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Zhang X, Li H, Wang H, Liu X, Deng W, Zhong J, Fan L, Ling Q, Hu D, Qi H, Chen H. Iodine concentration, HU accuracy, and metal artifacts evaluation on second-generation dual-layer spectral detector CT images with metal implants: a phantom study. Acta Radiol 2024; 65:1030-1038. [PMID: 39140845 DOI: 10.1177/02841851241269853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metal implants may affect the image quality, iodine concentration (IC), and CT Hounsfield unit (HU) quantification accuracy. PURPOSE To investigate the quantitative accuracy of IC and HU from dual-layer spectral detector (DLCT) in the presence of metal artifacts. MATERIAL AND METHODS An experimental cylindrical phantom containing eight iodine inserts and two metal inserts was designed. The phantom underwent scanning at three radiation dose levels and two tube voltage settings. A set of conventional images (CIs), virtual monoenergetic images (VMIs), and iodine concentration maps (ICMs) were generated and measured for all the eight iodine inserts. Quantitative indicators of mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), artifact index (AI), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and standard deviation (SD) on CIs and VMIs were calculated for IC and HU. Subjective score evaluation was also conducted. RESULTS The MAPEiodine values of all regions of interest across different scanning configurations were all <5%. Almost all APEiodine values were <5%, indicating that metal artifacts had little impact on IC measurements. When the tube voltage was fixed, the SD value of attenuation decreased with the increase of the tube current; this is also true when the tube current was fixed. The middle energy reconstructions seemed to give a good balance between reducing artifacts and improving contrast. CONCLUSION VMIs from DLCT can reduce metal artifacts, the accuracy of IC quantification is not sensitive to imaging parameters. In summary, metal implants exhibit minimal impact on image quality and IC quantification accuracy in reconstructed images from DLCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Zhang
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hanwei Li
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Haowen Wang
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Clinical and Technical Support, Philips Healthcare, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Weiwei Deng
- Clinical and Technical Support, Philips Healthcare, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianqiu Zhong
- Clinical and Technical Support, Philips Healthcare, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Litian Fan
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qingqing Ling
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Debin Hu
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hongliang Qi
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hongwen Chen
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Wajer R, Wajer A, Kazimierczak N, Wilamowska J, Serafin Z. The Impact of AI on Metal Artifacts in CBCT Oral Cavity Imaging. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1280. [PMID: 38928694 PMCID: PMC11203150 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14121280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the impact of artificial intelligence (AI)-driven noise reduction algorithms on metal artifacts and image quality parameters in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of the oral cavity. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study included 70 patients, 61 of whom were analyzed after excluding those with severe motion artifacts. CBCT scans, performed using a Hyperion X9 PRO 13 × 10 CBCT machine, included images with dental implants, amalgam fillings, orthodontic appliances, root canal fillings, and crowns. Images were processed with the ClariCT.AI deep learning model (DLM) for noise reduction. Objective image quality was assessed using metrics such as the differentiation between voxel values (ΔVVs), the artifact index (AIx), and the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Subjective assessments were performed by two experienced readers, who rated overall image quality and artifact intensity on predefined scales. RESULTS Compared with native images, DLM reconstructions significantly reduced the AIx and increased the CNR (p < 0.001), indicating improved image clarity and artifact reduction. Subjective assessments also favored DLM images, with higher ratings for overall image quality and lower artifact intensity (p < 0.001). However, the ΔVV values were similar between the native and DLM images, indicating that while the DLM reduced noise, it maintained the overall density distribution. Orthodontic appliances produced the most pronounced artifacts, while implants generated the least. CONCLUSIONS AI-based noise reduction using ClariCT.AI significantly enhances CBCT image quality by reducing noise and metal artifacts, thereby improving diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning. Further research with larger, multicenter cohorts is recommended to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róża Wajer
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital No. 1 in Bydgoszcz, Marii Skłodowskiej—Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (J.W.); (Z.S.)
| | | | - Natalia Kazimierczak
- Kazimierczak Private Medical Practice, Dworcowa 13/u6a, 85-009 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Justyna Wilamowska
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital No. 1 in Bydgoszcz, Marii Skłodowskiej—Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (J.W.); (Z.S.)
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Jagiellońska 13-15, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Serafin
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital No. 1 in Bydgoszcz, Marii Skłodowskiej—Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (J.W.); (Z.S.)
