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Dowiasch S, Blanke M, Knöll J, Bremmer F. Spatial localization during open-loop smooth pursuit. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1058340. [PMID: 36816133 PMCID: PMC9932511 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1058340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Numerous previous studies have shown that eye movements induce errors in the localization of briefly flashed stimuli. Remarkably, the error pattern is indicative of the underlying eye movement and the exact experimental condition. For smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) and the slow phase of the optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), perceived stimulus locations are shifted in the direction of the ongoing eye movement, with a hemifield asymmetry observed only during SPEM. During the slow phases of the optokinetic afternystagmus (OKAN), however, the error pattern can be described as a perceptual expansion of space. Different from SPEM and OKN, the OKAN is an open-loop eye movement. Methods Visually guided smooth pursuit can be transformed into an open-loop eye movement by briefly blanking the pursuit target (gap). Here, we examined flash localization during open-loop pursuit and asked, whether localization is also prone to errors and whether these are similar to those found during SPEM or during OKAN. Human subjects tracked a pursuit target. In half of the trials, the target was extinguished for 300 ms (gap) during the steady-state, inducing open-loop pursuit. Flashes were presented during this gap or during steady-state (closed-loop) pursuit. Results In both conditions, perceived flash locations were shifted in the direction of the eye movement. The overall error pattern was very similar with error size being slightly smaller in the gap condition. The differences between errors in the open- and closed-loop conditions were largest in the central visual field and smallest in the periphery. Discussion We discuss the findings in light of the neural substrates driving the different forms of eye movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dowiasch
- Department Neurophysics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Philipps-Universität Marburg and Justus–Liebig–Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany,*Correspondence: Stefan Dowiasch,
| | - Marius Blanke
- Department Neurophysics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Knöll
- Department Neurophysics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany,Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany
| | - Frank Bremmer
- Department Neurophysics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Philipps-Universität Marburg and Justus–Liebig–Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
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Sonnberger M, Widmann C, Potthoff D, Seitz RJ, Kleiser R. Emotion recognition in evolving facial expressions: A matter of believing. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 16:951974. [PMID: 36710955 PMCID: PMC9875561 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.951974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carola Widmann
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Kepler-University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Denise Potthoff
- Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger J. Seitz
- Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raimund Kleiser
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Kepler-University Linz, Linz, Austria,*Correspondence: Raimund Kleiser ✉
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Long-Term Effects of Low-Level Blast Exposure and High-Caliber Weapons Use in Military Special Operators. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050679. [PMID: 35625065 PMCID: PMC9140026 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-level blast exposure has been linked with neurological alterations and traumatic brain injury (TBI) biomarkers. Impaired smooth-pursuit eye movements (SPEM) are often associated with TBI. The purpose of this study was to determine whether long-term operators of low-level blast exposure or high-caliber weapons use displayed oculomotor behaviors that differed from controls. Twenty-six members of an elite military unit performed a computerized oculomotor testing task using an eye tracker and completed a concussion assessment questionnaire. The participants were split into a blast exposure group and control group. The blast exposure group had a history of exposure to low-level blasts or high-caliber weapon use. The results revealed significant differences in SPEM, saccades, and fixations between the blast exposure group and control group. The blast exposure group’s eye movements were slower, stopped at more frequent points when following a target, traveled further from the target in terms of both speed and direction, and showed higher rates of variation and inefficiency. Poor oculomotor behavior correlated with a higher symptom severity on the concussion assessment questionnaire. Military special operators exposed to long-term low-level blasts or high-caliber weapons usage displayed an impaired oculomotor behavior in comparison to controls. These findings further our understanding of the impact of long-term low-level blast exposure on the oculomotor behavior of military special operators and may inform practical implications for military training.
