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Brooks JR, Heiman TC, Lorenzen SR, Mungloo I, Mirfendereski S, Park JS, Yang R. Transepithelial Electrical Impedance Increase Following Porous Substrate Electroporation Enables Label-Free Delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310221. [PMID: 38396158 PMCID: PMC11186731 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Porous substrate electroporation (PSEP) is a promising new method for intracellular delivery, yet fundamentals of PSEP are not well understood, especially the intermediate processes leading to delivery. PSEP is an electrical method, yet the relationship between PSEP and electrical impedance remains underexplored. In this study, a device capable of measuring impedance and performing PSEP is developed and the changes in transepithelial electrical impedance (TEEI) are monitored. These measurements show TEEI increases following PSEP, unlike other electroporation methods. The authors then demonstrate how cell culture conditions and electrical waveforms influence this response. More importantly, TEEI response features are correlated with viability and delivery efficiency, allowing prediction of outcomes without fluorescent cargo, imaging, or image processing. This label-free delivery also allows improved temporal resolution of transient processes following PSEP, which the authors expect will aid PSEP optimization for new cell types and cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Brooks
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Tyler C. Heiman
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Sawyer R. Lorenzen
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Ikhlaas Mungloo
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Siamak Mirfendereski
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Jae Sung Park
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Ruiguo Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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Brooks JR, Heiman TC, Lorenzen SR, Mungloo I, Mirfendereski S, Park JS, Yang R. Transepithelial Electrical Impedance Increase Following Porous Substrate Electroporation Enables Label-Free Delivery. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.17.562630. [PMID: 37905105 PMCID: PMC10614851 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.17.562630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Porous substrate electroporation (PSEP) is a promising new method for intracellular delivery, yet fundamentals of the PSEP delivery process are not well understood, partly because most PSEP studies rely solely on imaging for evaluating delivery. Although effective, imaging alone limits understanding of intermediate processes leading to delivery. PSEP is an electrical process, so electrical impedance measurements naturally complement imaging for PSEP characterization. In this study, we developed a device capable of measuring impedance and performing PSEP and we monitored changes in transepithelial electrical impedance (TEEI). Our measurements show TEEI increases following PSEP, unlike other electroporation methods. We then demonstrated how cell culture conditions and electrical waveforms influence this response. More importantly, we correlated TEEI response features with viability and delivery efficiency, allowing prediction of outcomes without fluorescent cargo, imaging, or image processing. This label-free delivery also allows improved temporal resolution of transient processes following PSEP, which we expect will aid PSEP optimization for new cell types and cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Brooks
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Tyler C. Heiman
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Sawyer R. Lorenzen
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Ikhlaas Mungloo
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Siamak Mirfendereski
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Jae Sung Park
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Ruiguo Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communications, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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Chen W, Wang L, Liang P, Mast J, Mathis C, Liu CY, Wei J, Zhang J, Fu L, Juncos LA, Buggs J, Liu R. Reducing ischemic kidney injury through application of a synchronization modulation electric field to maintain Na +/K +-ATPase functions. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabj4906. [PMID: 35263146 PMCID: PMC9994383 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj4906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury is an important contributor to the development of delayed graft function after transplantation, which is associated with higher rejection rates and poorer long-term outcomes. One of the earliest impairments during ischemia is Na+/K+-ATPase (Na/K pump) dysfunction due to insufficient ATP supply, resulting in subsequent cellular damage. Therefore, strategies that preserve ATP or maintain Na/K pump function may limit the extent of renal injury during ischemia-reperfusion. Here, we applied a synchronization modulation electric field to activate Na/K pumps, thereby maintaining cellular functions under ATP-insufficient conditions. We tested the effectiveness of this technique in two models of ischemic renal injury: an in situ renal ischemia-reperfusion injury model (predominantly warm ischemia) and a kidney transplantation model (predominantly cold ischemia). Application of the synchronization modulation electric field to a renal ischemia-reperfusion injury mouse model preserved Na/K pump activity, thereby reducing kidney injury, as reflected by 40% lower plasma creatinine (1.17 ± 0.03 mg/dl) in the electric field-treated group as compared to the untreated control group (1.89 ± 0.06 mg/dl). In a mouse kidney transplantation model, renal graft function was improved by more than 50% with the application of the synchronization modulation electric field according to glomerular filtration rate measurements (85.40 ± 12.18 μl/min in the untreated group versus 142.80 ± 11.65 μl/min in the electric field-treated group). This technique for preserving Na/K pump function may have therapeutic potential not only for ischemic kidney injury but also for other diseases associated with Na/K pump dysfunction due to inadequate ATP supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Pengfei Liang
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Jason Mast
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Clausell Mathis
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Catherine Y Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Liying Fu
- Department of Pathology, Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Luis A Juncos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | | | - Ruisheng Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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