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Tao ZS, Wu XJ, Yang M, Shen CL. Astaxanthin prevents bone loss in osteoporotic rats with palmitic acid through suppressing oxidative stress. Redox Rep 2024; 29:2333096. [PMID: 38623993 PMCID: PMC11025413 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2024.2333096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to assess the role of Astaxanthin (ATX) in palmitic acid(PA) -induced bone loss in Ovariectomized(OVX) rats. METHODS In the OVX rat model, we observed that PA affects bone metabolism and accelerates bone loss. Additionally, treatment with ATX was able to suppress the deleterious effects of PA and a simultaneous decrease in serum MDA levels and an increase in SOD was observed. RESULTS In addition, rats treated with ATX were observed to have significantly increased bone mass and elevated activity of SIRT1 and SOD2 in bone tissue. When MC3T3-E1 and RAW264.7 cells induced osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, the ATX intervention was able to significantly restore the restriction of osteogenic differentiation and the up-regulation of osteoclast differentiation with PA therapy. Furthermore, we confirm that PA damage to cells is caused by increased oxidative stress, and that ATX can target and modulate the activity of SIRT1 to regulate the levels of oxidative stress in cells. CONCLUSION Summarizing, ATX may inhibit PA-induced bone loss through its antioxidant properties via the SIRT1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Shan Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, No. 2, Zhe Shan Xi Road, Wuhu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Noncoding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, No. 2, Zhe Shan Xi Road, Wuhu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing-Jing Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, No. 2, Zhe Shan Xi Road, Wuhu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, No. 2, Zhe Shan Xi Road, Wuhu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cai-Liang Shen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
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Wang X, Zhou Y, Xie D, Yin F, Liang Y, Luo X. Melatonin intervention to prevent nanomaterial exposure-induced damages: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro and in vivo studies. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 39090837 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Given its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties, melatonin (MEL), a health-caring food to improve sleep disorders, is hypothesized to protect against nanomaterial exposure-induced toxicity. However, the conclusion derived from different studies seemed inconsistent. A meta-analysis of all available preclinical studies was performed to examine the effects of MEL on nanomaterial-induced damages. Eighteen relevant studies were retrieved through searching five electronic databases up to December 2023. The meta-analysis showed that relative to control, MEL treatment significantly increased cell viability (standardized mean difference [SMD = 1.27]) and alleviated liver function (lowered AST [SMD = -3.89] and ALT [SMD = -5.89]), bone formation (enhanced BV/TV [SMD = 4.13] and lessened eroded bone surface [SMD = -5.40]), and brain nerve (inhibition of AChE activity [SMD = -3.60]) damages in animals. The protective mechanisms of MEL against damages caused by nanomaterial exposure were associated with its antiapoptotic (decreased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio [SMD = -4.50] and caspase-3 levels [dose <100 μM: SMD = -3.66]), antioxidant (decreased MDA [in vitro: SMD = -2.84; in vivo: SMD = -4.27]), and anti-inflammatory (downregulated TNF-α [in vitro: SMD = -5.41; in vivo: SMD = -3.21] and IL-6 [in vitro: SMD = -5.90; in vivo: SMD = -2.81]) capabilities. In conclusion, our study suggests that MEL should be supplemented to prevent damages in populations exposed to nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Wang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Textile Science and Engineering/National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Yarn and Clean Production, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongli Xie
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fei Yin
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yunxia Liang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Tao Z, Tao M, Zhou M, Wu XJ. Niacin treatment prevents bone loss in iron overload osteoporotic rats via activation of SIRT1 signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 388:110827. [PMID: 38081572 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Recently, more and more studies have revealed that iron overload can lead to osteoporosis by inducing oxidative stress. Niacin (NAN), also known as nicotinate or vitamin B3, has been confirmed to possess potent antioxidative effects. In addition, very little is currently known about the protective effects of NAN on iron overload in osteoporotic bone tissue. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the protective effect of niacin on iron overload-induced bone injury and to investigate the effect and underlying mechanisms of the niacin and iron overload on intracellular antioxidant properties. When MC3T3-E1 and RAW264.7 cells were cultured in the presence of ammonium ferric citrate(FAC), NAN therapy could increase the matrix mineralization and promote expression of osteogenic markers in MC3T3-E1, inhibit osteoclastic differentiation of RAW264.7 cells, while increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and strengthening mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). In the ovariectomized (OVX) rat model, NAN had an obvious protective effect against iron-overloaded injury. Meanwhile, superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), intracellular antioxidant enzymes and silent information regulator type 1 (SIRT1), were up-regulated in response to NAN exposures in MC3T3-E1. Furthermore, SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 attenuated the protective effects of NAN. Results revealed that NAN could stimulate osteogenic differentiation, inhibit osteoclastic differentiation and markedly increased antioxidant properties in cells through the induction of SIRT1. Studies suggest that niacin is a promising agent for preventing bone loss in iron overload conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoushan Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, No. 2, Zhe Shan Xi Road, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, No. 2, Zhe Shan Xi Road, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Ma Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, No. 2, Zhe Shan Xi Road, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui, PR China
| | - Maosheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, No. 2, Zhe Shan Xi Road, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xing-Jing Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, No. 2, Zhe Shan Xi Road, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui, PR China
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Gu C, Zhou Q, Hu X, Ge X, Hou M, Wang W, Liu H, Shi Q, Xu Y, Zhu X, Yang H, Chen X, Liu T, He F. Melatonin rescues the mitochondrial function of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and improves the repair of osteoporotic bone defect in ovariectomized rats. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12924. [PMID: 37941528 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporotic bone defects, a severe complication of osteoporosis, are distinguished by a delayed bone healing process and poor repair quality. While bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are the primary origin of bone-forming osteoblasts, their mitochondrial function is impaired, leading to inadequate bone regeneration in osteoporotic patients. Melatonin is well-known for its antioxidant properties and regulation on bone metabolism. The present study postulated that melatonin has the potential to enhance the repair of osteoporotic bone defects by restoring the mitochondrial function of BMMSCs. In vitro administration of melatonin at varying concentrations (0.01, 1, and 100 μM) demonstrated a significant dose-dependent improvement in the mitochondrial function of BMMSCs obtained from ovariectomized rats (OVX-BMMSCs), as indicated by an elevation in mitochondrial membrane potential, adenosine triphosphate synthesis and expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain factors. Melatonin reduced the level of mitochondrial superoxide by activating the silent information regulator type 1 (SIRT1) and its downstream antioxidant enzymes, particularly superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). The protective effects of melatonin were found to be nullified upon silencing of Sirt1 or Sod2, underscoring the crucial role of the SIRT1-SOD2 axis in the melatonin-induced enhancement of mitochondrial energy metabolism in OVX-BMMSCs. To achieve a sustained and localized release of melatonin, silk fibroin scaffolds loaded with melatonin (SF@MT) were fabricated. The study involved the surgical creation of bilateral femur defects in OVX rats, followed by the implantation of SF@MT scaffolds. The results indicated that the application of melatonin partially restored the mitochondrial energy metabolism and osteogenic differentiation of OVX-BMMSCs by reinstating mitochondrial redox homeostasis. These findings suggest that the localized administration of melatonin through bone implants holds potential as a therapeutic approach for addressing osteoporotic bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiayu Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Ge
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingzhuang Hou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenhao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qin Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuesong Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fan He
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Maiese K. The impact of aging and oxidative stress in metabolic and nervous system disorders: programmed cell death and molecular signal transduction crosstalk. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1273570. [PMID: 38022638 PMCID: PMC10663950 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1273570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Life expectancy is increasing throughout the world and coincides with a rise in non-communicable diseases (NCDs), especially for metabolic disease that includes diabetes mellitus (DM) and neurodegenerative disorders. The debilitating effects of metabolic disorders influence the entire body and significantly affect the nervous system impacting greater than one billion people with disability in the peripheral nervous system as well as with cognitive loss, now the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. Metabolic disorders, such as DM, and neurologic disease remain a significant challenge for the treatment and care of individuals since present therapies may limit symptoms but do not halt overall disease progression. These clinical challenges to address the interplay between metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders warrant innovative strategies that can focus upon the underlying mechanisms of aging-related disorders, oxidative stress, cell senescence, and cell death. Programmed cell death pathways that involve autophagy, apoptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis can play a critical role in metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders and oversee processes that include insulin resistance, β-cell function, mitochondrial integrity, reactive oxygen species release, and inflammatory cell activation. The silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SIRT1), AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), and Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1) are novel targets that can oversee programmed cell death pathways tied to β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), nicotinamide, apolipoprotein E (APOE), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) exposure with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and trophic factors, such as erythropoietin (EPO). The pathways of programmed cell death, SIRT1, AMPK, and WISP1 offer exciting prospects for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and nervous system function that can be compromised during aging-related disorders and lead to cognitive impairment, but these pathways have dual roles in determining the ultimate fate of cells and organ systems that warrant thoughtful insight into complex autofeedback mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Innovation and Commercialization, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Lin Z, Xiong S, Lin Y, Li Z, Xie D, Lin X, Chen X, Lin X. Impact of leptin or melatonin on Sema4D overexpression-related bone metabolism. