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Espanol A, Lerebours F, Calviere L, Bonneville F, Ducros A, Larrue V, Gollion C. Silent brain infarct in migraine: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2024; 180:486-493. [PMID: 37743182 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While migraine, particularly migraine with aura, is a recognized risk factor for ischemic stroke, the association of migraine with silent brain infarction is a matter of debate, as studies on this topic have yielded conflicting results. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was conducted of studies reporting migraine and silent brain infarction, assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, between January 1980 and April 2022, by consulting Medline and Embase databases. Studies with a control group were included in a meta-analysis of population-based studies. An exploratory meta-analysis of both population-based and clinical-based studies was further performed to test the association between migraine with aura and silent brain infarction. RESULTS A total of 2,408 articles were identified, among which 24 were included in the systematic review and 10 in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis of population-based studies showed no association of migraine with silent brain infarction (odds ratio (OR)=1.32 [95% CI 0.92;1.90], P=0.13) and migraine with aura with silent brain infarction (OR=1.56 [0.74;3.30], P=0.24). However, in the exploratory meta-analysis of population-based and clinical-based studies, migraine with aura was significantly associated with silent brain infarction (OR=1.91 [1.02;3.59], P=0.04) and to silent cerebellar infarcts (OR=2.57 [1.01;6.56], P=0.05). CONCLUSION In this updated systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies, migraine and migraine with aura were not associated with silent brain infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Espanol
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - F Lerebours
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - L Calviere
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - F Bonneville
- Inserm, ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France; Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - A Ducros
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - V Larrue
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - C Gollion
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Inserm, ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.
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Pohl M, Hesszenberger D, Kapus K, Meszaros J, Feher A, Varadi I, Pusch G, Fejes E, Tibold A, Feher G. Ischemic stroke mimics: A comprehensive review. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 93:174-182. [PMID: 34656244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of disability and one of the leading causes of death. Ischemic stroke mimics (SMs) can account for a noteble number of diagnosed acute strokes and even can be thrombolyzed. METHODS The aim of our comprehensive review was to summarize the findings of different studies focusing on the prevalence, type, risk factors, presenting symptoms, and outcome of SMs in stroke/thrombolysis situations. RESULTS Overall, 61 studies were selected with 62.664 participants. Ischemic stroke mimic rate was 24.8% (15044/60703). Most common types included peripheral vestibular dysfunction in 23.2%, toxic/metabolic in 13.2%, seizure in 13%, functional disorder in 9.7% and migraine in 7.76%. Ischemic stroke mimic have less vascular risk factors, younger age, female predominance, lower (nearly normal) blood pressure, no or less severe symptoms compared to ischemic stroke patients (p < 0.05 in all cases). 61.7% of ischemic stroke patients were thrombolysed vs. 26.3% among SMs (p < 0.001). (p < 0.001). Overall intracranial hemorrhage was reported in 9.4% of stroke vs. 0.7% in SM patients (p < 0.001). Death occurred in 11.3% of stroke vs 1.9% of SM patients (p < 0.001). Excellent outcome was (mRS 0-1) was reported in 41.8% ischemic stroke patients vs. 68.9% SMs (p < 0.001). Apart from HINTS manouvre or Hoover sign there is no specific method in the identification of mimics. MRI DWI or perfusion imaging have a role in the setup of differential diagnosis, but merit further investigation. CONCLUSION Our article is among the first complex reviews focusing on ischemic stroke mimics. Although it underscores the safety of thrombolysis in this situation, but also draws attention to the need of patient evaluation by physicians experienced in the diagnosis of both ischemic stroke and SMs, especially in vertigo, headache, seizure and conversional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Pohl
- Centre for Occupational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Krisztian Kapus
- Centre for Occupational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Janos Meszaros
- Centre for Occupational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Imre Varadi
- Centre for Occupational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | | | - Antal Tibold
- Centre for Occupational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Feher
- Centre for Occupational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Neurology Outpatient Clinic, EÜ-MED KFT, Komló, Hungary.
