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Sangkarit N, Tapanya W. Factors influencing on gross motor skills in infants: Implications for walking development. Early Hum Dev 2024; 195:106076. [PMID: 39003985 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2024.106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This longitudinal study aimed to explore the impact of containers on gross motor percentile from 8 to 13 months corrected age during the walking development in moderate to late preterm infants. METHODS Sixty preterm infants were enrolled in this study, and their monthly assessment the gross motor percentile using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale. Monthly parent interviews focused on collecting information about container characteristics. RESULTS Infants exhibited fluctuating percentiles in gross motor development, averaging 37.81 (SD = 21.9; SEM = 1.4). The gross motor skills percentiles varied between 2 and 86 points across the six assessments. Factors significantly associated with gross motor development percentiles were a large container size (Coef. = 15.29; p < 0.001*) and a container with a soft floor surface (Coef. = 3.64; p = 0.042*). CONCLUSION Healthy preterm infants exhibited minimal instability in gross motor development and attained walking independently by 13 months. Placing preterm infants in a baby container during their first year should prioritize a wide space and a soft floor surface to enhance gross motor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noppharath Sangkarit
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand.
| | - Weerasak Tapanya
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand.
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2
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Silva KMD, Pádua RF, Sá CDSCD, Carvalho RDP. Relationship between trunk control and gross motor development of infants in the first year of life: A systematic review. Early Hum Dev 2024; 189:105929. [PMID: 38211437 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2023.105929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to verify the relationship between the level of trunk control and the acquisition of gross motor skills in the first year of life. METHODS a searching strategy was developed using the PICO tool and performed in the databases PubMed, Cochrane Library, Virtual Library in Health, Embase, and Scopus, from September 2020 to July 2022. The methodological quality of the articles was evaluated by the Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale Cohort Studies (NOS). RESULTS six studies that evaluated the level of trunk control and gross motor development in infants aged 4 to 12 months were found. Four studies evaluated full-term infants, and only two studies evaluated preterm infants comparing them to full-term ones. Five studies showed high methodological quality and one study, low methodological quality. Most studies found significant correlation between the levels of segmental trunk control (static, active, and reactive), by the Segmental Assessment Trunk Control (SATCo), and gross motor development (prone, supine, sitting, standing, and walking) by the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS). CONCLUSION trunk control is directly related to gross motor development in different postures in infants between 7 and 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitiana Martins da Silva
- Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim, 136 - Vila Matias, Santos - SP, 11015-020 Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Raissa Felipe Pádua
- Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim, 136 - Vila Matias, Santos - SP, 11015-020 Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Dos Santos Cardoso de Sá
- Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim, 136 - Vila Matias, Santos - SP, 11015-020 Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Physiotherapy Department, Escola Superior de Saúde de alcoitão, Rua Conde Barão, 2649-506 Alcabideche, Portugal.
| | - Raquel de Paula Carvalho
- Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim, 136 - Vila Matias, Santos - SP, 11015-020 Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Human Movement Science, Universidade Federal de (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim, 136 - Vila Matias, Santos - SP, 11015-020 - Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Sangkarit N, Tapanya W, Srithawong A, Amput P, Suwannakul B. Predicting Age of Independent Walking in Preterm Infants: A Longitudinal Study Using Neonatal Characteristics and Motor Development Variables. Ann Rehabil Med 2024; 48:65-74. [PMID: 38325862 PMCID: PMC10915304 DOI: 10.5535/arm.230012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To formulate an equation estimating months to independent walking in moderate to late preterm infants based on neonatal characteristics and gross motor development from 7 months to independent walking. METHODS Sixty infants born between 32 to 36 weeks were assessed using Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) for gross motor development. Neonatal characteristics were recorded at 7 months, and caregiver-reported independent walking onset. Pearson correlation analyzed age, AIMS scores, and neonatal factors. Multiple regression developed the prediction equation. RESULTS The equation for independent walking onset, which included gestational age (GA) at birth, total AIMS score at 10 months of age (10th AIMS), and birth head circumference (BHC), exhibited a strong correlation (r=0.707) and had a predictive power of 50.0%. The equation is as follows: age onset of independent walking (months)=33.157, -0.296 (GA), -0.132 (10th AIMS), -0.196 (BHC), with an estimation error of 0.631 months. CONCLUSION Neonatal characteristics, such as GA, 10th AIMS, and BHC, are key determinants in estimating the onset of independent walking in moderate to late preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noppharath Sangkarit
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence of Human Performance and Rehabilitations, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Weerasak Tapanya
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence of Human Performance and Rehabilitations, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Arunrat Srithawong