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:285. [PMID: 37031174 PMCID: PMC10082985 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The current study aims to investigate the regulatory impact of leptin or melatonin on bone metabolism as well as the underlying mechanism in conjunction with Sema4D (monoclonal antibody to semaphorin 4D). METHODS Rats were used to create the osteoporosis model utilizing the OVX (OVariectomize) technique. Rat tibial specimens from each side were collected for three-dimensional reconstruction and Micro-CT scanning examination. The Hematoxylin-osinstaining (HE) staining technique was used to determine the pathological condition of bone tissues. The ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) assay was used to measure the amount of estradiol present in the serum. In the current study, there were six groups: control, OVX, OVX + NL (no load group), OVX + Sema4D, OVX + Sema4D + leptin, and OVX + Sema4D + MT (melatonin). Rats were given injections of the Sema4D or leptin overexpressing vectors via the tail vein in accordance with the aforementioned classification. By using a high-resolution micro-CT technology, 3D bone structure was discovered. The activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b (TRAP-5b) and bone-derived alkaline phosphatase (BALP) in serum was assessed using an ELISA. The number of osteoclasts in the metaphysis of the upper tibia was determined using TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) staining. Immunohistochemistry was used to find leptin and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) expressions in bone tissue. RESULTS The BV/TV (Bone volume/Tissue volume), Tb.N (Trabecular number), BMD (Bone Mineral Density), and BMC (Bone Mineral Content) levels were significantly higher in the OVX + Sema4D + leptin and OVX + Sema4D + MT groups compared to OVX + NL, while Tb.Sp (Trabecular separation) levels were significantly lower. In contrast to the OVX group, the bone trabeculae in the OVX + Sema4D + leptin and OVX + Sema4D + MT groups had a relatively complete structure and tended to be organized closely. The amount of bone trabeculae grew drastically, whereas the proportion of TRAP-positive osteoclasts declined dramatically. BMP-2 and leptin were also elevated, while BALP and TRAP-5b activity was reduced. CONCLUSION Leptin or melatonin improved Sema4d's role in trabecular bone microstructure, bone production, and repairment of trabecular bone loss in osteoporosis rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenen Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou Second Hospital, 47th Shangteng Road of Cangshan District, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| | - Shengren Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou Second Hospital, 47th Shangteng Road of Cangshan District, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Yu Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou Second Hospital, 47th Shangteng Road of Cangshan District, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou Second Hospital, 47th Shangteng Road of Cangshan District, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou Second Hospital, 47th Shangteng Road of Cangshan District, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Xuchao Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou Second Hospital, 47th Shangteng Road of Cangshan District, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Xuesheng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou Second Hospital, 47th Shangteng Road of Cangshan District, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Xueyi Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou Second Hospital, 47th Shangteng Road of Cangshan District, Fuzhou, 350007, China
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Zhang Z, Sun Y, Wang H, Yang Y, Dong R, Xu Y, Zhang M, Lv Q, Chen X, Liu Y. Melatonin pretreatment can improve the therapeutic effect of adipose-derived stem cells on CCl 4-induced liver fibrosis. TOXIN REV 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2023.2191263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Feng Z, Jin M, Liang J, Kang J, Yang H, Guo S, Sun X. Insight into the effect of biomaterials on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells: A review from a mitochondrial perspective. Acta Biomater 2023; 164:1-14. [PMID: 36972808 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Bone damage may be triggered by a variety of factors, and the damaged area often requires a bone graft. Bone tissue engineering can serve as an alternative strategy for repairing large bone defects. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the progenitor cells of connective tissue, have become an important tool for tissue engineering due to their ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types. The precise regulation of the growth and differentiation of the stem cells used for bone regeneration significantly affects the efficiency of this type of tissue engineering. During the process of osteogenic induction, the dynamics and function of localized mitochondria are altered. These changes may also alter the microenvironment of the therapeutic stem cells and result in mitochondria transfer. Mitochondrial regulation not only affects the induction/rate of differentiation, but also influences its direction, determining the final identity of the differentiated cell. To date, bone tissue engineering research has mainly focused on the influence of biomaterials on phenotype and nuclear genotype, with few studies investigating the role of mitochondria. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of researches into the role of mitochondria in MSCs differentiation and critical analysis regarding smart biomaterials that are able to "programme" mitochondria modulation was proposed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : • This review proposed the precise regulation of the growth and differentiation of the stem cells used to seed bone regeneration. • This review addressed the dynamics and function of localized mitochondria during the process of osteogenic induction and the effect of mitochondria on the microenvironment of stem cells. • This review summarized biomaterials which affect the induction/rate of differentiation, but also influences its direction, determining the final identity of the differentiated cell through the regulation of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Feng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110002 Liaoning Province, China
| | - Meiqi Jin
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Junzhi Liang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning Province, China
| | - Junning Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning Province, China
| | - Huazhe Yang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Shu Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110002 Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Xiaoting Sun
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China.