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Li X, Khan A, Li Y, Chen D, Yang J, Zhan H, Du G, Xu J, Lou W, Tong RKY. Hyperconnection and hyperperfusion of overlapping brain regions in patients with menstrual-related migraine: a multimodal neuroimaging study. Neuroradiology 2021; 63:741-749. [PMID: 33392732 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-020-02623-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Menstrual-related migraine (MRM) results in moderate to severe intensity headaches accompanied by physical and emotional disability over time in women. Neuroimaging methodologies have advanced our understanding of migraine; however, the neural mechanisms of MRM are not clearly understood. METHODS In this study, fourteen MRM patients in the interictal phase and fifteen age- and education-matched healthy control females were recruited. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and pulsed arterial spin labeling (PASL) MRI were collected for both the subject groups outside of their menstrual periods. Eigenvector centrality mapping (ECM) was performed on resting-state fMRI, and the relative cerebral blood flow (relCBF) was assessed using PASL-MRI. RESULTS MRM patients showed a significantly increased eigenvector centrality in the right medial frontal gyrus compared to healthy controls. Seed-based ECM analysis revealed that increased centrality was associated with the right medial frontal gyrus's hyperconnectivity with the left insula and the right supplementary motor area. The perfusion MRI revealed significantly increased relCBF in the hyperconnected regions. Furthermore, the hyperconnection positively correlated with the attack frequency, while the hyperperfusion showed a positive correlation with the disease duration. CONCLUSION The results suggest that menstrual-related migraine is associated with cerebral hyperconnection and hyperperfusion in critical pain-processing brain regions. Furthermore, this elevated cerebral activity is correlated with different aspects of functional impairment in MRM patients suggesting that perfusion analysis, along with whole-brain connectivity analysis, can provide a comprehensive understanding of neural mechanisms of MRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ahsan Khan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Diansen Chen
- Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Haohui Zhan
- Division of MRI, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ganqin Du
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jin Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wutao Lou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Raymond Kai-Yu Tong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Rościszewska-Żukowska I, Zając-Mnich M, Janik P. Characteristics and clinical correlates of white matter changes in brain magnetic resonance of migraine females. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2018; 52:695-703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pjnns.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Santoro JD, Forkert ND, Yang QZ, Pavitt S, MacEachern SJ, Moseley ME, Yeom KW. Brain Diffusion Abnormalities in Children with Tension-Type and Migraine-Type Headaches. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018; 39:935-941. [PMID: 29545251 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tension-type and migraine-type headaches are the most common chronic paroxysmal disorders of childhood. The goal of this study was to compare regional cerebral volumes and diffusion in tension-type and migraine-type headaches against published controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients evaluated for tension-type or migraine-type headache without aura from May 2014 to July 2016 in a single center were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty-two patients with tension-type headache and 23 with migraine-type headache at an average of 4 months after diagnosis were enrolled. All patients underwent DWI at 3T before the start of pharmacotherapy. Using atlas-based DWI analysis, we determined regional volumetric and diffusion properties in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, brain stem, and cerebral white matter. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to test for differences between controls and patients with tension-type and migraine-type headaches. RESULTS There were no significant differences in regional brain volumes between the groups. Patients with tension-type and migraine-type headaches showed significantly increased ADC in the hippocampus and brain stem compared with controls. Additionally, only patients with migraine-type headache showed significantly increased ADC in the thalamus and a trend toward increased ADC in the amygdala compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies early cerebral diffusion changes in patients with tension-type and migraine-type headaches compared with controls. The hypothesized mechanisms of nociception in migraine-type and tension-type headaches may explain the findings as a precursor to structural changes seen in adult patients with chronic headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Santoro
- From the Department of Neurology (J.D.S., Q.-Z.Y., S.P.), Division of Child Neurology
| | | | - Q-Z Yang
- From the Department of Neurology (J.D.S., Q.-Z.Y., S.P.), Division of Child Neurology
| | - S Pavitt
- From the Department of Neurology (J.D.S., Q.-Z.Y., S.P.), Division of Child Neurology
| | - S J MacEachern
- Pediatrics (S.J.M.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - M E Moseley
- Department of Radiology (M.E.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - K W Yeom