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Hunfalvay M, Murray NP, Mani R, Carrick FR. Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements as a Biomarker for Mild Concussion within 7-Days of Injury. Brain Inj 2021; 35:1682-1689. [PMID: 34894915 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2021.2012825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Deficits in smooth-pursuit eye movements (SPEM) are often associated with mild traumatic brain injury(TBI). Eye tracking tests serve as a quick objective clinical tool to assess such predictive visual tracking. In this study, SPEM was assessed along circular, horizontal and vertical trajectories in adolescents with concussion and age-matched controls. METHODS Ninety-one young adolescents with concussion and 140 visually healthy age-matched controls with a mean age of 14 years performed a computerized test of circular, horizontal and vertical tracking task using an eye tracker. Oculomotor tracking was assessed by computing the rate of fixation, saccades and SPEM made while performing the tasks. RESULTS The predictive visual tracking task was able to differentiate the TBI group from the non-TBI group. The TBI group showed a significant difference in the fixation, saccades and SPEM percentages for circular tracking movement compared to the controls. There was a significant difference in fixation and SPEM % for horizontal and vertical tracking. CONCLUSIONS Predictive visual tracking, assessed using eye tracking technology, is able to differentiate deficits in oculomotor functions in individuals with and without concussion. The eye tracking technology may serve as a quick objective tool to detect and monitor neural deficits due to TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas P Murray
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, North Carolina, USA
| | - Revathy Mani
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Frederick Robert Carrick
- Department of Neurology, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA, Centre for Mental Health Research in association with University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK, MGH Institute for Health Professions, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Modroño C, Socas R, Hernández-Martín E, Plata-Bello J, Marcano F, Pérez-González JM, González-Mora JL. Neurofunctional correlates of eye to hand motor transfer. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:2656-2668. [PMID: 32166833 PMCID: PMC7294058 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigates the transfer of motor learning from the eye to the hand and its neural correlates by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a sensorimotor task consisting of the continuous tracking of a virtual target. In pretraining evaluation, all the participants (experimental and control group) performed the tracking task inside an MRI scanner using their right hand and a joystick. After which, the experimental group practiced an eye-controlled version of the task for 5 days using an eye tracking system outside the MRI environment. Post-training evaluation was done 1 week after the first scanning session, where all the participants were scanned again while repeating the manual pretraining task. Behavioral results show that the training in the eye-controlled task produced a better performance not only in the eye-controlled modality (motor learning) but also in the hand-controlled modality (motor transfer). Neural results indicate that eye to hand motor transfer is supported by the motor cortex, the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, which is consistent with previous research focused on other effectors. These results may be of interest in neurorehabilitation to activate the motor systems and help in the recovery of motor functions in stroke or movement disorder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristián Modroño
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Unidad Departamental de Fisiología), Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain
| | - Rosario Socas
- Servicio de Rehabilitación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain
| | - Estefanía Hernández-Martín
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Unidad Departamental de Fisiología), Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain
| | - Julio Plata-Bello
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Unidad Departamental de Fisiología), Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain.,Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain
| | - Francisco Marcano
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Unidad Departamental de Fisiología), Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain
| | | | - José L González-Mora
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Unidad Departamental de Fisiología), Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain
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Hunfalvay M, Roberts CM, Murray NP, Tyagi A, Barclay KW, Bolte T, Kelly H, Carrick FR. Vertical smooth pursuit as a diagnostic marker of traumatic brain injury. Concussion 2020; 5:CNC69. [PMID: 32266081 PMCID: PMC7136983 DOI: 10.2217/cnc-2019-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Neural deficits were measured via the eye tracking of vertical smooth pursuit (VSP) as markers of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The present study evaluated the ability of the eye tracking tests to differentiate between different levels of TBI severity and healthy controls. METHODOLOGY Ninety-two individuals divided into four groups (those with mild, moderate or severe TBI and healthy controls) participated in a computerized test of VSP eye movement using a remote eye tracker. RESULTS The VSP eye tracking test was able to distinguish between severe and moderate levels of TBI but unable to detect differences in the performance of participants with mild TBI and healthy controls. CONCLUSION The eye-tracking technology used to measure VSP eye movements is able to provide a timely and objective method of differentiating between individuals with moderate and severe levels of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hunfalvay
- RightEye LLC, 7979 Old Georgetown Rd, Suite 801, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Claire-Marie Roberts
- Department of Psychology, Senior Research Fellow, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, England
| | - Nicholas P Murray
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Minges Coliseum 166, Greensville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Ankur Tyagi
- RightEye LLC, 7979 Old Georgetown Rd, Suite 801, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Kyle W Barclay
- Case Western Reserve University, 10501 Streamview Court, Potomac, MD 20854, USA
| | - Takumi Bolte
- RightEye LLC, 7979 Old Georgetown Rd, Suite 801, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Hannah Kelly
- Emory University, 201 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Frederick R Carrick
- Centre for Mental Health Research in association with University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK
- Department of Neurology, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
- MGH Institute for Health Professions, Boston, MA, USA
- Carrick Institute, Cape Canaveral, FL 32920, USA
