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Kawakami S, Inukai Y, Ikarashi H, Kamii Y, Takahashi H, Miyaguchi S, Otsuru N, Onishi H. No effects of cerebellar transcranial random noise stimulation on cerebellar brain inhibition, visuomotor learning, and pupil diameter. Behav Brain Res 2024:115209. [PMID: 39154754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Cerebellar brain inhibition (CBI) is an inhibitory output from the cerebellum to the primary motor cortex, which is decreased in early motor learning. Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation to induce brain plastic changes; however, the effects of cerebellar tRNS on CBI and motor learning have not been investigated yet to our knowledge. In this study, whether cerebellar tRNS decreases CBI and improves motor learning was examined, and pupil diameter was measured to examine physiological changes due to the effect of tRNS on motor learning. Thirty-four healthy subjects were assigned to either the cerebellar tRNS group or the Sham group. The subjects performed visuomotor tracking task with ten trials each in the early and late learning stages while receiving the stimulus intervention. CBI and motor evoked potentials were measured before the learning task, after the early learning stage, and after the late learning stage, and pupil diameter was measured during the task. There was no change in CBI in both groups. No group differences in motor learning rates were observed at any learning stages. Pupil diameter was smaller in the late learning stage than in the early learning stage in both groups. The cerebellar tRNS was suggested not to induce changes in CBI and improvement in motor learning, and it did not affect pupil diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Kawakami
- Graduate School, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Rehabilitation Department, Niigata Rehabilitation Hospital, 761 Kizaki, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3304, Japan.
| | - Yasuto Inukai
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.
| | - Hitomi Ikarashi
- Graduate School, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Kamii
- Rehabilitation Department, The Jikei University Daisan Hospital, 4-11-1 Izumihon-cho, Komae City, Tokyo 201-8601, Japan.
| | - Hirona Takahashi
- Graduate School, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.
| | - Shota Miyaguchi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.
| | - Naofumi Otsuru
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Onishi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.
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McAleer J, Stewart L, Shepard R, Sheena M, Kabir S, Swank I, Stange JP, Leow A, Klumpp H, Ajilore O. Differential effects of transcranial current type on heart rate variability during emotion regulation in internalizing psychopathologies. J Affect Disord 2023; 327:7-14. [PMID: 36738996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internalizing psychopathologies (IPs) are characterized by disruptions in emotion regulation (ER). A potential target for ER modulation in individuals with IPs is the theta band. We hypothesized that offset theta-tACS (transcranial alternating current stimulation) would result in more enhanced ER, indexed by greater increase in heart rate variability (HRV), than transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in participants with IPs. METHODS This pilot study utilized a double-blind, pseudo-counterbalanced design. Participants with internalizing psychopathologies (anxiety and depression) were randomly assigned to receive either offset theta-tACS (n = 14) or tDCS (n = 15) and underwent four sessions of stimulation (two sham). In both arms, there were alternating iterations of an emotion regulation task (ERT) during or immediately after stimulation and rest. Heart rate data were collected during each ERT and rest iteration, and analyses were completed using high-frequency (HF) and root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) HRV metrics. RESULTS tACS participants consistently displayed increases in both HRV metrics from Time 1 to Time 4. Participants receiving tDCS displayed few significant changes in HF-HRV and no significant changes in RMSSD-HRV. LIMITATIONS Due to the small sample size, analyses were limited. Additionally, the lack of a baseline ERT makes it difficult to determine overall ER improvement. CONCLUSIONS tACS appears to increase ER capacity as reflected in increased HRV in individuals with internalizing psychopathologies, particularly after two sessions of stimulation. This study adds validity to the use of tACS as a neuromodulatory technique in cognitive and clinical research. Additional research is required to better understand potential carry-over effects of multiple sessions of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica McAleer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lindsey Stewart
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert Shepard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michelle Sheena
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah Kabir
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Isabella Swank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan P Stange
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alex Leow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Heide Klumpp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Olusola Ajilore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Brancucci A, Rivolta D, Nitsche MA, Manippa V. The effects of transcranial random noise stimulation on motor function: A comprehensive review of the literature. Physiol Behav 2023; 261:114073. [PMID: 36608913 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The present review considers all papers published on the topic up to the end of the year 2022. Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique introduced about 15 years ago whose use is becoming increasingly widespread in neuroscience. It consists of the application over the scalp of a weak, white noise-like current, through electrodes having a surface of several square centimetres, for a duration ranging from seconds to minutes. Despite its relatively low spatial and temporal resolution, tRNS has well defined effects on central motor excitability, which critically depend on stimulation parameters. These effects seem to be chiefly based on an effect on neuronal membrane sodium channels and can last much longer than the stimulation itself. While the effects at the cellular level in the motor cortex are becoming progressively clear, much more studies are needed to understand the effects of tRNS on motor behaviour and performance, where initial research results are nevertheless promising, in both basic and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Brancucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie, Umane e della Salute, Università di Roma "Foro Italico", Italy.
