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Lindgren E, Silvis SM, Hiltunen S, Heldner MR, Serrano F, de Scisco M, Zelano J, Zuurbier SM, Sánchez van Kammen M, Mansour M, Aguiar de Sousa D, Penas S, Al-Asady S, Ekizoglu E, Redfors P, Ahmed A, Yesilot N, Ghiasian M, Barboza MA, Arnao V, Aridon P, Punter MNM, Ferro JM, Kleinig T, Arauz A, Tatlisumak T, Arnold M, Putaala J, Coutinho JM, Jood K. Acute symptomatic seizures in cerebral venous thrombosis. Neurology 2020; 95:e1706-e1715. [PMID: 32759191 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify characteristics, predictors, and outcomes of acute symptomatic seizures (ASS) in cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), we investigated 1,281 consecutive adult patients with CVT included from 12 hospitals within the International CVT Consortium. METHODS We defined ASS as any seizure between symptom onset and 7 days after diagnosis of CVT. We stratified ASS into prediagnosis and solely postdiagnosis ASS. Status epilepticus (SE) was also analyzed separately. We analyzed predictors for ASS and the association between ASS and clinical outcome (modified Rankin Scale) with multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Of 1,281 eligible patients, 441 (34%) had ASS. Baseline predictors for ASS were intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.0-5.5), cerebral edema/infarction without ICH (aOR 2.8, 95% CI 2.0-4.0), cortical vein thrombosis (aOR 2.1, 95% CI 1.5-2.9), superior sagittal sinus thrombosis (aOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.5-2.6), focal neurologic deficit (aOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.4-2.6), sulcal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.5), and female-specific risk factors (aOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.1). Ninety-three (7%) patients had solely postdiagnosis ASS, best predicted by cortical vein thrombosis (positive/negative predictive value 22%/92%). Eighty (6%) patients had SE, independently predicted by ICH, focal neurologic deficits, and cerebral edema/infarction. Neither ASS nor SE was independently associated with outcome. CONCLUSION ASS occurred in one-third of patients with CVT and was associated with brain parenchymal lesions and thrombosis of the superficial system. In the absence of prediagnosis ASS, no subgroup was identified with sufficient risk of postdiagnosis ASS to justify prophylactic antiepileptic drug treatment. We found no association between ASS and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Lindgren
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Suzanne M Silvis
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Sini Hiltunen
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Mirjam R Heldner
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabiola Serrano
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Michele de Scisco
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Johan Zelano
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Susanna M Zuurbier
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Mayte Sánchez van Kammen
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Maryam Mansour
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Diana Aguiar de Sousa
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Sara Penas
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Saleem Al-Asady
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Esme Ekizoglu
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Petra Redfors
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Awet Ahmed
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Nilufer Yesilot
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Masoud Ghiasian
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Miguel A Barboza
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Arnao
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Aridon
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Martin N M Punter
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - José M Ferro
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Timothy Kleinig
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Arauz
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy.
| | - Marcel Arnold
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Jukka Putaala
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Jonathan M Coutinho
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Katarina Jood
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.Z., P.R., A. Ahmed, T.T., K.J.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.M.S., S.M.Z., M.S.v.K., J.M.C.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.H., T.T., J.P.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez (F.S., A. Arauz), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Neurology (M.d.S., T.K.), Royal Adelaide Hospitals and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sina Hospital (M.M., M.G.), Hamadan University of Medical Science, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology) (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.), Hospital de Santa Maria/CHULN; University of Lisbon (D.A.d.S., J.M.F.); Faculdade de Medicina (S.P.), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (S.A.-A., M.N.M.P.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (E.E., N.Y.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey; Neurosciences Department (M.A.B.), Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, San José, Costa Rica; and Department of Biomedicine (V.A., P.A.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
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