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Pastor FM, de Melo Ocarino N, Silva JF, Reis AMS, Serakides R. Bone development in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction caused by maternal endocrine-metabolic dysfunctions. Bone 2024; 186:117169. [PMID: 38880170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) affects a large proportion of infants, particularly in underdeveloped countries. Among the main causes of IUGR, maternal endocrine-metabolic dysfunction is highlighted, either due to its high incidence or due to the severity of the immediate and mediated changes that these dysfunctions cause in the fetus and the mother. Although the effects of endocrine and metabolic disorders have been widely researched, there are still no reviews that bring together and summarize the effects of these conditions on bone development in cases of IUGR. Therefore, the present literature review was conducted with the aim of discussing bone changes observed in fetuses with IUGR caused by maternal endocrine-metabolic dysfunction. The main endocrine dysfunctions that occur with IUGR include maternal hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and hypoparathyroidism. Diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders, and obesity are the most important maternal metabolic dysfunctions that compromise fetal growth. The bone changes reported in the fetus are, for the most part, due to damage to cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as failures in the synthesis and mineralization of the extracellular matrix, which results in shortening and fragility of the bones. Some maternal dysfunctions, such as hyperthyroidism, have been widely studied, whereas conditions such as hypoparathyroidism and gestational hypertensive disorders require further study regarding the mechanisms underlying the development of bone changes. Similarly, there is a gap in the literature regarding changes related to intramembranous ossification, as most published articles only describe changes in endochondral bone formation associated with IUGR. Furthermore, there is a need for more research aimed at elucidating the late postnatal changes that occur in the skeletons of individuals affected by IUGR and their possible relationships with adult diseases, such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Martins Pastor
- Departamento de Cínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Natália de Melo Ocarino
- Departamento de Cínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juneo Freitas Silva
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Amanda Maria Sena Reis
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rogéria Serakides
- Departamento de Cínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Vyas H, Mohi A, Boyce M, Durham EL, Cray JJ. In utero nicotine exposure affects murine palate development. Orthod Craniofac Res 2024. [PMID: 39092604 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite data linking smoking to increased risk of fetal morbidity and mortality, 11% of pregnant women continue to smoke or use alternative nicotine products. Studies confirm that nicotine exposure during pregnancy increases the incidence of birth defects; however, little research has focused on specific anatomic areas based on timing of exposure. We aim to determine critical in utero and postnatal periods of nicotine exposure that affect craniofacial development, specifically palate growth. Malformation of the palatal structures can result in numerous complications including facial growth disturbance, or impeding airway function. We hypothesized that both in utero and postnatal nicotine exposure will alter palate development. MATERIALS AND METHODS We administered pregnant C57BL6 mice water supplemented with 100 μg/mL nicotine during early pregnancy, throughout pregnancy, during pregnancy and lactation, or lactation only. Postnatal day 15 pups underwent micro-computed tomography (μCT) analyses specific to the palate. RESULTS Resultant pups revealed significant differences in body weight from lactation-only nicotine exposure, and μCT investigation revealed several dimensions affected by lactation-only nicotine exposure, including palate width, palate and cranial base lengths, and mid-palatal suture width. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the direct effects of nicotine on the developing palate beyond simple tobacco use. Nicotine exposure through tobacco alternatives, cessation methods, and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) may disrupt normal growth and development of the palate during development and the postnatal periods of breastfeeding. Due to the recent dramatic increase in the use of ENDS, future research will focus specifically on this nicotine delivery method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heema Vyas
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amr Mohi
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark Boyce
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily L Durham
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James J Cray