| | - Davide Rivolta
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, Psicologia, Comunicazione, Università degli studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany; Bielefeld University, University Hospital OWL, Protestant Hospital of Bethel Foundation, University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and University Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany
| | - Valerio Manippa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, Psicologia, Comunicazione, Università degli studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy; Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
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McAleer J, Stewart L, Shepard R, Sheena M, Stange JP, Leow A, Klumpp H, Ajilore O. Neuromodulatory effects of transcranial electrical stimulation on emotion regulation in internalizing psychopathologies. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 145:62-70. [PMID: 36442377 PMCID: PMC9772290 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We hypothesize offset theta-tACS (transcranial alternating current stimulation) improves emotion regulation (ER) and psychopathology more than transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in participants with internalizing psychopathologies (IPs). METHODS This pilot study utilized a double-blind, pseudo-counterbalanced, sham-controlled design with participants with IPs. Participants were assigned to receive tDCS or tACS, underwent four stimulation sessions (two sham), and completed an emotion regulation task (ERT) during or after stimulation. Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory before/after the study, the Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Index after each ERT, and rated their arousal, valence, and perceived reappraisal ability during the ERT. RESULTS Participants receiving either stimulation type showed a reduction in anxiety, depression, and valence and arousal ratings. We additionally discovered an effect demonstrating those who received sham stimulation first displayed little-to-no change in any score across the study, but tACS participants who received verum stimulation first showed significant improvements in each metric. CONCLUSIONS Improving ER capabilities via theta tACS has the potential to yield beneficial clinical effects. SIGNIFICANCE This study adds validity to the use of non-invasive neuromodulatory methods, especially tACS, to alleviate IPs. Additional research is needed to better understand the effects of sham stimulation. Careful consideration of sham incorporation should be made in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica McAleer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lindsey Stewart
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert Shepard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michelle Sheena
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan P Stange
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alex Leow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Heide Klumpp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Olusola Ajilore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Haeckert J, Lasser C, Pross B, Hasan A, Strube W. Comparative study of motor cortical excitability changes following anodal tDCS or high-frequency tRNS in relation to stimulation duration. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14595. [PMID: 32996722 PMCID: PMC7525483 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we investigate the capacity of two different non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques (anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (anodal tDCS) and high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation (hf-tRNS)) regarding the relationship between stimulation duration and their efficacy in inducing long-lasting changes in motor cortical excitability. METHODS Fifteen healthy subjects attended six experimental sessions (90 experiments in total) and underwent both anodal tDCS of 7, 13, and 20 min duration, as well as high-frequency 1mA-tRNS of 7, 13, and 20 min stimulation duration. Sessions were performed in a randomized order and subjects were blinded to the applied methods. RESULTS For anodal tDCS, no significant stable increases of motor cortical excitability were observed for either stimulation duration. In contrast, for hf -tRNS a stimulation duration of 7 min resulted in a significant increase of motor cortical excitability lasting from 20 to 60 min poststimulation. While an intermediate duration of 13 min hf-tRNS failed to induce lasting changes in motor cortical excitability, a longer stimulation duration of 20 min hf-tRNS led only to significant increases at 50 min poststimulation which did not outlast until 60 min poststimulation. CONCLUSION Hf-tRNS for a duration of 7 min induced robust increases of motor cortical excitability, suggesting an indirect proportional relationship between stimulation duration and efficacy. While hf-tRNS appeared superior to anodal tDCS in this study, further systematic and randomized experiments are necessary to evaluate the generalizability of our observations and to address current intensity as a further modifiable contributor to the variability of transcranial brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Haeckert
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital MunichMünchenGermany
| | - Christoph Lasser
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital MunichMünchenGermany
| | - Benjamin Pross
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital MunichMünchenGermany
| | - Alkomiet Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital MunichMünchenGermany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Bezirkskrankenhaus AugsburgUniversity of AugsburgAugsburgGermany
| | - Wolfgang Strube
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital MunichMünchenGermany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Bezirkskrankenhaus AugsburgUniversity of AugsburgAugsburgGermany
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The Effects of 1 mA tACS and tRNS on Children/Adolescents and Adults: Investigating Age and Sensitivity to Sham Stimulation. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8896423. [PMID: 32855633 PMCID: PMC7443018 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8896423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of transcranial random noise (tRNS) and transcranial alternating current (tACS) stimulation on motor cortex excitability in healthy children and adolescents. Additionally, based on our recent results on the individual response to sham in adults, we explored this effect in the pediatric population. We included 15 children and adolescents (10-16 years) and 28 adults (20-30 years). Participants were stimulated four times with 20 Hz and 140 Hz tACS, tRNS, and sham stimulation (1 mA) for 10 minutes over the left M1HAND. Single-pulse MEPs (motor evoked potential), short-interval intracortical inhibition, and facilitation were measured by TMS before and after stimulation (baseline, 0, 30, 60 minutes). We also investigated aspects of tolerability. According to the individual MEPs response immediately after sham stimulation compared to baseline (Wilcoxon signed-rank test), subjects were regarded as responders or nonresponders to sham. We did not find a significant age effect. Regardless of age, 140 Hz tACS led to increased excitability. Incidence and intensity of side effects did not differ between age groups or type of stimulation. Analyses on responders and nonresponders to sham stimulation showed effects of 140 Hz, 20 Hz tACS, and tRNS on single-pulse MEPs only for nonresponders. In this study, children and adolescents responded to 1 mA tRNS and tACS comparably to adults regarding the modulation of motor cortex excitability. This study contributes to the findings that noninvasive brain stimulation is well tolerated in children and adolescents including tACS, which has not been studied before. Finally, our study supports a modulating role of sensitivity to sham stimulation on responsiveness to a broader stimulation and age range.
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Splittgerber M, Suwelack J, Kortüm V, Siniatchkin M, Kadish N, Moliadze V. P49 Effects of tACS and tRNS on motor cortex excitability in healthy children, adolescents and adults. Clin Neurophysiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.12.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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