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Kejžar J, Osojnik Črnivec IG, Poklar Ulrih N. Advances in Physicochemical and Biochemical Characterization of Archaeosomes from Polar Lipids of Aeropyrum pernix K1 and Stability in Biological Systems. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:2861-2870. [PMID: 36713696 PMCID: PMC9878630 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Archaeosomes are vesicles made from archaeal lipids. They are characterized by remarkable thermostability, resistance to enzymatic degradation, long-term stability, and immunomodulatory properties. In this review the current status of physicochemical properties of archaeal lipids and their stability in biological systems is presented, focusing on total polar lipids from Aeropyrum pernix K1. The isolated total polar lipids from Aeropyrum pernix K1 consist exclusively of glycerol ether lipids with isoprenoid groups attached to glycerol via ether linkages. More specifically, the two major polar lipids extracted from the membranes are C25,25-achaetidyl(glucosyl)inositol and C25,25-achaetidylinositol. An overview of the results of the effects of temperature and pH on the stability, structural organization, fluidity, and permeability of archaeosomes composed of pure C25,25 was examined by a combination of techniques, including fluorescence emission spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, and confocal microscopy. We also compared the physicochemical properties of pure vesicles composed of either archaeal lipids or conventional lipids (e.g., 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) with mixed vesicles composed of both lipid types. Archaeal lipids are discussed in terms of their potential use as a targeted drug delivery system based on the results of in vivo and cytotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kejžar
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ilja Gasan Osojnik Črnivec
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Poklar Ulrih
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- The
Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology
of Proteins (CipKeBiP), Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Site-selective and stochastic spin labelling of neutral water-soluble dietary fibers optimized for electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 293:119724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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The molecular mechanisms of listeriolysin O-induced lipid membrane damage. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183604. [PMID: 33722646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular food-borne pathogen that causes listeriosis, a severe and potentially life-threatening disease. Listeria uses a number of virulence factors to proliferate and spread to various cells and tissues. In this process, three bacterial virulence factors, the pore-forming protein listeriolysin O and phospholipases PlcA and PlcB, play a crucial role. Listeriolysin O belongs to a family of cholesterol-dependent cytolysins that are mostly expressed by gram-positive bacteria. Its unique structural features in an otherwise conserved three-dimensional fold, such as the acidic triad and proline-glutamate-serine-threonine-like sequence, enable the regulation of its intracellular activity as well as distinct extracellular functions. The stability of listeriolysin O is pH- and temperature-dependent, and this provides another layer of control of its activity in cells. Moreover, many recent studies have demonstrated a unique mechanism of pore formation by listeriolysin O, i.e., the formation of arc-shaped oligomers that can subsequently fuse to form membrane defects of various shapes and sizes. During listerial invasion of host cells, these membrane defects can disrupt phagosome membranes, allowing bacteria to escape into the cytosol and rapidly multiply. The activity of listeriolysin O is profoundly dependent on the amount and accessibility of cholesterol in the lipid membrane, which can be modulated by the phospholipase PlcB. All these prominent features of listeriolysin O play a role during different stages of the L. monocytogenes life cycle by promoting the proliferation of the pathogen while mitigating excessive damage to its replicative niche in the cytosol of the host cell.
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Rezelj S, Kozorog M, Švigelj T, Ulrih NP, Žnidaršič N, Podobnik M, Anderluh G. Cholesterol Enriched Archaeosomes as a Molecular System for Studying Interactions of Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysins with Membranes. J Membr Biol 2018; 251:491-505. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-018-0018-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Polak A, Velikonja A, Kramar P, Tarek M, Miklavčič D. Electroporation threshold of POPC lipid bilayers with incorporated polyoxyethylene glycol (C12E8). J Phys Chem B 2014; 119:192-200. [PMID: 25495217 DOI: 10.1021/jp509789m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation relates to a phenomenon in which cell membranes are permeabilized after being exposed to high electric fields. On the molecular level, the mechanism is not yet fully elucidated, although a considerable body of experiments and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were performed on model membranes. Here we present the results of a combined theoretical and experimental investigation of electroporation of palmitoy-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) bilayers with incorporated polyoxyethylene glycol (C12E8) surfactants. The experimental results show a slight increase of the capacitance and a 22% decrease of the voltage breakdown upon addition of C12E8 to pure POPC bilayers. These results were qualitatively confirmed by the MD simulations. They later revealed that the polyoxyethylene glycol molecules play a major role in the formation of hydrophilic pores in the bilayers above the electroporation threshold. The headgroup moieties of the latter are indeed embedded in the interior of the bilayer, which favors formation of water wires that protrude into its hydrophobic core. When the water wires extend across the whole bilayer, they form channels stabilized by the C12E8 head groups. These hydrophilic channels can transport ions across the membrane without the need of major lipid head-group rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andraž Polak