- Department of Radiology (K.W.Y.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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Simsek IB. Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer Thickness of Migraine Patients with or without White Matter Lesions. Neuroophthalmology 2017; 41:7-11. [PMID: 28228831 PMCID: PMC5278785 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2016.1243131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness is correlated with cerebral white matter lesions (WML) in migraine patients. Forty migraine and 40 healthy subjects were included in this study. The difference in RNFL thickness between the control and a migraine group with WML and a migraine group without WML were investigated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). A Tukey post hoc test was conducted to determine from which group the difference originated. Lower RNFL thicknesses were observed in the migraine patient group where WML was detected using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), compared with the control group and with the migraine group with no WML. Statistically significant difference was found between the three groups in terms of RNFL thickness. Although there was a statistically significant difference between the control and the migraine group with WML detected with MRI, no statistically significant difference was found in terms of RNFL thickness between the control and the migraine group with no WML related to Tukey post hoc test. Moreover, there was a statistically significant difference between migraine patients with WML and patients without WML in terms of retinal nerve fibre layer thickness. The results indicate that reduction in RNFL detected via optical coherence tomography may be related to cerebral WML in migraine patients. Further studies by neurologists and ophthalmologists are necessary to determine the clinical relevance of the relation between RNFL and cerebral WML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilke Bahceci Simsek
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Istanbul Medicine Hospital, Biruni Univercity, Istanbul, Turkey
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On the interplay between chronic pain and age with regard to neurocognitive integrity: Two interacting conditions? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 69:174-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Toghae M, Rahimian E, Abdollahi M, Shoar S, Naderan M. The Prevalence of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Hyperintensity in Migraine Patients and Its Association with Migraine Headache Characteristics and Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Oman Med J 2015; 30:203-7. [PMID: 26171127 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2015.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the frequency of hyperintense foci in migraine patients and the relationship with migraine headache characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS Ninety patients with migraine headache (70 without aura and 20 with aura) were enrolled and interviewed. Information on their headache (severity, frequency, and mean disease duration) and other related data was obtained by completing a clinical checklist. Subsequently, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed and each patient was then evaluated for hyperintense lesions. RESULTS Of the 90 patients, 29 (32%) had silent hyperintense lesions on their MRI. The mean age of the patients with hyperintense foci was 41 years while those with no lesions was 33 years (p<0.010). Supratentorial hyperintense lesions represented the majority of lesions in the patients (n=46, 63%). Moreover, 56.3% of the lesions (n=41) were located within the right hemisphere. Cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, serum cholesterol, oral contraceptive pills use, and body mass index (BMI) were not significantly different in these two groups (p>0.050). The lesions were found significantly more frequently in the patients who experienced chronic migraine (p=0.032). CONCLUSION Our study adds weight to the theory that disease duration has a key role in the formation of hyperintense brain lesions. Certain cardiovascular risk factors such as sex, smoking, serum cholesterol, and BMI, do not affect the presence or absence of such lesions, suggesting that the relationship between migraine and these lesions may be directly due to the effects of migraine itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Toghae
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Neurology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Rahimian
- Haghighat MRI Center and Khatam MRI Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Neurology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Shoar
- Department of Surgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naderan
- Department of Cardiology, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Bashir A, Lipton RB, Ashina S, Ashina M. Migraine and structural changes in the brain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology 2013; 81:1260-8. [PMID: 23986301 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182a6cb32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between migraine without aura (MO) and migraine with aura (MA) and 3 types of structural brain abnormalities detected by MRI: white matter abnormalities (WMAs), infarct-like lesions (ILLs), and volumetric changes in gray and white matter (GM, WM) regions. METHODS PubMed as well as the reference lists of identified studies and reviews were used to identify potentially eligible studies through January 2013. Candidate studies were reviewed and eligible studies were abstracted. Pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for WMAs and ILLs. RESULTS Six population-based and 13 clinic-based studies were identified. The studies suggested that structural brain changes, including WMAs, silent ILLs, and volumetric changes in GM and WM regions, were more common in migraineurs than in control groups. The results were strongest for MA. The meta-analysis of WMAs showed an association for MA (OR 1.68; 95% CI 1.07-2.65; p = 0.03) but not for MO (OR 1.34; 95% CI 0.96-1.87; p = 0.08). The association of ILLs was greater for MA (OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.02-2.03; p = 0.04) than for MO, but no association was found for MA (p = 0.52) and MO (p = 0.08) compared to controls. CONCLUSION These data suggest that migraine may be a risk factor for structural changes in the brain. Additional longitudinal studies are needed to determine the differential influence of migraine without and with aura, to better characterize the effects of attack frequency, and to assess longitudinal changes in brain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Bashir