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence of Human Performance and Rehabilitations, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Patchareeya Amput
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence of Human Performance and Rehabilitations, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Boonsita Suwannakul
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
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Sørvoll M, Øberg GK, Girolami GL. Motor control and skill acquisition in pediatric physical therapy: an enactive proposal. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1226593. [PMID: 37901085 PMCID: PMC10611475 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1226593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Theories of motor control and skill acquisition strongly influence and guide various fields of clinical practice. In last decades, changes in theoretical frameworks related to the conceptualization of brain plasticity, functional structures within the child, and environment have led to a revision of therapy approaches progressing from therapist-driven to child-initiated approaches. Even though theoretical frameworks and clinical practice are closely linked to the child's body, the profession has paid less attention to theories concerning the body's role and status in interpersonal relationships when fostering motor control and skill acquisition in children. In this theoretical paper we discuss the theoretical frameworks of motor control and skill acquisition that currently guide clinical practice. Through highlighting valuable contributions of these theories, we explore theoretical and practical benefits pediatric physical therapy can acquire by taking an enactive approach as a means to bring the child as a subject into focus. We rely on enactive concepts of embodiment, autonomy, and participatory sense-making in our exploration to provide an extended understanding of motor control and skill acquisition shaping our beliefs about what counts in therapeutic encounters in pediatric physical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Sørvoll
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gunn Kristin Øberg
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Therapeutic Services, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gay L. Girolami
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Christensen C, Bellows DM. 2022 APTA Pediatrics Knowledge Translation Lecture: Clinicians and Researchers Collaborate to Implement a Segmental Approach to Trunk Control. Pediatr Phys Ther 2023; 35:387-396. [PMID: 37747974 DOI: 10.1097/pep.0000000000001044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this special communication is to describe a clinician/researcher collaboration that supported implementation of the segmental approach to trunk control into physical therapy practice at a large, multisite, pediatric hospital. A 6-phase, multifaceted iterative process including use of educational strategies, the knowledge-to-action (KTA) cycle, the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, and the Theoretical Domains Framework was used. The total number of Segmental Assessments of Trunk Control (SATCos) completed increased from 0 to 57. Fifteen of 23 physical therapists representing 7 clinic locations referred a child for a SATCo. Using education alone or education plus the KTA cycle resulted in minimal uptake. Using more formal contextual assessments and mapping of barriers to strategies using implementation frameworks, collaborative goal setting, and planning resulted in more effective strategies and increase in uptake of the segmental approach in later phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catie Christensen
- Nationwide Children's Hospital (Dr Christensen), Westerville, Ohio; Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (Dr Bellows), Worcester, Massachusetts
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Kretch KS, Marcinowski EC, Lin-Ya H, Koziol NA, Harbourne RT, Lobo MA, Dusing SC. Opportunities for learning and social interaction in infant sitting: Effects of sitting support, sitting skill, and gross motor delay. Dev Sci 2023; 26:e13318. [PMID: 36047385 PMCID: PMC10544757 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of independent sitting changes everyday opportunities for learning and has cascading effects on cognitive and language development. Prior to independent sitting, infants experience the sitting position with physical support from caregivers. Why does supported sitting not provide the same input for learning that is experienced in independent sitting? This question is especially relevant for infants with gross motor delay, who require support in sitting for many months after typically developing infants sit independently. We observed infants with typical development (n = 34, ages 4-7 months) and infants with gross motor delay (n = 128, ages 7-16 months) in early stages of sitting development, and their caregivers, in a dyadic play observation. We predicted that infants who required caregiver support for sitting would spend more time facing away from the caregiver and less time contacting objects than infants who could sit independently. We also predicted that caregivers of supported sitters would spend less time contacting objects because their hands would be full supporting their infants. Our first two hypotheses were confirmed; however, caregivers spent surprisingly little time using both hands to provide support, and caregivers of supported sitters spent more time contacting objects than caregivers of independent sitters. Similar patterns were seen in the group of typically developing infants and the infants with motor delay. Our findings suggest that independent sitting and supported sitting provide qualitatively distinct experiences with different implications for social interaction and learning opportunities. HIGHLIGHTS: During seated free play, supported sitters spent more time facing away from their caregivers and less time handling objects than independent sitters. Caregivers who spent more time supporting infants with both hands spent less time handling objects; however, caregivers mostly supported infants with one or no hands. A continuous measure of sitting skill did not uniquely contribute to these behaviors beyond the effect of binary sitting support (supported vs. independent sitter). The pattern of results was similar for typically developing infants and infants with gross motor delay, despite differences in age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari S. Kretch