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Kishinchand R, Boyce M, Vyas H, Sewell L, Mohi A, Brengartner L, Miller R, Gorr MW, Wold LE, Cray J. In Utero Exposure to Maternal Electronic Nicotine Delivery System use Demonstrate Alterations to Craniofacial Development. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2024; 61:1389-1397. [PMID: 36916055 DOI: 10.1177/10556656231163400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Develop a model for the study of Electronic Nicotine Device (ENDS) exposure on craniofacial development. DESIGN Experimental preclinical design followed as pregnant murine dams were randomized and exposed to filtered air exposure, carrier exposure consisting of 50% volume of propylene glycol and vegetable glycine (ENDS Carrier) respectively, or carrier exposure with 20 mg/ml of nicotine added to the liquid vaporizer (ENDS carrier with nicotine). SETTING Preclinical murine model exposure using the SciReq exposure system. PARTICIPANTS C57BL6 adult 8 week old female pregnant mice and exposed in utero litters. INTERVENTIONS Exposure to control filtered air, ENDS carrier or ENDS carrier with nicotine added throughout gestation at 1 puff/minute, 4 h/day, five days a week. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cephalometric measures of post-natal day 15 pups born as exposed litters. RESULTS Data suggests alterations to several facial morphology parameters in the developing offspring, suggesting electronic nicotine device systems may alter facial growth if used during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Future research should concentrate on varied formulations and exposure regimens of ENDS to determine timing windows of exposures and ENDS formulations that may be harmful to craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Kishinchand
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mark Boyce
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Heema Vyas
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Leslie Sewell
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Amr Mohi
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lexie Brengartner
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Roy Miller
- School of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Matthew W Gorr
- School of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Loren E Wold
- School of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - James Cray
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Saluan QN, Bauer GR, Vyas H, Mohi A, Durham EL, Cray JJ. Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors affect craniofacial structures in a mouse model. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307134. [PMID: 39024220 PMCID: PMC11257335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI) widely used in the treatment of depression, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, fibromyalgia, and migraine are among the most heavily prescribed drug class in the United States (US). Along with an overall rise in SSRI use, these medications are increasingly used by pregnant individuals and recent preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that SSRIs may increase the prevalence of congenital abnormalities and birth defects of the craniofacial region. Our group has developed pre-clinical models of study, including those that mimic the clinical use of SSRI in mice. Here we designed a study to interrogate a commonly prescribed SSRI drug, Citalopram, for its effects on craniofacial and dental development when introduced in utero. Pre-natal exposure to a clinically relevant dose of citalopram resulted in changes in craniofacial form identified by an increase in endocast volume in SSRI exposed postnatal day 15 mouse pups. More specifically, cranial length and synchondrosis length increased in SSRI exposed pups as compared to control pups of the same age. Additionally, growth center (synchondrosis) height and width and palate length and width decreased in SSRI exposed pups as compared to control un-exposed pups. Effects of SSRI on the molars was minimal. Craniofacial growth and development continue to be an area of interest in the investigation of in utero pharmaceutical drug exposure. Altogether these data indicate that prenatal SSRI exposure affects craniofacial form in multiple tissues and specifically at growth sites and centers of the skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn N. Saluan
- The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - George R. Bauer
- The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Heema Vyas
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Amr Mohi
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Emily L. Durham
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - James J. Cray
- The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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Maykovich T, Hardy S, Hamann MT, Cray J. Manzamine-A Alters In Vitro Calvarial Osteoclast Function. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:560-566. [PMID: 38383319 PMCID: PMC11173362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Manzamine-A is a marine-derived alkaloid that has demonstrated antimalarial and antiproliferative properties and is an emerging drug lead compound as a possible intervention in certain cancers. This compound has been found to modulate SIX1 gene expression, a target that is critical for the proliferation and survival of cells via various developmental pathways. As yet, little research has focused on manzamine-A and how its use may affect tissue systems including bone. Here we hypothesized that manzamine-A, through its interaction with SIX1, would alter precursor cells that give rise to the bone cell responsible for remodeling: the osteoclast. We further hypothesized reduced effects in differentiated osteoclasts, as these cells are generally not mitotic. We interrogated the effects of manzamine-A on preosteoclasts and osteoclasts. qrtPCR, MTS cell viability, Caspase 3/7, and TRAP staining were used as a functional assay. Preosteoclasts show responsiveness to manzamine-A treatment exhibited by decreases in cell viability and an increase in apoptosis. Osteoclasts also proved to be affected by manzamine-A but only at higher concentrations where apoptosis was increased and activation was reduced. In summary, our presented results suggest manzamine-A may have significant effects on bone development and health through multiple cell targets, previously shown in the osteoblast cell lineage, the cell responsible for mineralized tissue formation, and here in the osteoclast, the cell responsible for the removal of mineralized tissue and renewal via precipitation of bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Maykovich