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Guidetti G, Guidetti R, Manfredi M, Manfredi M, Lucchetta A, Livio S. Saccades and driving. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 39:186-196. [PMID: 31131838 PMCID: PMC6536025 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-2176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Driving is not only a physical task, but is also a mental task. Visual inputs are indispensable in scanning the road, communicating with other road users and monitoring in-vehicle devices. The probability to detect an object while driving (conspicuity) is very important for assessment of driving effectiveness, and correct choice of information relevant to the safety of driving determines the efficiency of a driver. Accordingly, eye fixation and eye movements are essential for attention and choice in decision making. Saccades are the most used and effective means of maintaining a correct fixation while driving. In order to identify the features of the most predisposed subjects at high driving performances and those of the high-level sportsmen, we used a special tool called Visual Exploration Training System. We evaluated by saccade and attentional tests various groups of ordinary drivers, past professional racing drivers, professional truck drivers and professional athletes. Males have faster reaction time compared to females and an age below 30 seems to guarantee better precision of performance and accuracy in achieving all visual targets. The effect on physical activity and sports is confirmed. The performances of the Ferrari Driver Academy (FDA) selected students who were significantly better than those of a group of aspiring students and amateur racing drivers probably thanks to individual predisposition, training and so-called ‘neural efficiency’.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Guidetti
- Vertigo Center, Poliambulatorio Chirurgico Modenese, Modena, Italy
| | - R Guidetti
- Vertigo Center, Poliambulatorio Chirurgico Modenese, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Marco Manfredi
- Vertigo Center, Poliambulatorio Chirurgico Modenese, Modena, Italy
| | | | - S Livio
- Professional Motor Coach, Modena, Italy
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Kuo PC, Tseng YL, Zilles K, Suen S, Eickhoff SB, Lee JD, Cheng PE, Liou M. Brain dynamics and connectivity networks under natural auditory stimulation. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116042. [PMID: 31344485 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data is challenging when subjects are under exposure to natural sensory stimulation. In this study, a two-stage approach was developed to enable the identification of connectivity networks involved in the processing of information in the brain under natural sensory stimulation. In the first stage, the degree of concordance between the results of inter-subject and intra-subject correlation analyses is assessed statistically. The microstructurally (i.e., cytoarchitectonically) defined brain areas are designated either as concordant in which the results of both correlation analyses are in agreement, or as discordant in which one analysis method shows a higher proportion of supra-threshold voxels than does the other. In the second stage, connectivity networks are identified using the time courses of supra-threshold voxels in brain areas contingent upon the classifications derived in the first stage. In an empirical study, fMRI data were collected from 40 young adults (19 males, average age 22.76 ± 3.25), who underwent auditory stimulation involving sound clips of human voices and animal vocalizations under two operational conditions (i.e., eyes-closed and eyes-open). The operational conditions were designed to assess confounding effects due to auditory instructions or visual perception. The proposed two-stage analysis demonstrated that stress modulation (affective) and language networks in the limbic and cortical structures were respectively engaged during sound stimulation, and presented considerable variability among subjects. The network involved in regulating visuomotor control was sensitive to the eyes-open instruction, and presented only small variations among subjects. A high degree of concordance was observed between the two analyses in the primary auditory cortex which was highly sensitive to the pitch of sound clips. Our results have indicated that brain areas can be identified as concordant or discordant based on the two correlation analyses. This may further facilitate the search for connectivity networks involved in the processing of information under natural sensory stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chih Kuo
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Li Tseng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Summit Suen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Juin-Der Lee
- Graduate Institute of Business Administration, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Philip E Cheng
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michelle Liou
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Camacho PB, Carbonari R, Shen S, Zadikoff C, Kramer AF, López-Ortiz C. Voluntary Saccade Training Protocol in Persons With Parkinson's Disease and Healthy Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:77. [PMID: 31024292 PMCID: PMC6459894 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Voluntary saccade function gradually decreases during both the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) and neurologically healthy adult aging. Voluntary saccades display decreased length and increased saccade latency, duration, and the number of compensatory saccades in aging and PD. Saccades serve as the key eye movement for maintaining salient features of the visual environment on the high visual acuity fovea of the retina. Abnormal saccade behavior has been associated with freezing of gait in PD. We have not identified any studies that have investigated improvement in voluntary saccade function using voluntary saccade training. Objective: We report an experimental protocol that tests a training paradigm following the principle of specificity to improve voluntary saccade velocity and amplitude, while decreasing latency and the number of compensatory saccades. Methods: Persons with PD (n = 22) and persons with no known neurological disorders (n = 22) between the ages of 40 and 65 years will be recruited. In a randomized-block study design, all participants will perform voluntary saccades to targets in eight cardinal and intercardinal directions. In each of the eight sessions during the four-week intervention period, participants will train at three target amplitudes. Participants will perform 40 trials for each amplitude block, consisting of five randomly presented repetitions for each direction. Voluntary and reflexive saccades will be recorded pre- and post-intervention, along with clinical mobility assessment using the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Mobility scores, the amplitude, latency, and duration of the first saccade, and the number of saccades to reach the fixation target will be analyzed using an ANOVA of mixed effects. Discussion: This protocol holds promise as a potential method to improve voluntary saccade function in persons with PD. Should persons with PD not improve on any outcome following the intervention, this lack of response may support the use of saccade assessment as a response biomarker for the diagnosis of PD. Trial Registration: This protocol was retrospectively registered at ISRCTN (ISRCTN.com) since July 25, 2018. The first participant was recruited March 12, 2016. The protocol identifier is 17784042. Descriptive Title: A two-arm, pre/post-protocol to compare the effects of a four-week voluntary saccade training intervention in persons with Parkinson's disease and healthy adults aged forty years or older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Camacho
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ronald Carbonari
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Sa Shen
- Center on Health, Aging and Disability, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Cindy Zadikoff
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Citlali López-Ortiz
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Center on Health, Aging and Disability, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Joffrey Ballet Academy, The Official School of the Joffrey Ballet, Chicago, IL, United States
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10
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Guidetti G, Guidetti R, Sgalla RA. The saccadic training for driving safety. HEARING, BALANCE AND COMMUNICATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/21695717.2018.1540233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Guidetti
- Vertigo Center – Poliambulatorio Chirurgico Modenese, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Antonio Sgalla
- Director for Special Departments of the State Italian Police of Italian Ministry of the Interior, Italy
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