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Zhang X, Sun J, Zhou M, Li C, Zhu Z, Gan X. The role of mitochondria in the peri-implant microenvironment. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:398-411. [PMID: 36648334 PMCID: PMC10103875 DOI: 10.1113/ep090988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? In this review, we consider the key role of mitochondria in the peri-implant milieu, including the regulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial metabolism in angiogenesis, the polarization of macrophage immune responses, and bone formation and bone resorption during osseointegration. What advances does it highlight? Mitochondria contribute to the behaviours of peri-implant cell lines based on metabolic and reactive oxygen species signalling modulations, which will contribute to the research field and the development of new treatment strategies for improving implant success. ABSTRACT Osseointegration is a dynamic biological process in the local microenvironment adjacent to a bone implant, which is crucial for implant performance and success of the implant surgery. Recently, the role of mitochondria in the peri-implant microenvironment during osseointegration has gained much attention. Mitochondrial regulation has been verified to be essential for cellular events in osseointegration and as a therapeutic target for peri-implant diseases in the peri-implant microenvironment. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the key role of mitochondria in the peri-implant milieu, including the regulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial metabolism in angiogenesis, the polarization of macrophage immune responses, and bone formation and resorption during osseointegration, which will contribute to the research field and the development of new treatment strategies to improve implant success. In addition, we indicate limitations in our current understanding of the regulation of mitochondria in osseointegration and suggest topics for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xidan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jiyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhuoli Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xueqi Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Chen Z, Gu X. Effects of NLRP3 on implants placement. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2023; 52:126-133. [PMID: 37283126 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2022-0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone stability is precisely controlled by osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediated bone formation. When the balance is broken, the integrity of the bone structure will be destroyed. Inflammasomes are important protein complexes in response to pathogen-related molecular models or injury-related molecular models, which can promote the activation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and activate a local inflammatory response. NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein (NLRP) 3 inflammasome can promote bone resorption through the activation of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18 and the induction of caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis. Inhibiting the production of NLRP3 inflammasome may be beneficial to improve comfort and bone stability. The presence of metal particles and microorganisms around implants can activate NLRP3 and promote bone absorption. NLRP3 inflammasome plays an important role in the maintenance of bone stability around implants, however, most studies focus on orthopedic implants and periodontitis. This article reviews the effects of NLRP3 inflammasome on bone formation, resorption and pain induced by implants, and the possibility of NLRP3 as a target for preventing peri-implantitis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyun Chen
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Xinhua Gu
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Huang X, Chen W, Gu C, Liu H, Hou M, Qin W, Zhu X, Chen X, Liu T, Yang H, He F. Melatonin suppresses bone marrow adiposity in ovariectomized rats by rescuing the imbalance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis through SIRT1 activation. J Orthop Translat 2022; 38:84-97. [PMID: 36381247 PMCID: PMC9619141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accelerated imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption is associated with bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Studies have shown that this loss is accompanied by an increase in bone marrow adiposity. Melatonin was shown to improve impaired bone formation capacity of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells from ovariectomized rats (OVX-BMMSCs). OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the anti-osteoporosis effect of melatonin involves regulation of the equilibrium between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of osteoporotic BMMSCs. METHODS To induce osteoporosis, female Sprague-Dawley rats received ovariectomy (OVX). Primary BMMSCs were isolated from tibiae and femurs of OVX and sham-op rats and were induced towards osteogenic or adipogenic differentiation. Matrix mineralization was determined by Alizarin Red S (ARS) and lipid formation was evaluated by Oil Red O. OVX rats were injected with melatonin through the tail vein. Bone microarchitecture was determined using micro computed tomography and marrow adiposity were examined by histology staining. RESULTS OVX-BMMSCs exhibited a compromised osteogenic potential and an enhanced lineage differentiation towards adipocytes. In vitro melatonin improved osteogenic differentiation of OVX-BMMSCs and promoted matrix mineralization by enhancing the expression of transcription factor RUNX2 in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, melatonin significantly inhibited lipid formation and suppressed OVX-BMMSCs adipogenesis by down-regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Intravenous injection of melatonin prevented bone mass reduction and bone architecture destruction in ovariectomized rats. Importantly, there was a significant inhibition of adipose tissue formation in the bone marrow. Mechanistic investigations revealed that SIRT1 was involved in melatonin-mediated determination of stem cell fate. Inhibition of SIRT1 abolished the protective effects of melatonin on bone formation by inducing BMMSCs towards adipocyte differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Melatonin reversed the differentiation switch of OVX-BMMSCs from osteogenesis to adipogenesis by activating the SIRT1 signaling pathway. Restoration of stem cell lineage commitment by melatonin prevented marrow adipose tissue over-accumulation and protected from bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis. THE TRANSLATIONAL POTENTIAL OF THIS ARTICLE Determination of stem cell fate towards osteoblasts or adipocytes plays a pivotal role in regulating bone metabolism. This study demonstrates the protective effect of melatonin on bone mass in estrogen-deficient rats by suppressing adipose tissue accumulation in the bone marrow. Melatonin may serve as a promising candidate for the treatment of osteoporosis in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiong Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China,Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Ningbo No. 2 Hospital), No. 41 Northwest Street, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China,Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Weikai Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China,Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Chao Gu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China,Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Mingzhuang Hou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China,Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Wanjin Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Xuesong Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China,Corresponding author. Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No.185 Juqian Road, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China,Corresponding author. Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China,Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Fan He