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Samantha Hardy
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Mark T Hamann
- Departments of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Colleges of Pharmacy and Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425-1410, United States
| | - James Cray
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Transcriptomic Signatures of Single-Suture Craniosynostosis Phenotypes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065353. [PMID: 36982425 PMCID: PMC10049207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is a birth defect where calvarial sutures close prematurely, as part of a genetic syndrome or independently, with unknown cause. This study aimed to identify differences in gene expression in primary calvarial cell lines derived from patients with four phenotypes of single-suture craniosynostosis, compared to controls. Calvarial bone samples (N = 388 cases/85 controls) were collected from clinical sites during reconstructive skull surgery. Primary cell lines were then derived from the tissue and used for RNA sequencing. Linear models were fit to estimate covariate adjusted associations between gene expression and four phenotypes of single-suture craniosynostosis (lambdoid, metopic, sagittal, and coronal), compared to controls. Sex-stratified analysis was also performed for each phenotype. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) included 72 genes associated with coronal, 90 genes associated with sagittal, 103 genes associated with metopic, and 33 genes associated with lambdoid craniosynostosis. The sex-stratified analysis revealed more DEGs in males (98) than females (4). There were 16 DEGs that were homeobox (HOX) genes. Three TFs (SUZ12, EZH2, AR) significantly regulated expression of DEGs in one or more phenotypes. Pathway analysis identified four KEGG pathways associated with at least one phenotype of craniosynostosis. Together, this work suggests unique molecular mechanisms related to craniosynostosis phenotype and fetal sex.
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Durham EL, Grey ZJ, Black L, Howie RN, Barth JL, Lee BS, Cray JJ. Sfrp4 expression in thyroxine treated calvarial cells. Life Sci 2022; 311:121158. [PMID: 36370870 PMCID: PMC9719041 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Evidence suggests alterations of thyroid hormone levels can disrupt normal bone development. Most data suggest the major targets of thyroid hormones to be the Htra1/Igf1 pathway. Recent discovery by our group suggests involvement of targets WNT pathway, specifically overexpression of antagonist Sfrp4 in the presence of exogenous thyroid hormone. MAIN METHODS Here we aimed to model these interactions in vitro using primary and isotype cell lines to determine if thyroid hormone drives increased Sfrp4 expression in cells relevant to craniofacial development. Transcriptional profiling, bioinformatics interrogation, protein and function analyses were used. KEY FINDINGS Affymetrix transcriptional profiling found Sfrp4 overexpression in primary cranial suture derived cells stimulated with thyroxine in vitro. Interrogation of the SFRP4 promoter identified multiple putative binding sites for thyroid hormone receptors. Experimentation with several cell lines demonstrated that thyroxine treatment induced Sfrp4 expression, demonstrating that Sfrp4 mRNA and protein levels are not tightly coupled. Transcriptional and protein analyses demonstrate thyroid hormone receptor binding to the proximal promoter of the target gene Sfrp4 in murine calvarial pre-osteoblasts. Functional analysis after thyroxine hormone stimulation for alkaline phosphatase activity shows that pre-osteoblasts increase alkaline phosphatase activity compared to other cell types, suggesting cell type susceptibility. Finally, we added recombinant SFRP4 to pre-osteoblasts in combination with thyroxine treatment and observed a significant decrease in alkaline phosphatase positivity. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, these results suggest SFRP4 may be a key regulatory molecule that prevents thyroxine driven osteogenesis. These data corroborate clinical findings indicating a potential for SFRP4 as a diagnostic or therapeutic target for hyperostotic craniofacial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Durham
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zachary J Grey
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Laurel Black
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - R Nicole Howie
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jeremy L Barth
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Beth S Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - James J Cray