- University of Ljubljana , Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Casciola M, Bonhenry D, Liberti M, Apollonio F, Tarek M. A molecular dynamic study of cholesterol rich lipid membranes: comparison of electroporation protocols. Bioelectrochemistry 2014; 100:11-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Polak A, Tarek M, Tomšič M, Valant J, Ulrih NP, Jamnik A, Kramar P, Miklavčič D. Electroporation of archaeal lipid membranes using MD simulations. Bioelectrochemistry 2014; 100:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Isolation and identification of antioxidant producing marine-source actinomycetes and optimal medium conditions. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Polak A, Tarek M, Tomšič M, Valant J, Ulrih NP, Jamnik A, Kramar P, Miklavčič D. Structural properties of archaeal lipid bilayers: small-angle X-ray scattering and molecular dynamics simulation study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:8308-8315. [PMID: 25000416 DOI: 10.1021/la5014208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aeropyrum pernix is an aerobic hyperthermophilic archaeon that grows in harsh environmental conditions and as such possesses unique structural and metabolic features. Its membrane interfaces with the extreme environment and is the first line of defense from external factors. Therefore, lipids composing this membrane have special moieties that increase its stability. The membrane of A. pernix is composed predominantly of two polar lipids 2,3-di-O-sesterterpanyl-sn-glicerol-1-phospho-1'(2'-O-α-D-glucosyl)-myo-inositol (AGI) and 2,3-di-O-sesterterpanyl-sn-glicerol-1-phospho-myo-inositol (AI). Both have methyl branches in their lipid tails and ether linkages and carbohydrates in their headgroup. These moieties significantly affect the structure and dynamics of the bilayer. To provide a molecular level insight into these characteristics, we used here Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations of lipid bilayers of composition similar to those of the archaeal membranes. First, we show that the electron density profiles along the normal to the bilayers derived from the simulations are in good agreement with the profiles obtained by the small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique, which provides confidence in the force fields used. Analyses of the simulation data show that the archaeal lipid bilayers are less hydrated than conventional phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids and that their structure is not affected by the salt present in the surrounding solution. Furthermore, the lateral pressure in their hydrophobic core, due to the presence of the branched tails, is much higher than that at PC-based lipid bilayers. Both the methyl branched tails and the special headgroup moieties contribute to slow drastically the lateral diffusion of the lipids. Furthermore, we found that the lipid head groups associate via hydrogen bonding, which affects their reorientational dynamics. All together, our data provide links between the microscopic properties of these membranes and their overall stability in harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andraž Polak
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana , Tržaška cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Napotnik T, Valant J, Gmajner D, Passamonti S, Miklavčič D, Ulrih NP. Cytotoxicity and uptake of archaeosomes prepared from Aeropyrum pernix lipids. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 32:950-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327113477875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Archaeon Aeropyrum pernix K1 is an obligate aerobic hyperthermophilic organism with C25,25-archeol membrane lipids with head groups containing inositol. Interactions of archaeosomes, liposomes prepared from lipids of A. pernix, with mammalian cells in vitro were studied. In vitro cytotoxicity was tested on five different cell lines: rodent mouse melanoma cells (B16-F1) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, and three human cell lines—epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (CACO-2), liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Hep G2) and endothelial umbilical vein cell line (EA.hy926). Archaeosomes were nontoxic to human Hep G2, CACO-2 and mildly toxic to rodent CHO and B16-F1 cells but showed strong cytotoxic effect on EA.hy926 cells. Confocal microscopy revealed that archaeosomes are taken up by endocytosis. The uptake of archaeosomes and the release of loaded calcein are more prominent in EA.hy926 cells, which is in line with high toxicity toward these cells. The mechanisms of uptake, release and action in these cells as well as in vivo functioning have to be further studied for possible targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.B. Napotnik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J. Valant
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - D. Gmajner
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S. Passamonti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgeri, Trieste, Italy
| | - D. Miklavčič
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - N. P. Ulrih
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Effect of growth medium pH of Aeropyrum pernix on structural properties and fluidity of archaeosomes. ARCHAEA-AN INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2012; 2012:285152. [PMID: 22778670 PMCID: PMC3384975 DOI: 10.1155/2012/285152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The influence of pH (6.0; 7.0; 8.0) of the growth medium of Aeropyrum pernix K1 on the structural organization and fluidity of archaeosomes prepared from a polar-lipid methanol fraction (PLMF) was investigated using fluorescence anisotropy and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Fluorescence anisotropy of the lipophilic fluorofore 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene and empirical correlation time of the spin probe methylester of 5-doxylpalmitate revealed gradual changes with increasing temperature for the pH. A similar effect has been observed by using the trimethylammonium-6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, although the temperature changes were much smaller. As the fluorescence steady-state anisotropy and the empirical correlation time obtained directly from the EPR spectra alone did not provide detailed structural information, the EPR spectra were analysed by computer simulation. This analysis showed that the archaeosome membranes are heterogeneous and composed of several regions with different modes of spin-probe motion at temperatures below 70°C. At higher temperatures, these membranes become more homogeneous and can be described by only one spectral component. Both methods indicate that the pH of the growth medium of A. pernix does not significantly influence its average membrane fluidity. These results are in accordance with TLC analysis of isolated lipids, which show no significant differences between PLMF isolated from A. pernix grown in medium with different pH.
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Gmajner D, Grabnar PA, Žnidarič MT, Štrus J, Šentjurc M, Ulrih NP. Structural characterization of liposomes made of diether archaeal lipids and dipalmitoyl-L-α-phosphatidylcholine. Biophys Chem 2011; 158:150-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gmajner D, Ota A, Šentjurc M, Ulrih NP. Stability of diether C25,25 liposomes from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Aeropyrum pernix K1. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:236-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ulrih NP, Gmajner D, Raspor P. Structural and physicochemical properties of polar lipids from thermophilic archaea. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 84:249-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Črnigoj M, Kostanjšek R, Kaletunç G, Poklar Ulrih N. Effect of different fluorescent dyes on thermal stability of DNA and cell viability of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Aeropyrum pernix. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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