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China,Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China,Corresponding author. Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
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12
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Hardeland R. Redox Biology of Melatonin: Discriminating Between Circadian and Noncircadian Functions. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:704-725. [PMID: 35018802 PMCID: PMC9587799 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin has not only to be seen as a regulator of circadian clocks. In addition to its chronobiotic functions, it displays other actions, especially in cell protection. This includes antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and mitochondria-protecting effects. Although protection is also modulated by the circadian system, the respective actions of melatonin can be distinguished and differ with regard to dose requirements in therapeutic settings. It is the aim of this article to outline these differences in terms of function, signaling, and dosage. Focus has been placed on both the nexus and the dissecting properties between circadian and noncircadian mechanisms. This has to consider details beyond the classic view of melatonin's role, such as widespread synthesis in extrapineal tissues, formation in mitochondria, effects on the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and secondary signaling, for example, via upregulation of sirtuins and by regulating noncoding RNAs, especially microRNAs. The relevance of these findings, the differences and connections between circadian and noncircadian functions of melatonin shed light on the regulation of inflammation, including macrophage/microglia polarization, damage-associated molecular patterns, avoidance of cytokine storms, and mitochondrial functions, with numerous consequences to antioxidative protection, that is, aspects of high actuality with regard to deadly viral and bacterial diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 704-725.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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13
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Yi M, Yin Y, Sun J, Wang Z, Tang Q, Yang C. Hormone and implant osseointegration: Elaboration of the relationship among function, preclinical, and clinical practice. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:965753. [PMID: 36188222 PMCID: PMC9522461 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.965753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As clusters of peptides or steroids capable of high-efficiency information transmission, hormones have been substantiated to coordinate metabolism, growth, development, and other physiological processes, especially in bone physiology and repair metabolism. In recent years, the application of hormones for implant osseointegration has become a research hotspot. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the relevant reports on endogenous hormones and their corresponding supplementary preparations to explore the association between hormones and the prognosis of implants. We also discuss the effects and mechanisms of insulin, parathyroid hormone, melatonin, vitamin D, and growth hormone on osseointegration at the molecular and body levels to provide a foothold and guide future research on the systemic conditions that affect the implantation process and expand the relative contraindications of the implant, and the pre-and post-operative precautions. This review shows that systemic hormones can regulate the osseointegration of oral implants through endogenous or exogenous drug-delivery methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yi
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiwei Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeying Wang
- Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingming Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
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14
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Wu YL, Zhang CH, Teng Y, Pan Y, Liu NC, Liu PX, Zhu X, Su XL, Lin J. Propionate and butyrate attenuate macrophage pyroptosis and osteoclastogenesis induced by CoCrMo alloy particles. Mil Med Res 2022; 9:46. [PMID: 35996168 PMCID: PMC9396885 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-022-00404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wear particles-induced osteolysis is a major long-term complication after total joint arthroplasty. Up to now, there is no effective treatment for wear particles-induced osteolysis except for the revision surgery, which is a heavy psychological and economic burden to patients. A metabolite of gut microbiota, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), has been reported to be beneficial for many chronic inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of SCFAs on osteolysis. METHODS A model of inflammatory osteolysis was established by applying CoCrMo alloy particles to mouse calvarium. After two weeks of intervention, the anti-inflammatory effects of SCFAs on wear particle-induced osteolysis were evaluated by Micro-CT analysis and immunohistochemistry staining. In vitro study, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) primed bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and Tohoku Hospital Pediatrics-1 (THP-1) macrophages were stimulated with CoCrMo particles to activate inflammasome in the presence of acetate (C2), propionate (C3), and butyrate (C4). Western blotting, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunofluorescence were used to detect the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. The effects of SCFAs on osteoclasts were evaluate by qRT-PCR, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. Additionally, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, agonists of GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109A were applied to confirm the underlying mechanism of SCFAs on the inflammasome activation of macrophages and osteoclastogenesis. RESULTS C3 and C4 but not C2 could alleviate wear particles-induced osteolysis with fewer bone erosion pits (P < 0.001), higher level of bone volume to tissue volume (BV/TV, P < 0.001), bone mineral density (BMD, P < 0.001), and a lower total porosity (P < 0.001). C3 and C4 prevented CoCrMo alloy particles-induced ASC speck formation and nucleation-induced oligomerization, suppressing the cleavage of caspase-1 (P < 0.05) and IL-1β (P < 0.05) stimulated by CoCrMo alloy particles. C3 and C4 also inhibited the generation of Gasdermin D-N-terminal fragment (GSDMD-NT) to regulate pyroptosis. Besides, C3 and C4 have a negative impact on osteoclast differentiation (P < 0.05) and its function (P < 0.05), affecting the podosome arrangement and morphologically normal podosome belts formation. CONCLUSION Our work showed that C3 and C4 are qualified candidates for the treatment of wear particle-induced osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Lin Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Medical Centre of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215001, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen-Hui Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Medical Centre of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Teng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Nai-Cheng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pei-Xin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin-Lin Su
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Medical Centre of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215001, Jiangsu, China.