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Smith TD, Reynolds RL, Mano N, Wood BJ, Oladipupo L, Hughes GK, Corbin HM, Taylor J, Ufelle A, Burrows AM, Durham E, Vinyard CJ, Cray JJ, DeLeon VB. Cranial synchondroses of primates at birth. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1020-1053. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Smith
- School of Physical Therapy Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock Pennsylvania USA
| | - Rebecca L. Reynolds
- Department of Biology Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock Pennsylvania USA
| | - Nanami Mano
- School of Physical Therapy Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock Pennsylvania USA
| | - Brody J. Wood
- School of Physical Therapy Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock Pennsylvania USA
| | - Lanre Oladipupo
- School of Physical Therapy Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock Pennsylvania USA
| | - Gabriel K. Hughes
- School of Physical Therapy Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock Pennsylvania USA
| | - Hayley M. Corbin
- Department of Biology Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jane Taylor
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy The Ohio State College of Medicine Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Alexander Ufelle
- Department of Biology Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock Pennsylvania USA
- Department of Public Health and Social Work Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock PA
| | - Anne M. Burrows
- Department of Physical Therapy Duquesne University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Emily Durham
- Department of Anthropology Penn State University State College Pennsylvania USA
| | - Christopher J. Vinyard
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown Ohio USA
| | - James J. Cray
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy The Ohio State College of Medicine Columbus Ohio USA
- Division of Biosciences The Ohio State College of Dentistry Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Valerie B. DeLeon
- Department of Public Health and Social Work Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock PA
- Department of Anthropology University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
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Leitch VD, Bassett JHD, Williams GR. Role of thyroid hormones in craniofacial development. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:147-164. [PMID: 31974498 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of the craniofacial skeleton relies on complex temporospatial organization of diverse cell types by key signalling molecules. Even minor disruptions to these processes can result in deleterious consequences for the structure and function of the skull. Thyroid hormone deficiency causes delayed craniofacial and tooth development, dysplastic facial features and delayed development of the ossicles in the middle ear. Thyroid hormone excess, by contrast, accelerates development of the skull and, in severe cases, might lead to craniosynostosis with neurological sequelae and facial hypoplasia. The pathogenesis of these important abnormalities remains poorly understood and underinvestigated. The orchestration of craniofacial development and regulation of suture and synchondrosis growth is dependent on several critical signalling pathways. The underlying mechanisms by which these key pathways regulate craniofacial growth and maturation are largely unclear, but studies of single-gene disorders resulting in craniofacial malformations have identified a number of critical signalling molecules and receptors. The craniofacial consequences resulting from gain-of-function and loss-of-function mutations affecting insulin-like growth factor 1, fibroblast growth factor receptor and WNT signalling are similar to the effects of altered thyroid status and mutations affecting thyroid hormone action, suggesting that these critical pathways interact in the regulation of craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria D Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) Centre for Additive Manufacturing, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Pharmacological exposures may precipitate craniosynostosis through targeted stem cell depletion. Stem Cell Res 2019; 40:101528. [PMID: 31415959 PMCID: PMC6915957 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Birth Defects Study suggests that environmental exposures including maternal thyroid diseases, maternal nicotine use, and use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may exacerbate incidence and or severity of craniofacial abnormalities including craniosynostosis. Premature fusion of a suture(s) of the skull defines the birth defect craniosynostosis which occurs in 1:1800–2500 births. A proposed mechanism of craniosynostosis is the disruption of proliferation and differentiation of cells in the perisutural area. Here, we hypothesize that pharmacological exposures including excess thyroid hormone, nicotine, and SSRIs lead to an alteration of stem cells within the sutures resulting in premature fusion. In utero exposure to nicotine and citalopram (SSRI) increased the risk of premature suture fusion in a wild-type murine model. Gli1+ stem cells were reduced, stem cell populations were depleted, and homeostasis of the suture mesenchyme was altered with exposure. Thus, although these pharmacological exposures can deplete calvarial stem cell populations leading to craniosynostosis, depletion of stem cells is not a unifying mechanism for pharmacological exposure associated craniosynostosis.