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California
| | | | - Hsu Lin-Ya
- Division of Physical Therapy, University of Washington
| | - Natalie A. Koziol
- Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families and Schools, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - Regina T. Harbourne
- Physical Therapy Department, Rangos School of Health Sciences, Duquesne University
| | | | - Stacey C. Dusing
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California
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Samsonova TV, Krivonogov VA, Nazarov SB, Ryl’skaya YA. Assessment of postural control in children. ROSSIYSKIY VESTNIK PERINATOLOGII I PEDIATRII (RUSSIAN BULLETIN OF PERINATOLOGY AND PEDIATRICS) 2022. [DOI: 10.21508/1027-4065-2022-67-5-27-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The relevance of the study is due to the high incidence of postural control impairment in patients with neurological diseases and lack of common approaches to their diagnosing in children. In this article we show the main stages in the formation of postural control and mechanisms of balance maintaining in childhood. We assessed the information content of existing clinical scales used to study components of postural balance in children in clinical practice. Also, we studied the diagnostic significance of functional methods for assessing postural control. Particular attention we paid to the study of the diagnostic significance of computer posturography (stabilometry) and accelerometry. We identified the main clinical and functional diagnostic markers of postural imbalance in children of different age and nosological groups. Further research in this area will make it possible to develop the most objective criteria for impaired postural control in childhood, which will increase the effectiveness of treatment and rehabilitation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. V. Samsonova
- Gorodkov Ivanovo Research Institute of Maternity and Childhood
| | | | - S. B. Nazarov
- Gorodkov Ivanovo Research Institute of Maternity and Childhood
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Ha SY, Sung YH. Vojta Therapy Affects Trunk Control and Postural Sway in Children with Central Hypotonia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9101470. [PMID: 36291406 PMCID: PMC9600195 DOI: 10.3390/children9101470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Decreased trunk stability is accompanied by delay in motor development in children with central hypotonia. We investigated the effect of Vojta therapy on trunk control in the sitting position in children with central hypotonia. (2) Methods: In 20 children with central hypotonia, Vojta therapy was applied to the experimental group (n = 10) and general physical therapy to the control group (n = 10). The intervention was applied for 30 min per session, three times a week, for a total of six weeks. We assessed abdominal muscle thickness, trunk control (segmental assessment of trunk control), trunk angle and trunk sway in a sitting position, and gross motor function measure-88. (3) Results: In the experimental group, the thicknesses of internal oblique and transversus abdominis were significantly increased (p < 0.05). The segmental assessment of trunk control score was significantly increased (p < 0.05), and the trunk sway significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Gross motor function measure-88 was significantly increased (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: Vojta therapy can be suggested as an effective intervention method for improving trunk control and gross motor function in children with central hypotonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Ha
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Kyungnam University, Changwon 51767, Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Sung
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Kyungnam University, Changwon 51767, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-249-6334
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Factors Associating with the Segmental Postural Control during Sitting in Moderate-to-Late Preterm Infants via Longitudinal Study. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8100851. [PMID: 34682116 PMCID: PMC8534436 DOI: 10.3390/children8100851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: biological variables and particular child rearing practices could be linked to postural control and rates of sitting onset. The segmental Assessment of Trunk Control (SATCo) is currently used as an assessment of postural control with a specific segment on premature infants. However, the association between related factors and segmental trunk control during sitting development in preterm infants via longitudinal assessments is still limited. Objective: to investigate the associations between biological and child rearing factors and segmental trunk control during sitting in moderate to late premature birth from the age of 4 months to age of independent sitting attainment. (2) Methods: forty-two infants born between 32 and 36 weeks of gestation were recruited. Their segmental trunk control was assessed using the SATCo. Their related factors were recorded from the age of 4 months to early onset of independent sitting attainment. The generalised estimating equation (GEE) model was used to identify the association between related factors and the SATCo with a linear distribution. (3) Results: cause of prematurity, baby rocking recliner and baby walker usage were negative factors, while play in a sitting position, opportunity to move on a traditional mat and sleep mattress were positive factors contributing to the segmental control of the trunk. (4) Conclusions: the experience of sitting on different surfaces and an opportunity to sit without support during the child rearing period from age of 4 months corrected could be positive factors associating with the segmental trunk control in moderate-to-late premature infants.
