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Ehrie AJ, Iruri-Tucker AA, Lord YB, Williamson HG, Hunt KD, Polly PD, Fitzpatrick CL, Wasserman MD. Measuring mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) testes via parallel laser photogrammetry: Expanding the use of noninvasive methods. Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23616. [PMID: 38462743 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Parallel laser photogrammetry (PLP), which consists of attaching two or three parallel laser beams at a known inter-beam distance to a camera, can be used to collect morphological measurements of organisms noninvasively. The lasers project onto the photo being taken, and because the inter-beam distance is known, they act as a scale for image analysis programs like ImageJ. Traditionally, this method has been used to measure larger morphological traits (e.g., limb length, crown-rump length) to serve as proxies for overall body size, whereas applications to smaller anatomical features remain limited. To that end, we used PLP to measure the testes of 18 free-living mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. We tested whether this method could reliably measure this relatively small and globular morphology, and whether it could detect differences among individuals. We tested reliability in three ways: within-photo (coefficient of variation [CV] = 4.7%), between-photo (CV = 5.5%), and interobserver (intraclass correlation = 0.92). We found an average volume of 36.2 cm3 and a range of 16.4-54.4 cm3, indicating variation in testes size between individuals. Furthermore, these sizes are consistent with a previous study that collected measurements by hand, suggesting that PLP is a useful method for making noninvasive measurements of testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austen J Ehrie
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Alec A Iruri-Tucker
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Yasmin B Lord
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Heidi G Williamson
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Kevin D Hunt
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - P David Polly
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
- Department of Geology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Michael D Wasserman
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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A photogrammetric method to estimate total length of the largest mammal, the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus). Mamm Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-022-00307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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How Big Is That Manta Ray? A Novel and Non-Invasive Method for Measuring Reef Manta Rays Using Small Drones. DRONES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/drones6030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the application of small, commercially available drones to determine morphometric the measurements and record key demographic parameters of reef manta rays (Mobula alfredi) in Raja Ampat, Indonesia. DJI Mavic 2 Pro drones were used to obtain videos of surface-feeding M. alfredi with a floating, known-length PVC pipe as a reference scale—thus avoiding the need to utilize altitude readings, which are known to be unreliable in small drones, in our photogrammetry approach. Three dimensions (disc length (DL), disc width (DW), and cranial width (CW)) from 86 different individuals were measured. A hierarchical multivariate model was used to estimate the true measurements of these three dimensions and their population-level multivariate distributions. The estimated true measurements of these dimensions were highly accurate and precise, with the measurement of CW more accurate than that of DL and, especially, of DW. Each pairing of these dimensions exhibited strong linear relationships, with estimated correlation coefficients ranging from 0.98–0.99. Given these, our model allows us to accurately calculate DW (as the standard measure of body size for mobulid rays) using the more accurate CW and DL measurements. We estimate that the smallest mature M. alfredi of each sex we measured were 274.8 cm (males, n = 30) and 323.5 cm DW (females, n = 8). We conclude that small drones are useful for providing an accurate “snapshot” of the size distribution of surface-feeding M. alfredi aggregations and for determining the sex and maturity of larger individuals, all with minimal impact on this vulnerable species.
