demonstrate that humans engaging with an asymmetrical tool can (1) perceive the asymmetry of a person-plus-object system, (2) use that information to modulate the use of optic flow equalization control laws for centered steering, and (3) functionally incorporate the asymmetrical tool into their perception-action system to successfully navigate their environment.
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Hunt R, Mills C, Frost G, Blackmore T, Miller-Dicks M. The visual control of locomotion when stepping onto moving surfaces: A comparison of younger and older adults. Exp Gerontol 2023; 174:112117. [PMID: 36758648 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Stepping between static and moving surfaces presents a locomotor challenge associated with increased injury frequency and severity in older adults. The current study evaluates younger and older adults' behaviours when overcoming challenges sampling moving walkway and escalator environments. Twelve younger adults (18-40 years, Male = 8) and 15 older adults (60-81 years, Male = 5) were examined using an integration of optoelectronic motion capture and mobile eye-tracking. Participants were investigated approaching and stepping onto a flat conveyor belt (static or moving; with or without surface (demarcation) lines). Specifically, the four conditions were: (i) static surface without demarcation lines; (ii) static surface with demarcation lines; (iii) moving surface without demarcation lines; and (iv) moving surface with demarcation lines. A two (age group) x two (surface-condition) x two (demarcation-condition) linear mixed-model revealed no main or interaction effects (p > .05) for perturbation magnitude, indicating participants maintained successful locomotion. However, different adaptive behaviours were identified between conditions with moving and accuracy demands (e.g., moving surfaces increased step length, demarcations reduced step length). Between subject effects identified differences between age groups. Older adults utilised different behaviours, such as earlier gaze transfer from the final approach walkway step location. Overall, the current study suggests that adaptive behaviours emerge relative to the environment's specific demands and the individual's action capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Hunt
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom.
| | - Chris Mills
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Frost
- Health and Safety Executive, Science Division, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Blackmore
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Miller-Dicks
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom.
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Hakamata T, Muroi D, Kodama K, Kondo Y, Higuchi T. Haptic feedback intervention decreases the spatial margin when older adults walk through a narrow space. J Physiol Anthropol 2022; 41:41. [PMID: 36514087 PMCID: PMC9746091 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-022-00315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to avoid obstacles efficiently and safely is important for older adults to prevent injuries from tripping and falling. It is important to find an optimal spatial margin between the body and an obstacle considering both safety and efficiency. One side of finding the optimal margin is to decrease the margin in terms of motor efficiency. In this study, we tested whether fingertip-contact intervention to obtain haptic feedback information to perceive the relationship between body and the environment could immediately improve spatial perception and collision avoidance behavior (an instantaneous effect). METHODS Twenty-seven older adults (12 males and 15 females) participated in the experiment. In the intervention of the fingertip-contact group, they lightly touched the edge of a door with both fingertips while walking. The test task before and after the intervention involved grasping a horizontal bar and passing through a narrow opening. As dependent variables, we measured the spatial margin and the collision rate. RESULTS The fingertip-contact group showed a significant decrease in the spatial margin after the intervention. On the other hand, there was no significant improvement in the collision rate after the intervention but rather a decrease only in the control group. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study indicate that touching obstacles with the fingertips had an instantaneous effect, leading to efficient movement learning, although a possible side effect of an increased collision rated was also found. The proposed intervention might promote an efficiency-based strategy due to learning the spatial relationship between the body and the environment, and it may suppress the excessive avoidance of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Hakamata
- grid.265074.20000 0001 1090 2030Department of Health Promotion Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan ,Department of Rehabilitation, Kasai Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - D. Muroi
- grid.448846.20000 0001 0565 8272Chiba Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - K. Kodama
- grid.265074.20000 0001 1090 2030University Education Center, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y. Kondo
- grid.412769.f0000 0001 0672 0015Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - T. Higuchi
- grid.265074.20000 0001 1090 2030Department of Health Promotion Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
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The effects of human following behaviours on decision making during aperture crossing scenarios. Gait Posture 2021; 83:232-236. [PMID: 33189076 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Everyday locomotion often requires that we navigate crowded and cluttered environments. Individuals navigating through nonconfined space will require a deviation from the straight path in order to avoid apertures smaller than 1.4 times their shoulder width. When in a crowd, humans will follow the behaviours of those directly in front of them, making changes to their walking speed and direction heading based on the changes made by the people they are following. RESEARCH QUESTION The current study aimed to discover whether the decisions made by young adults regarding the passability of an aperture would be influenced by the presence of a leader completing the same nonconfined aperture crossing task. METHODS Participants (N = 24) walked in a virtual reality environment along a 6.5 m pathway towards a goal while avoiding two virtual poles which created an aperture (0.8-1.8 times the participants' shoulder widths). For some trials, a sex-matched avatar (shoulder width of 0.8, 1.0, or 1.2 times the participants' shoulder widths) completed the aperture crossing task, using its own body-scaled information, ahead of the participant. RESULTS Participants walked through apertures smaller than 1.4 times their shoulder width (i.e. critical point) regardless of avatars' independent behaviours. Participants began to deviate 3.69 m from the aperture on all trials that required a deviation and approached their goal at a slower speed when the avatar was present. SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrates that during a nonconfined aperture crossing task, individuals are not influenced by human following behaviours and will continue to make decisions based on their own body-scaled information.
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Lucaites KM, Venkatakrishnan R, Bhargava A, Venkatakrishnan R, Pagano CC. Predicting aperture crossing behavior from within-trial metrics of motor control reliability. Hum Mov Sci 2020; 74:102713. [PMID: 33220634 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2020.102713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Actors utilize intrinsically scaled information about their geometric and dynamic properties when perceiving their ability to pass through openings. Research about dynamic factors of affordance perception have shown that the reliability of a given movement, or the precision of one's motor control for that movement, increase the buffer space used when interacting with the environment. While previous work has assessed motor control reliability as a person-level variable (i.e., behavior is aggregated across many trials), the current study assessed how characteristics of motor control and movement reliability within a single trial impact real-time action strategies for passing through apertures. Participants walked 5 m and then passed through apertures of various widths while their motions were tracked. For each trial, we collected walking time-series data, then calculated the magnitude and complexity of the lateral sway. Assessing two behavioral measures of the buffer, we found that trial-level metrics of motor control reliability, in addition to the person-level metrics previously studied, significantly predicted the buffer on each trial. This study supports previous claims that actors pick up real-time information about their dynamic capabilities in order to perceive and act within their environment. Further, the study recommends that future affordance research consider trial-level movement data, including nonlinear analyses that inform the pattern and structure of motor control reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Lucaites
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, 418 Brackett Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0745, USA.
| | - Roshan Venkatakrishnan
- School of Computing, Clemson University, 100 McAdams Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Ayush Bhargava
- School of Computing, Clemson University, 100 McAdams Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Rohith Venkatakrishnan
- School of Computing, Clemson University, 100 McAdams Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Christopher C Pagano
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, 418 Brackett Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0745, USA
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Watanabe R, Wagman JB, Higuchi T. Dynamic Touch by Hand and Head During Walking: Protective Behavior for the Head? J Mot Behav 2019; 51:655-667. [DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2018.1563043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Watanabe
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeffrey B. Wagman
- 2Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Takahiro Higuchi
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
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Ishak S, Assoian AB, Rincon S. Experience Influences Affordance Perception for Low Crawling Under Barriers With Altered Body Dimensions. ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2019.1619456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaziela Ishak
- School of Social Science and Human Services, Ramapo College of New Jersey
| | | | - Steve Rincon
- School of Social Science and Human Services, Ramapo College of New Jersey
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