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Winter L, Taylor P, Bellenger C, Grimshaw P, Crowther RG. The application of the Lyapunov Exponent to analyse human performance: A systematic review. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1994-2013. [PMID: 38326239 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2308441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Variability is a normal component of human movement, allowing one to adapt to environmental perturbations. It can be analysed from linear or non-linear perspectives. The Lyapunov Exponent (LyE) is a commonly used non-linear technique, which quantifies local dynamic stability. It has been applied primarily to walking gait and appears to be limited application in other movements. Therefore, this systematic review aims to summarise research methodologies applying the LyE to movements, excluding walking gait. Four databases were searched using keywords related to movement variability, dynamic stability, LyE and divergence exponent. Articles written in English, using the LyE to analyse movements, excluding walking gait were included for analysis. 31 papers were included for data extraction. Quality appraisal was conducted and information related to the movement, data capture method, data type, apparatus, sampling rate, body segment/joint, number of strides/steps, state space reconstruction, algorithm, filtering, surrogation and time normalisation were extracted. LyE values were reported in supplementary materials (Appendix 2). Running was the most prevalent non-walking gait movement assessed. Methodologies to calculate the LyE differed in various aspects resulting in different LyE values being generated. Additionally, test-retest reliability, was only conducted in one study, which should be addressed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Winter
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Taylor
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clint Bellenger
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Grimshaw
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert G Crowther
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Promsri A, Cholamjiak P, Federolf P. Walking Stability and Risk of Falls. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10040471. [PMID: 37106658 PMCID: PMC10135799 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Walking stability is considered a necessary physical performance for preserving independence and preventing falls. The current study investigated the correlation between walking stability and two clinical markers for falling risk. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to extract the three-dimensional (3D) lower-limb kinematic data of 43 healthy older adults (69.8 ± 8.5 years, 36 females) into a set of principal movements (PMs), showing different movement components/synergies working together to accomplish the walking task goal. Then, the largest Lyapunov exponent (LyE) was applied to the first five PMs as a measure of stability, with the interpretation that the higher the LyE, the lower the stability of individual movement components. Next, the fall risk was determined using two functional motor tests-a Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and a Gait Subscale of Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA-G)-of which the higher the test score, the better the performance. The main results show that SPPB and POMA-G scores negatively correlate with the LyE seen in specific PMs (p ≤ 0.009), indicating that increasing walking instability increases the fall risk. The current findings suggest that inherent walking instability should be considered when assessing and training the lower limbs to reduce the risk of falling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunee Promsri
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Prasit Cholamjiak
- Department of Mathematics, School of Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Peter Federolf
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Mixter S, Mathiassen SE, Jahncke H, Hygge S, Lyskov E, Hallman DM, Lewis C. Effects of Combining Occupationally Relevant Physical and Cognitive Tasks. A Systematic Review. Ann Work Expo Health 2023; 67:303-319. [PMID: 36469430 PMCID: PMC10015802 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxac082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physical and cognitive tasks occur together in many occupations. Previous reviews of combined tasks have mainly focused on their effects in a sports context. This review investigated to which extent combinations (concurrent or alternating) of occupationally relevant physical and cognitive tasks influence responses reflecting biomechanical exposure, stress, fatigue, performance, and well-being. METHODS We searched Scopus, Pubmed, Cinahl, and Psychinfo for controlled experiments investigating the effects of combinations of occupationally relevant physical and cognitive tasks in participants aged 18 to 70. In total, we identified 12 447 records. We added recent papers that had cited these studies (n = 573) to arrive at a total of 13 020 publications. After screening for relevance, 61 studies remained, of which 57 were classified to be of medium or high quality. Of the 57 studies, 51 addressed concurrent tasks, 5 alternating tasks, and 1 both concurrent and alternating tasks. RESULTS Most studies of concurrent physical and cognitive tasks reported negative effects, if numerically small, on indicators of biomechanical exposure, fatigue, and performance, compared to a physical task alone. Results were mixed for stress indicators, and well-being was too little studied to justify any conclusions. Effects depended on the tasks, including their intensity and complexity. Alternating physical and cognitive tasks did not appear to influence outcomes much, compared to having passive breaks in-between physical tasks. CONCLUSIONS The reviewed evidence indicated that concurrent physical and cognitive work tasks have negative, yet small effects on biomechanical indicators, fatigue and performance, compared to performing the physical task alone, but only if the physical task is intense, and the cognitive task is complex. Alternating between physical and cognitive tasks may have similar effects as breaking up physical tasks by passive breaks, but studies were few. Future studies should address ecologically valid combinations of physical and cognitive tasks, in particular in controlled field studies devoted to the long-term effects of combined work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Mixter
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Occupational Health Sciences and Psychology, University of Gävle, 801 76 Gävle, Sweden
| | - Svend Erik Mathiassen
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Occupational Health Sciences and Psychology, University of Gävle, 801 76 Gävle, Sweden
| | - Helena Jahncke