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Siegfried TR, Fuentes MMPB, Ware M, Robinson NJ, Roberto E, Piacenza JR, Piacenza SE. Validating the use of stereo-video cameras to conduct remote measurements of sea turtles. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8226-8237. [PMID: 34188882 PMCID: PMC8216940 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Point 1: Stereo-video camera systems (SVCSs) are a promising tool to remotely measure body size of wild animals without the need for animal handling. Here, we assessed the accuracy of SVCSs for measuring straight carapace length (SCL) of sea turtles. Point 2: To achieve this, we hand captured and measured 63 juvenile, subadult, and adult sea turtles across three species: greens, Chelonia mydas (n = 52); loggerheads, Caretta caretta (n = 8); and Kemp's ridley, Lepidochelys kempii (n = 3) in the waters off Eleuthera, The Bahamas and Crystal River, Florida, USA, between May and November 2019. Upon release, we filmed these individuals with the SVCS. We performed photogrammetric analysis to extract stereo SCL measurements (eSCL), which were then compared to the (manual) capture measurements (mSCL). Point 3: mSCL ranged from 25.9 to 89.2 cm, while eSCL ranged from 24.7 to 91.4 cm. Mean percent bias of eSCL ranged from -0.61% (±0.11 SE) to -4.46% (±0.31 SE) across all species and locations. We statistically analyzed potential drivers of measurement error, including distance of the turtle to the SVCS, turtle angle, image quality, turtle size, capture location, and species. Point 4: Using a linear mixed effects model, we found that the distance between the turtle and the SVCS was the primary factor influencing measurement error. Our research suggests that stereo-video technology enables high-quality measurements of sea turtle body size collected in situ without the need for hand-capturing individuals. This study contributes to the growing knowledge base that SVCS are accurate for body size measurements independent of taxonomic clade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew Ware
- Department of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric ScienceFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFLUSA
| | - Nathan J. Robinson
- Fundacion OceanogràficOceanogràfic de ValènciaValenciaSpain
- Cape Eleuthera Island SchoolCape Eleuthera InstituteEleutheraThe Bahamas
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López‐Romero FA, Klimpfinger C, Tanaka S, Kriwet J. Growth trajectories of prenatal embryos of the deep-sea shark Chlamydoselachus anguineus (Chondrichthyes). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:212-224. [PMID: 32307702 PMCID: PMC7497067 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydoselachus anguineus, Garman 1884, commonly called the frilled shark, is a deep-sea shark species occurring up to depths of 1300 m. It is assumed to represent an ancient morphotype of sharks (e.g., terminal mouth opening, more than five gill slits) and thus is often considered to represent plesiomorphic traits for sharks. Therefore, its early ontogenetic developmental traits are important for understanding the evolution of its particular phenotype. Here, we established six stages for prenatal embryos and used linear measurements and geometric morphometrics to analyse changes in shape and size as well as their timing during different embryonic stages. Our results show a change in head shape and a relocation of the mouth opening at a late stage of development. We also detected a negative allometric growth of the head and especially the eye compared to the rest of the body and a sexual dimorphism in total body length, which differs from the known data for adults. A multivariate analysis of covariance shows a significant interaction of shape related to the logarithm of centroid size and developmental stage. Geometric morphometrics results indicate that the head shape changes as a covariate of body size while not accounting for differences between sexes. The growth pattern of stages 32 and 33 indicates a shift in head shape, thus highlighting the moment in development when the jaws start to elongate anteriorly to finally achieve the adult condition of terminal mouth opening rather than retaining the early embryonic subterminal position as is typical for sharks. Thus, the antero-terminal mouth opening of the frilled shark has to be considered a derived feature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sho Tanaka
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Faculty of Marine Science and TechnologyTokai UniversityShizuoka Shimizu‐kuJapan
| | - Jürgen Kriwet
- Department of PaleontologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
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Monkman GG, Hyder K, Kaiser MJ, Vidal FP. Using machine vision to estimate fish length from images using regional convolutional neural networks. Methods Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kieran Hyder
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science Lowestoft Suffolk UK
- School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich Norfolk UK
| | - Michel J. Kaiser
- The Lyell Centre, Institute of Life and Earth Sciences (ILES), School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society Heriot‐Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh UK
| | - Franck P. Vidal
- School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Bangor University Bangor UK
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Logan RK, White CF, Winkler C, Jorgensen SJ, O'Sullivan JB, Lowe CG, Lyons K. An evaluation of body condition and morphometric relationships within southern California juvenile white sharks Carcharodon carcharias. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 93:842-849. [PMID: 30141191 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Length, mass and girth relationships are presented for 112 juvenile white sharks (JWS) Carcharodon carcharias caught in the Southern California Bight (SCB) nursery area between June 2008 and August 2017. No difference was found between male and female JWS length-mass relationships, but data suggest that JWS in the SCB gain more mass per unit length for the juvenile size classes compared with other C. carcharias populations. Condition-factor-to-liver-mass and condition-factor-to-liver-lipid-content relationships revealed that length and mass (i.e., condition factor) can be used as a non-invasive proxy for body condition for juveniles of this species. The parameters estimated in this study are key information for population assessments of juvenile C. carcharias in the north-east Pacific Ocean and will contribute to the conservation and management of this IUCN Red List Vulnerable species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Logan
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Bellflower, California
| | - Connor F White
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Bellflower, California
| | | | | | | | - Christopher G Lowe
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Bellflower, California
| | - Kady Lyons
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Bellflower, California
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