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11
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Effects of nicotine exposure on murine mandibular development. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218376. [PMID: 31194840 PMCID: PMC6564027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine is known to affect cell proliferation and differentiation, two processes vital to proper development of the mandible. The mandible, the lower jaw in mammals and fish, plays a crucial role in craniofacial development. Malformation of the jaw can precipitate a plethora of complications including disrupting development of the upper jaw, the palate, and or impeding airway function. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that in utero nicotine exposure alters the development of the murine mandible in a dose dependent manner. To test this hypothesis, wild type C57BL6 mice were used to produce in utero nicotine exposed litters by adding nicotine to the drinking water of pregnant dams at concentrations of 0 μg/ml (control), 50 μg/ml (low), 100 μg/ml (medium), 200 μg/ml (high) throughout pregnancy to birth of litters mimicking clinically relevant nicotine exposures. Resultant pups revealed no significant differences in body weight however, cephalometric investigation revealed several dimensions affected by nicotine exposure including mandibular ramus height, mandibular body height, and molar length. Histological investigation of molars revealed an increase in proliferation and a decrease in apoptosis with nicotine exposure. These results demonstrate the direct effects of nicotine on the developing mandible outside the context of tobacco use, indicating that nicotine use including tobacco alternatives, cessation methods, and electronic nicotine delivering products may disrupt normal growth and development of the craniofacial complex.
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12
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Durham E, Howie RN, Warren G, LaRue A, Cray J. Direct Effects of Nicotine Exposure on Murine Calvaria and Calvarial Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3805. [PMID: 30846819 PMCID: PMC6405741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40796-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the link between adverse birth outcomes due to pre- and peri-natal nicotine exposure, research suggests 11% of US women continue to smoke or use alternative nicotine products throughout pregnancy. Maternal smoking has been linked to incidence of craniofacial anomalies. We hypothesized that pre-natal nicotine exposure may directly alter craniofacial development independent of the other effects of cigarette smoking. To test this hypothesis, we administered pregnant C57BL6 mice drinking water supplemented with 0, 50, 100 or 200 μg/ml nicotine throughout pregnancy. On postnatal day 15 pups were sacrificed and skulls underwent micro-computed tomography (µCT) and histological analyses. Specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, α3, α7, β2, β4 were identified within the calvarial growth sites (sutures) and centers (synchondroses). Exposing murine calvarial suture derived cells and isotype cells to relevant circulating nicotine levels alone and in combination with nicotinic receptor agonist and antagonists resulted in cell specific effects. Most notably, nicotine exposure increased proliferation in calvarial cells, an effect that was modified by receptor agonist and antagonist treatment. Currently it is unclear what component(s) of cigarette smoke is causative in birth defects, however these data indicate that nicotine alone is capable of disrupting growth and development of murine calvaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Durham
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - R Nicole Howie
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Graham Warren
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Amanda LaRue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, 99 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - James Cray
- Department of Biomedical Education & Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 279 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Ave, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA.
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Kesterke MJ, Judd MA, Mooney MP, Siegel MI, Elsalanty M, Howie RN, Weinberg SM, Cray JJ. Maternal environment and craniofacial growth: geometric morphometric analysis of mandibular shape changes with in utero thyroxine overexposure in mice. J Anat 2018; 233:46-54. [PMID: 29611183 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 3% of US pregnancies are affected by maternal thyroid dysfunction, with between one and three of every 1000 pregnancies being complicated by overactive maternal thyroid levels. Excess thyroid hormones are linked to neurological impairment and excessive craniofacial variation, affecting both endochondral and intramembranous bone. Using a geometric morphometric approach, this study evaluates the role of in utero thyroxine overexposure on the growth of offspring mandibles in a sample of 241 mice. Canonical variate analysis utilized 16 unilateral mandibular landmarks obtained from 3D micro-computed tomography to assess shape changes between unexposed controls (n = 63) and exposed mice (n = 178). By evaluating shape changes in the mandible among three age groups (15, 20 and 25 days postnatal) and different dosage levels (low, medium and high), this study found that excess maternal thyroxine alters offspring mandibular shape in both age- and dosage-dependent manners. Group differences in overall shape were significant (P < 0.001), and showed major changes in regions of the mandible associated with muscle attachment (coronoid process, gonial angle) and regions of growth largely governed by articulation with the cranial base (condyle) and occlusion (alveolus). These results compliment recent studies demonstrating that maternal thyroxine levels can alter the cranial base and cranial vault of offspring, contributing to a better understanding of both normal and abnormal mandibular development, as well as the medical implications of craniofacial growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret A Judd
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark P Mooney
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Orthodontics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael I Siegel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Orthodontics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - R Nicole Howie
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James J Cray
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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