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Occupational Health Sciences and Psychology, University of Gävle, 801 76 Gävle, Sweden
| | - Staffan Hygge
- Department of Building, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, University of Gävle, 801 76 Gävle, Sweden
| | - Eugene Lyskov
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Occupational Health Sciences and Psychology, University of Gävle, 801 76 Gävle, Sweden
| | - David M Hallman
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Occupational Health Sciences and Psychology, University of Gävle, 801 76 Gävle, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Lewis
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
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Promsri A. Sex Difference in Running Stability Analyzed Based on a Whole-Body Movement: A Pilot Study. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10090138. [PMID: 36136393 PMCID: PMC9506143 DOI: 10.3390/sports10090138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A sex-specific manner in running tasks is considered a potential internal injury risk factor in runners. The current study aimed to investigate the sex differences in running stability in recreational runners during self-preferred speed treadmill running by focusing on a whole-body movement. To this end, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to kinematic marker data of 22 runners (25.7 ± 3.3 yrs.; 12 females) for decomposing the whole-body movements of all participants into a set of principal movements (PMs), representing different movement synergies forming together to achieve the task goal. Then, the sex effects were tested on three types of PCA-based variables computed for individual PMs: the largest Lyapunov exponent (LyE) as a measure of running variability; the relative standard deviation (rSTD) as a measure of movement structures; and the root mean square (RMS) as a measure of the magnitude of neuromuscular control. The results show that the sex effects are observed in the specific PMs. Specifically, female runners have lower stability (greater LyE) in the mid-stance-phase movements (PM4−5) and greater contribution and control (greater rSTD and RMS) in the swing-phase movement (PM1) than male runners. Knowledge of an inherent sex difference in running stability may benefit sports-related injury prevention and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunee Promsri
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand; ; Tel.: +66-54-466-666 (ext. 3817)
- Unit of Excellence in Neuromechanics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
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Nwogo RO, Kammermeier S, Singh A. Abnormal neural oscillations during gait and dual-task in Parkinson’s disease. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:995375. [PMID: 36185822 PMCID: PMC9522469 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.995375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gait dysfunctions are debilitating motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and may result in frequent falling with health complications. The contribution of the motor-cognitive network to gait disturbance can be studied more thoroughly by challenging motor-cognitive dual-task gait performances. Gait is a complex motor task that requires an appropriate contribution from motor and cognitive networks, reflected in frequency modulations among several cortical and subcortical networks. Electrophysiological recordings by scalp electroencephalography and implanted deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes have unveiled modulations of specific oscillatory patterns in the cortical-subcortical circuits in PD. In this review, we summarize oscillatory contributions of the cortical, basal ganglia, mesencephalic locomotor, and cerebellar regions during gait and dual-task activities in PD. We detail the involvement of the cognitive network in dual-task settings and compare how abnormal oscillations in the specific frequency bands in the cortical and subcortical regions correlate with gait deficits in PD, particularly freezing of gait (FOG). We suggest that altered neural oscillations in different frequencies can cause derangements in broader brain networks, so neuromodulation and pharmacological therapies should be considered to normalize those network oscillations to improve challenged gait and dual-task motor functions in PD. Specifically, the theta and beta bands in premotor cortical areas, subthalamic nucleus, as well as alpha band activity in the brainstem prepontine nucleus, modulate under clinically effective levodopa and DBS therapies, improving gait and dual-task performance in PD with FOG, compared to PD without FOG and age-matched healthy control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel O. Nwogo
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | | | - Arun Singh
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
- *Correspondence: Arun Singh,
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Choi HS, In H. The effects of operating height and the passage of time on the end-point performance of fine manipulative tasks that require high accuracy. Front Physiol 2022; 13:944866. [PMID: 36051911 PMCID: PMC9424850 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.944866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained shoulder abduction, which results from an inappropriate worktable height or tool shape and long task hours, leads to an accumulation of muscle fatigue and subsequent work-related injuries in workers. It can be alleviated by controlling the table height or ergonomic tool design, but workers who are doing some types of work that require a discomfortable posture, such as minimally invasive surgery, cannot avoid these situations. Loads to the shoulder joint or muscles result in several problems, such as muscle fatigue, deterioration of proprioception or changing movement strategies of the central nervous system, and these are critical to work that requires a high accuracy of the upper extremities. Therefore, in this paper, we designed and conducted an experiment with human participants to discuss how an inappropriate height of the work-table affects the task performance of workers who are performing a fine manipulative task that requires high accuracy of the end point. We developed an apparatus that can control the height and has four touch screens to evaluate the end-point accuracy with two different heights. Eighteen adults (9 women and 9 men) participated in the experiments, and the electromyography of their shoulder muscles, their movement stability, and task performance were measured for the analysis. We found that inappropriate height of a table brings about muscle fatigue, and time elapsed for conducting tasks accelerated the phenomenon. Task performance deteriorated according to increased fatigue, and improved movement stability is not enough to compensate for these situations.