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15
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Malakoti F, Zare F, Zarezadeh R, Raei Sadigh A, Sadeghpour A, Majidinia M, Yousefi B, Alemi F. The role of melatonin in bone regeneration: A review of involved signaling pathways. Biochimie 2022; 202:56-70. [PMID: 36007758 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Increasing bone resorption followed by decreasing bone mineralization are hallmarks of bone degeneration, which mostly occurs in the elderly population and post-menopausal women. The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has raised many promises in the field of bone regeneration due to their high osteoblastic differentiation capacity and easy availability from abundant sources. A variety of compounds, including growth factors, cytokines, and other internal factors, have been combined with MSCs to increase their osteoblastic differentiation capacity. One of these factors is melatonin, whose possible regulatory role in bone metabolism and formation has recently been suggested by many studies. Melatonin also is a potential signaling molecule and can affect many of the signaling pathways involved in MSCs osteoblastic differentiation, such as activation of PI3K/AKT, BMP/Smad, MAPK, NFkB, Nrf2/HO-1, Wnt, SIRT/SOD, PERK/ATF4. Furthermore, melatonin in combination with other components such as strontium, vitamin D3, and vitamin K2 has a synergistic effect on bone microstructure and improves bone mineral density (BMD). In this review article, we aim to summarize the regulatory mechanisms of melatonin in osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs and underling involved signaling pathways as well as the clinical potential of using melatonin in bone degenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Malakoti
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farshad Zare
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Zarezadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aydin Raei Sadigh
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Sadeghpour
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine and Shohada Educational Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Forough Alemi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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16
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Zhang Y, Liu T, Yang H, He F, Zhu X. Melatonin: A novel candidate for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 78:101635. [PMID: 35483626 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), characterized by cartilage erosion, synovium inflammation, and subchondral bone remodeling, is a common joint degenerative disease worldwide. OA pathogenesis is regulated by multiple predisposing factors, including imbalanced matrix metabolism, aberrant inflammatory response, and excessive oxidative stress. Moreover, melatonin has been implicated in development of several degenerative disorders owing to its potent biological functions. With regards to OA, melatonin reportedly promotes synthesis of cartilage matrix, inhibition of chondrocyte apoptosis, attenuation of inflammatory response, and suppression of matrix degradation by regulating the TGF-β, MAPK, or NF-κB signaling pathways. Notably, melatonin has been associated with amelioration of oxidative damage by restoring the OA-impaired intracellular antioxidant defense system in articular cartilage. Findings from preliminary application of melatonin or melatonin-loaded biomaterials in animal models have affirmed its potential anti-arthritic effects. Herein, we summarize the anti-arthritic effects of melatonin on OA cartilage and demonstrate that melatonin has potential therapeutic efficacy in treating OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijian Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, China.
| | - Fan He
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, China.
| | - Xuesong Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, China.
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17
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Melatonin and the Programming of Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041971. [PMID: 35216086 PMCID: PMC8879213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin interacts with various types of stem cells, in multiple ways that comprise stimulation of proliferation, maintenance of stemness and self-renewal, protection of survival, and programming toward functionally different cell lineages. These various properties are frequently intertwined but may not be always jointly present. Melatonin typically stimulates proliferation and transition to the mature cell type. For all sufficiently studied stem or progenitor cells, melatonin’s signaling pathways leading to expression of respective morphogenetic factors are discussed. The focus of this article will be laid on the aspect of programming, particularly in pluripotent cells. This is especially but not exclusively the case in neural stem cells (NSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Concerning developmental bifurcations, decisions are not exclusively made by melatonin alone. In MSCs, melatonin promotes adipogenesis in a Wnt (Wingless-Integration-1)-independent mode, but chondrogenesis and osteogenesis Wnt-dependently. Melatonin upregulates Wnt, but not in the adipogenic lineage. This decision seems to depend on microenvironment and epigenetic memory. The decision for chondrogenesis instead of osteogenesis, both being Wnt-dependent, seems to involve fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. Stem cell-specific differences in melatonin and Wnt receptors, and contributions of transcription factors and noncoding RNAs are outlined, as well as possibilities and the medical importance of re-programming for transdifferentiation.