- From the Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology (A.B., M.A.), Glostrup Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark; Montefiore Headache Center (R.B.L.), Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; and Headache Program (S.A.), Department of Pain Medicine and Palliative Care, Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY
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De Reuck J, Paemeleire K, Van Maele G. Stroke in patients with migraine. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2010; 44:118-22. [PMID: 20496281 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3843(14)60002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Migraine with aura (MA) is considered as a risk factor for ischaemic stroke. The present observational retrospective study compares migraine patients admitted for a documented stroke with those presenting focal neurological symptoms and headache without a demonstrable lesion and in which the final diagnosis was a migraine attack with aura. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 14 migraine patients with a stroke and 37 without a stroke. The clinical characteristics, the vascular risk factors and the results of the technical examinations were compared. RESULTS Stroke occurred in migraine patients with aura as well as without aura. Classical vascular risk factors were rather rare. Patent foramen ovale (PFO) with or without atrial septum aneurysm appeared to be the main risk factor for stroke in patients with a history of migraine. Infarcts were mainly located in the supratentorial territory of the posterior cerebral circulation. Also some lobar haematomas were observed, but their aetiology remained uncertain. The strokes were generally mildly severe with good outcome. Hyperintense signals in the cerebral white matter and cerebellum, on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, were more frequent in the migraine patients with stroke. CONCLUSIONS The presence of PFO, rather than of MA, appeared to be the main risk factor for stroke patients with migraine. No direct relation between migraine and stroke could be demonstrated.
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Bereczki D, Kollár J, Kozák N, Viszokay K, Barta Z, Sikula J, Magyar MT. Cortical spreading edema in persistent visual migraine aura. Headache 2009; 48:1226-9. [PMID: 18819182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present imaging evidence of the spreading of cortical edema with reversibly restricted water diffusion from the left occipital to the temporoparietal cortex in persistent visual migraine aura in a 58-year-old man. The right-sided visual field defect lasting for 15 days was associated with discoupling of glucose metabolism and blood flow and the decreased apparent diffusion coefficient also suggested cytotoxic edema. At 8 weeks no signs were present, and magnetic resonance imaging became normal; therefore, long-lasting restricted cortical water diffusion, even if coupled with hypometabolism and edema, can be reversible in persistent visual migraine aura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Bereczki
- Semmelweis University, Department of Neurology, Budapest, Balassa, U. L, H-1083, Hungary
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Del Sette M, Dinia L, Bonzano L, Roccatagliata L, Finocchi C, Parodi RC, Sivori G, Gandolfo C. White Matter Lesions in Migraine and Right-to-Left Shunt: A Conventional and Diffusion MRI Study. Cephalalgia 2008; 28:376-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Subjects with migraine with aura (MA) have a high prevalence of white matter lesions (WMLs) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Moreover, right-to-left shunt (RILES), mainly due to patent foramen ovale, is frequently associated with MA. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between RILES and WML in MA. We enrolled 87 consecutive subjects affected by MA. Patients were screened for migraine characteristics and cerebrovascular risk factors. Transcranial Doppler was used to diagnose RILES and MRI with T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to evaluate presence, number and volume of WMLs. RILES was present in 45% of patients. We did not detect any DWI hyperintense lesion; WMLs were present in 61% of patients on T2-weighted images. Presence of WMLs did not correlate with any migraine clinical feature, whereas the presence, number and volume of WMLs increased with subjects' age. There was no significant difference in the total volume and number of WMLs in the group with and without RILES. In conclusion, RILES does not increase the likelihood of finding WMLs in migraineurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Del Sette
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - L Dinia
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - L Bonzano
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Research Centre on Nervous System Diseases, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - L Roccatagliata
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Research Centre on Nervous System Diseases, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - C Finocchi
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - RC Parodi
- Neuroradiology Unit, San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy
| | - G Sivori
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - C Gandolfo
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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