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Larson J, Roper J, Murrah W, Zabala M. Cognitive dual-task alters Local Dynamic Stability of lower extremity during common movements. J Biomech 2022; 137:111077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Haid TH, Zago M, Promsri A, Doix ACM, Federolf PA. PManalyzer: A Software Facilitating the Study of Sensorimotor Control of Whole-Body Movements. Front Neuroinform 2019; 13:24. [PMID: 31024286 PMCID: PMC6461015 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2019.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motion analysis is used to study the functionality or dysfunctionality of the neuromuscular system, as human movements are the direct outcome of neuromuscular control. However, motion analysis often relies on measures that quantify simplified aspects of a motion, such as specific joint angles, despite the well-known complexity of segment interactions. In contrast, analyzing whole-body movement patterns may offer a new understanding of movement coordination and movement performance. Clinical research and sports technique evaluations suggest that principal component analysis (PCA) provides novel and valuable insights into control aspects of the neuromuscular system and how they relate to coordinative patterns. However, the implementation of PCA computations are time consuming, and require mathematical knowledge and programming skills, drastically limiting its application in current research. Therefore, the aim of this study is to present the Matlab software tool "PManalyzer" to facilitate and encourage the application of state-of-the-art PCA concepts in human movement science. The generalized PCA concepts implemented in the PManalyzer allow users to apply a variety of marker set independent PCA-variables on any kinematic data and to visualize the results with customizable plots. In addition, the extracted movement patterns can be explored with video options that may help testing hypotheses related to the interplay of segments. Furthermore, the software can be easily modified and adapted to any specific application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Haid
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matteo Zago
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Arunee Promsri
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Phayao, Mae Ka, Thailand
| | | | - Peter A. Federolf
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Assessment of the static upright balance index and brain blood oxygen levels as parameters to evaluate pilot workload. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214277. [PMID: 30921375 PMCID: PMC6438667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the potential for static upright balance function and brain-blood oxygen parameters to evaluate pilot workload. Methods Phase 1: The NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) was used to compare the workloads of real flights with flight simulator simulated flight tasks in 15 pilots (Cohort 1). Phase 2: To determine the effects of workload, 50 cadets were divided equally into simulated flight task load (experimental) and control groups (Cohort 2). The experimental group underwent 2 h of simulated flight tasks, while the control group rested for 2 h. Their static upright balance function was evaluated using balance index-1 (BI-1), before and after the tasks, with balance system posturography equipment and cerebral blood oxygen parameters monitored with near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in real time. Sternberg dual-task and reaction time tests were performed in the experimental and control groups before and after the simulated flight tasks. Results (Phase1) There was a significant correlation between the workload caused by real flight and simulated flight tasks (P<0.01), indicating that NASA-TLX scales were also a tool for measuring workloads of the stimulated flight tasks. (Phase 2) For the simulated flight task experiments, the NASA-TLX total scores were significantly different between the two groups (P<0.001) and (pre-to-post) changes of the BI-1 index were greater in the experimental group than in controls (P<0.001). The cerebral blood oxygen saturation levels (rsO2) (P<0.01) and ΔHb reductions (P<0.05) were significantly higher in the experimental, compared to the control group, during the simulated flight task. In contrast to the control group the error rates (P = 0.002) and accuracy (P<0.001) changed significantly in the experimental group after the simulated flight tasks. Conclusions The simulated flight task model could simulate the real flight task load and static balance and NIRS were useful for evaluating pilots’ workload/fatigue.
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Longo A, Haid T, Meulenbroek R, Federolf P. Biomechanics in posture space: Properties and relevance of principal accelerations for characterizing movement control. J Biomech 2019; 82:397-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Water Resources and Sustainability Assessment Based on Group AHP-PCA Method: A Case Study in the Jinsha River Basin. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10121880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
There is a necessity to assess water resources sustainability for its development and management. However, achievements in water resources and sustainability assessment and specific assessment indicators are limited in current research. A comprehensive index system and the importance priorities of indicators are provided in this study. The group AHP-PCA (group analytic hierarchy process and principal component analysis) method is proposed to calculate the importance priorities and reduce the dispersion existing in traditional group AHP. A case study is conducted to assess the water resource sustainability of four provinces where the Jinsha River flows and the results are consistent with the experience and knowledge of water resources management and actual situations of these provinces. Further work is still needed for more applications.
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