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18
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Xi X, Li Z, Liu H, Chen S, Liu D. Nrf2 Activation Is Involved in Cyclic Mechanical Stress-Stimulated Osteogenic Differentiation in Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells via PI3K/Akt Signaling and HO1-SOD2 Interaction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:816000. [PMID: 35071244 PMCID: PMC8770743 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.816000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), the major transcriptional regulator in antioxidant response and cellular defense, had the vital effect on regulating osteogenic differentiation. Our previous study revealed that Nrf2 activation was involved in cyclic mechanical stress-stimulated osteogenic differentiation in the human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). However, the mechanisms of Nrf2 underlying this process remained unclear. The goal of the study was to explore the mechanisms of Nrf2 in PDLSCs during cyclic mechanical stress-stimulated osteogenic differentiation via the tandem mass tag (TMT)-based liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. And we applied tert-Butylhydroquinone (t-BHQ), the Nrf2 activator, to the orthodontic rats and detected the expression levels of the osteogenesis markers by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Our results showed that Nrf2 activation in PDLSCs was involved in cyclic mechanical stress-stimulated osteogenic differentiation via phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. The protein-protein interaction between Akt and Nrf2 was detected. And the protein-protein interaction between heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), the downstream antioxidants of Nrf2, was associated with cyclic mechanical stress-stimulated osteogenic differentiation. T-BHQ enhanced the expression levels of the osteogenesis markers in orthodontic rats. Nrf2 might possess the potential to be a feasible molecular target in orthodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Xi
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Zixuan Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Dongxu Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
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Li Y, He Y, Chen G, Huang Z, Yi C, Zhang X, Deng F, Yu D. Selenomethionine protects oxidative-stress-damaged bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells via an antioxidant effect and the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway. Exp Cell Res 2021; 408:112864. [PMID: 34626586 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dental implant surgery is currently a routine therapy for the repair of missing dentition or dentition defects. Both clinical and basic research have elucidated that oxidative stress caused by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for various reasons impairs the process of osteointegration after dental implantation. Therefore, the osteogenic micro-environment must be ameliorated to decrease the damage caused by oxidative stress. Selenomethionine (SEMET) has been reported to play an important role in alleviating oxidative stress and accelerating cell viability and growth. However, it remains unclear whether it exerts protective effects on bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) under oxidative stress. In this study, we explored the influence of selenomethionine on the viability and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs under oxidative stress and the underlying mechanisms. Results showed that 1 μM selenomethionine was the optimum concentration for BMSCs under H2O2 stimulation. H2O2-induced oxidative stress suppressed the viability and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, manifested by the increases in ROS production and cell apoptosis rates, and by the decrease of osteogenic differentiation-related markers. Notably, the aforementioned oxidative damage and osteogenic dysfunction induced by H2O2 were rescued by selenomethionine. Furthermore, we found that the PTEN expression level was suppressed and its downstream PI3K/AKT pathway was activated by selenomethionine. However, when PTEN was stimulated, the PI3K/AKT pathway was down-regulated, and the protective effects of selenomethionine on BMSC osteogenic differentiation diminished, while the inhibition of PTEN up-regulated the protective effects of selenomethionine. Together, these results revealed that selenomethionine could attenuate H2O2-induced BMSC dysfunction through an antioxidant effect, modulated via the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway, suggesting that selenomethionine is a promising antioxidant candidate for reducing oxidative stress during the process of dental implant osteointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, PR China
| | - Yi He
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, PR China
| | - Guanhui Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Ziqing Huang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, PR China
| | - Chen Yi
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, PR China
| | - Xiliu Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, PR China
| | - Feilong Deng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, PR China.
| | - Dongsheng Yu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, PR China.
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MacDonald IJ, Tsai HC, Chang AC, Huang CC, Yang SF, Tang CH. Melatonin Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis and Osteolytic Bone Metastasis: Implications for Osteoporosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179435. [PMID: 34502344 PMCID: PMC8430520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are major cellular components in the bone microenvironment and they play a key role in the bone turnover cycle. Many risk factors interfere with this cycle and contribute to bone-wasting diseases that progressively destroy bone and markedly reduce quality of life. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxy-tryptamine) has demonstrated intriguing therapeutic potential in the bone microenvironment, with reported effects that include the regulation of bone metabolism, acceleration of osteoblastogenesis, inhibition of osteoclastogenesis and the induction of apoptosis in mature osteoclasts, as well as the suppression of osteolytic bone metastasis. This review aims to shed light on molecular and clinical evidence that points to possibilities of melatonin for the treatment of both osteoporosis and osteolytic bone metastasis. It appears that the therapeutic qualities of melatonin supplementation may enable existing antiresorptive osteoporotic drugs to treat osteolytic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iona J. MacDonald
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (I.J.M.); (H.-C.T.)
| | - Hsiao-Chi Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (I.J.M.); (H.-C.T.)
| | - An-Chen Chang
- Translational Medicine Center, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei City 111, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Chung Huang
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (I.J.M.); (H.-C.T.)