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10
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Segmental Assessment of Trunk Control in Moderate-to-Late Preterm Infants Related to Sitting Development. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8090722. [PMID: 34572154 PMCID: PMC8470354 DOI: 10.3390/children8090722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The assessment of postural segment control in premature infants seems to be critical during the onset of upright gross motor development, especially sitting. Identifying correlations between postural segment control and the development of sitting milestones could help with promoting optimal gross motor movement. However, data on this topic in home-raised premature infants via longitudinal design are still limited. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between postural segment control and sitting development through series assessments from the corrected age of 4 months until the early onset of independent sitting attainment. (2) Methods: 33 moderate-to-late premature infants were recruited. Their trunk segment control was assessed using the Segmental Assessment of Trunk Control (SATCo), and sitting development was examined by the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS). Relationships between SATCo and sitting scores were analysed using Spearman’s rank correlation (rs). (3) Results: significant fair-to-good correlations between segmental trunk control and sitting scales were found from 4 months (rs = 0.370–0.420, p < 0.05) to the age of independent sitting attainment (rs = 0.561–0.602, p < 0.01). (4) Conclusion: relationships between the trunk segment control and sitting ability of moderate-to-late preterm infants were increased in accordance with age.
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Solopova IA, Zhvansky DS, Dolinskaya IY, Keshishian ES, Selionov VA, Sylos-Labini F, Lacquaniti F, Ivanenko Y. Muscle Responses to Passive Joint Movements in Infants During the First Year of Life. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1158. [PMID: 31607940 PMCID: PMC6769424 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle tone represents one of the important concepts for characterizing changes in the state of the developing nervous system. It can be manifested in the level of activity of flexors and extensors and in muscle reactions to its passive stretching (StR) or shortening (ShR). Here we investigated such reactions in a cohort of healthy infants aged from 2 weeks to 12 months. We examined the presence and the characteristics of StR and ShR during slow passive cyclic flexion/extension movements (T~3 s) in the hip, knee, ankle, and elbow joints while awake infants were in the supine position. The results showed that most infants demonstrated prominent ShRs in response to passive joint rotations, although the StR was observed more frequently, suggesting that the ShR is an important component of adaptive motor behavior already at an early developmental stage. Interestingly, the occurrence of both StR and ShR in most muscles significantly decreased throughout the first year of life. Passive cyclic flexion/extension movements could also evoke rhythmic muscle responses in other joints or in the contralateral limb, however, such responses were predominantly observed in younger infants (<6 months). A noticeable manifestation of muscle reactions at an early developmental stage, along with spontaneous motor activity in this period of life, may reflect the processes underlying a formation of appropriate muscle tone and the self-organization of neural circuits. A substantial reduction of ipsilateral and contralateral muscle responses to passive movements with age is consistent with the idea of a functional reorganization of the motor circuitry during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Solopova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Motor Control, Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Zhvansky
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Motor Control, Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Y Dolinskaya
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Motor Control, Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena S Keshishian
- Moscow Research Institute of Clinical Pediatrics of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor A Selionov
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Motor Control, Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Moscow, Russia
| | - Francesca Sylos-Labini
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine and Center of Space Biomedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Lacquaniti
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine and Center of Space Biomedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Yury Ivanenko
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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Marcinowski EC, Tripathi T, Hsu L, Westcott McCoy S, Dusing SC. Sitting skill and the emergence of arms‐free sitting affects the frequency of object looking and exploration. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 61:1035-1047. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanya Tripathi
- Department of Physical Therapy Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA
| | - Lin‐Ya Hsu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy University of Washington Seattle WA
| | - Sarah Westcott McCoy
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy University of Washington Seattle WA
| | - Stacey C. Dusing
- Department of Physical Therapy Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA
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Abstract
Motor development and psychological development are fundamentally related, but researchers typically consider them separately. In this review, we present four key features of infant motor development and show that motor skill acquisition both requires and reflects basic psychological functions. ( a) Motor development is embodied: Opportunities for action depend on the current status of the body. ( b) Motor development is embedded: Variations in the environment create and constrain possibilities for action. ( c) Motor development is enculturated: Social and cultural influences shape motor behaviors. ( d) Motor development is enabling: New motor skills create new opportunities for exploration and learning that instigate cascades of development across diverse psychological domains. For each of these key features, we show that changes in infants' bodies, environments, and experiences entail behavioral flexibility and are thus essential to psychology. Moreover, we suggest that motor development is an ideal model system for the study of psychological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Adolph
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA;
| | - Justine E Hoch
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA;
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