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2205-2121 (ext. 7726)
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21
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Maiese K. Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Gaining Insight through Circadian Clock Gene Pathways. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1002. [PMID: 34356626 PMCID: PMC8301848 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders affect fifteen percent of the world's population and pose a significant financial burden to all nations. Cognitive impairment is the seventh leading cause of death throughout the globe. Given the enormous challenges to treat cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, and the inability to markedly limit disease progression, circadian clock gene pathways offer an exciting strategy to address cognitive loss. Alterations in circadian clock genes can result in age-related motor deficits, affect treatment regimens with neurodegenerative disorders, and lead to the onset and progression of dementia. Interestingly, circadian pathways hold an intricate relationship with autophagy, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), the silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SIRT1), mammalian forkhead transcription factors (FoxOs), and the trophic factor erythropoietin. Autophagy induction is necessary to maintain circadian rhythm homeostasis and limit cortical neurodegenerative disease, but requires a fine balance in biological activity to foster proper circadian clock gene regulation that is intimately dependent upon mTOR, SIRT1, FoxOs, and growth factor expression. Circadian rhythm mechanisms offer innovative prospects for the development of new avenues to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of cognitive loss and forge ahead with new therapeutics for dementia that can offer effective clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New York, NY 10022, USA
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Wu Y, He F, Zhang C, Zhang Q, Su X, Zhu X, Liu A, Shi W, Lin W, Jin Z, Yang H, Lin J. Melatonin alleviates titanium nanoparticles induced osteolysis via activation of butyrate/GPR109A signaling pathway. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:170. [PMID: 34092246 PMCID: PMC8182936 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00915-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory osteolysis after total joint replacement (TJR) may cause implant failure, periprosthetic fractures, and be a severe threat to global public health. Our previous studies demonstrated that melatonin had a therapeutic effect on wear-particles induced osteolysis. Gut microbiota is closely related to bone homeostasis, and has been proven to be affected by melatonin. However, whether melatonin could play its anti-osteolysis effects through reprogramming gut microbiota remains elusive. RESULTS Here, we demonstrated that melatonin could alleviate Ti-particles induced osteolysis, while this therapeutic effect was blocked by antibiotic cocktail treatment. Interestingly, transplantation of fecal microbiota from mice treated with melatonin reappeared the same beneficial effect. Analysis of the 16S rRNA revealed that melatonin could reverse dysbacteriosis triggered by osteolysis, and elevate the relative abundance of some short chain fatty acid (SCFA) producing bacteria. Moreover, butyrate was enriched by exogenous melatonin administration, while acetate and propionate did not show an evident difference. This was consistent with the results of the metagenomic approach (PICRUSt2) analysis, which revealed a general increase in the synthetic enzymes of butyrate. More importantly, direct supplementation of butyrate could also recapitulate the anti-osteolysis effect of melatonin. Further analysis identified that butyrate alleviated osteolysis via activating its receptor GPR109A, and thus to suppress the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome triggered by Ti-particles. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggested that the benefits of melatonin mainly depend on the ability of modulating gut microbiota and regulating butyrate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglin Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan He
- Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215007, China
| | - Chenhui Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinlin Su
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weidong Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weifeng Lin
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zhongqin Jin
- Department of Digestive, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
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Potential Role of Melatonin as an Adjuvant for Atherosclerotic Carotid Arterial Stenosis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040811. [PMID: 33557283 PMCID: PMC7914857 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotid artery stenosis (CAS) is an atherosclerotic disease characterized by a narrowing of the artery lumen and a high risk of ischemic stroke. Risk factors of atherosclerosis, including smoking, hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, aging, and disrupted circadian rhythm, may potentiate atherosclerosis in the carotid artery and further reduce the arterial lumen. Ischemic stroke due to severe CAS and cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury after the revascularization of CAS also adversely affect clinical outcomes. Melatonin is a pluripotent agent with potent anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and neuroprotective properties. Although there is a shortage of direct clinical evidence demonstrating the benefits of melatonin in CAS patients, previous studies have shown that melatonin may be beneficial for patients with CAS in terms of reducing endothelial damage, stabilizing arterial plaque, mitigating the harm from CAS-related ischemic stroke and cerebral I/R injury, and alleviating the adverse effects of the related risk factors. Additional pre-clinical and clinical are required to confirm this speculation.
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Anderson G. Tumour Microenvironment: Roles of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor, O-GlcNAcylation, Acetyl-CoA and Melatonergic Pathway in Regulating Dynamic Metabolic Interactions across Cell Types-Tumour Microenvironment and Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E141. [PMID: 33375613 PMCID: PMC7795031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the dynamic interactions of the tumour microenvironment, highlighting the roles of acetyl-CoA and melatonergic pathway regulation in determining the interactions between oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis across the array of cells forming the tumour microenvironment. Many of the factors associated with tumour progression and immune resistance, such as yin yang (YY)1 and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3β, regulate acetyl-CoA and the melatonergic pathway, thereby having significant impacts on the dynamic interactions of the different types of cells present in the tumour microenvironment. The association of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) with immune suppression in the tumour microenvironment may be mediated by the AhR-induced cytochrome P450 (CYP)1b1-driven 'backward' conversion of melatonin to its immediate precursor N-acetylserotonin (NAS). NAS within tumours and released from tumour microenvironment cells activates the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) receptor, TrkB, thereby increasing the survival and proliferation of cancer stem-like cells. Acetyl-CoA is a crucial co-substrate for initiation of the melatonergic pathway, as well as co-ordinating the interactions of OXPHOS and glycolysis in all cells of the tumour microenvironment. This provides a model of the tumour microenvironment that emphasises the roles of acetyl-CoA and the melatonergic pathway in shaping the dynamic intercellular metabolic interactions of the various cells within the tumour microenvironment. The potentiation of YY1 and GSK3β by O-GlcNAcylation will drive changes in metabolism in tumours and tumour microenvironment cells in association with their regulation of the melatonergic pathway. The emphasis on metabolic interactions across cell types in the tumour microenvironment provides novel future research and treatment directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Anderson
- Clinical Research Communications (CRC) Scotland & London, Eccleston Square, London SW1V 6UT, UK
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