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Jagiellońska 13-15, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Kitami R, Izumi M, Taniguchi M, Kozai Y, Sakurai T. Phantom study for CT artifacts of dental titanium implants and zirconia upper structures: the effects of occlusal plane angle setting and SEMAR algorithm. Oral Radiol 2024; 40:251-258. [PMID: 38146041 DOI: 10.1007/s11282-023-00730-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The single-energy metal artifact reduction (SEMAR) algorithm effectively reduces metal artifacts in computed tomography (CT). The study aimed to evaluate the effect of the occlusal plane angle on metal artifacts caused by dental implants and zirconia upper structures, and the effectiveness of SEMAR for CT prognostic evaluation. METHODS Part of a bovine rib was used as the mandibular implant phantom. First, the phantom immersed in a water tank was scanned using CT to obtain the control image under certain conditions. Subsequently, three titanium implant bodies were implanted in a straight line into the phantom, and a zirconia superstructure was attached. CT scans were performed. The CT-reconstructed images were obtained with and without SEMAR processing. Twelve regions of interest (ROIs) were set at the same site on each sagittal image, and the CT values were measured at all the ROIs. The CT values of the ROIs in the control images and those of the ROIs with and without SEMAR were compared. RESULTS The variations in the occlusal plane angle during CT imaging negligibly affected the number of regions in which metal artifacts appeared. SEMAR improved the CT value of the trabecular bone, which was affected by metal artifacts. CONCLUSION This study showed that the occlusal plane angle occasionally did not affect the area of metal artifacts caused by dental implants or zirconia upper structures. Other results indicate that SEMAR is effective for accurately evaluating the alveolar bone around the implant body by reducing metal artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Kitami
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka City, Japan
| | - Masahiro Izumi
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka City, Japan.
| | - Motoe Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka City, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kozai
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Department of Educational Planning, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka City, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakurai
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka City, Japan
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Layer YC, Mesropyan N, Kupczyk PA, Luetkens JA, Isaak A, Dell T, Ernst BP, Attenberger UI, Kuetting D. Use of virtual monoenergetic images for reduction of extensive dental implant associated artifacts in photon-counting detector CT. Sci Rep 2024; 14:497. [PMID: 38177651 PMCID: PMC10766624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50926-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim of this study was to assess the impact of virtual monoenergetic images (VMI) on dental implant artifacts in photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD-CT) compared to standard reconstructed polychromatic images (PI). 30 scans with extensive (≥ 5 dental implants) dental implant-associated artifacts were retrospectively analyzed. Scans were acquired during clinical routine on a PCD-CT. VMI were reconstructed for 100-190 keV (10 keV steps) and compared to PI. Artifact extent and assessment of adjacent soft tissue were rated using a 5-point Likert grading scale for qualitative assessment. Quantitative assessment was performed using ROIs in most pronounced hypodense and hyperdense artifacts, artifact-impaired soft tissue, artifact-free fat and muscle tissue. A corrected attenuation was calculated as difference between artifact-impaired tissue and tissue without artifacts. Qualitative assessment of soft palate and cheeks improved for all VMI compared to PI (Median PI: 1 (Range: 1-3) and 1 (1-3); e.g. VMI130 keV 2 (1-5); p < 0.0001 and 2 (1-4); p < 0.0001). In quantitative assessment, VMI130 keV showed best results with a corrected attenuation closest to 0 (PI: 30.48 ± 98.16; VMI130 keV: - 0.55 ± 73.38; p = 0.0026). Overall, photon-counting deducted VMI reduce the extent of dental implant-associated artifacts. VMI of 130 keV showed best results and are recommended to support head and neck CT scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannik C Layer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Narine Mesropyan
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patrick A Kupczyk
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julian A Luetkens
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Isaak
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tatjana Dell
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin P Ernst
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrike I Attenberger
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Kuetting
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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Kazimierczak W, Nowak E, Kazimierczak N, Jankowski T, Jankowska A, Serafin Z. The value of metal artifact reduction and iterative algorithms in dual energy CT angiography in patients after complex endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20700. [PMID: 37876478 PMCID: PMC10590777 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale and objectives Evaluation of the diagnostic value of linearly blended (LB) and virtual monoenergetic images (VMI) reconstruction techniques with and without metal artifacts reduction (MAR) and of adaptive statistical iterative reconstructions (ASIR) in the assessment of target vessels after branched/fenestrated endovascular aortic repair (f/brEVAR) procedures. Materials and methods CT scans of 28 patients were used in this study. Arterial phase of examination was obtained using a dual-energy fast-kVp switching scanner. CT numbers in the aorta, celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and renal arteries were measured in the following reconstructions: LB, VMI 60 keV, VMI MAR 60 keV, VMI ASIR 60 % 60 keV. Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were calculated for each reconstruction. Luminal diameters (measurements at 2 levels of stent) and subjective image quality (5-point Likert scale) were assessed (2 readers, blinded to the type of reconstruction). Results The highest mean values of CNR and SNR in vascular structures were obtained in VMI MAR 60 keV (CNR 12.526 ± 2.46, SNR 17.398 ± 2.52), lower in VMI 60 keV (CNR 11.508 ± 2.01, SNR 16.524 ± 2.07) and VMI ASIR (CNR 11.086 ± 1.78, SNR 15.928 ± 1.82), and the lowest in LB (CNR 6.808 ± 0.79, SNR 11.492 ± 0.79) reconstructions. There were no statistically significant differences in the measurements of the stent width between reconstructions (p > 0.05). The highest subjective image quality was obtained in the ASIR VMI (4.25 ± 0.44) and the lowest in the MAR VMI (1.57 ± 0.5) reconstruction. Conclusion Despite obtaining the highest values of SNR and CNR in the MAR VMI reconstruction, the subjective diagnostic value was the lowest for this technique due to significant artifacts. The type of reconstruction did not significantly affect vessel diameter measurements (p > 0.05). Iterative reconstructions raised both objective and subjective image quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kazimierczak
- Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Jagiellońska 13-15, 85-067, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- University Hospital No 1 in Bydgoszcz, Marii Skłodowskiej – Curie 9, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Kazimierczak Private Medical Practice, Dworcowa 13/u6a, 85-009, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewa Nowak
- University Hospital No 1 in Bydgoszcz, Marii Skłodowskiej – Curie 9, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Natalia Kazimierczak
- Kazimierczak Private Medical Practice, Dworcowa 13/u6a, 85-009, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jankowski
- Jankowscy Private Dental Practice, Czerwonego Krzyża 24, 68-200, Żary, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jankowska
- Jankowscy Private Dental Practice, Czerwonego Krzyża 24, 68-200, Żary, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Serafin
- Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Jagiellońska 13-15, 85-067, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- University Hospital No 1 in Bydgoszcz, Marii Skłodowskiej – Curie 9, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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MRI of odontogenic maxillofacial infections: diagnostic accuracy and reliability. Oral Radiol 2023; 39:364-371. [PMID: 35943697 PMCID: PMC10017569 DOI: 10.1007/s11282-022-00646-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the diagnostic accuracy of emergency magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in odontogenic maxillofacial infections, the clinical and surgical significance of MRI findings, and whether MRI can identify the tooth responsible for the infection. METHODS A retrospective cohort study reviewed 106 emergency neck MRI scans of patients with neck infections of odontogenic origin. The diagnostic accuracy of MRI in identifying abscesses was studied relative to surgical findings. Correlations were analyzed between various MRI findings and clinical results and outcomes, such as the surgical approach (intraoral vs. extraoral). The ability of MRI findings to predict the causative tooth was assessed in a blinded multi-reader setting. RESULTS Of the 106 patients with odontogenic infections, 77 (73%) had one or more abscesses. Imaging showed a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 0.95, 0.84, and 0.92, respectively, for MRI diagnosis of an odontogenic abscess. Among the imaging findings, mediastinal edema was the strongest predictor of extraoral surgery. MRI showed bone marrow edema in the majority of patients, and multi-reader assessment showed good reliability. MRI was also able to predict the causative tooth accurately. CONCLUSIONS Emergency neck MRI can accurately detect odontogenic abscesses and reliably point to the causative tooth. These results can increase the utility and reliance on emergency MRI in clinical decision-making.
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Hirvonen J, Heikkinen J, Nyman M, Happonen T, Velhonoja J, Irjala H, Soukka T, Mattila K, Nurminen J. MRI of acute neck infections: evidence summary and pictorial review. Insights Imaging 2023; 14:5. [PMID: 36617619 PMCID: PMC9826778 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-022-01347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of the deep neck spaces is a life-threatening acute illness that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers unsurpassed soft tissue discrimination and is therefore well suited for imaging neck infections. Recently, the feasibility, diagnostic accuracy, and clinical significance of this method have been documented in patients with acute neck infections. This review article summarizes the scientific evidence, provides a practical guide to image acquisition and interpretation, reviews the most common imaging findings, and discusses some difficult diagnoses and pitfalls in acute neck infections, to help both radiologists and clinicians in managing these critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Hirvonen
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland ,grid.412330.70000 0004 0628 2985Medical Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jaakko Heikkinen
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Nyman
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tatu Happonen
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarno Velhonoja
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Irjala
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tero Soukka
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kimmo Mattila
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Janne Nurminen
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Metal implants on abdominal CT: does split-filter dual-energy CT provide additional value over iterative metal artifact reduction? Abdom Radiol (NY) 2023; 48:424-435. [PMID: 36180598 PMCID: PMC9849167 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-022-03682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess image quality and metal artifact reduction in split-filter dual-energy CT (sfDECT) of the abdomen with hip or spinal implants using virtual monoenergetic images (VMI) and iterative metal artifact reduction algorithm (iMAR). METHODS 102 portal-venous abdominal sfDECTs of patients with hip (n = 71) or spinal implants (n = 31) were included in this study. Images were reconstructed as 120kVp-equivalent images (Mixed) and VMI (40-190 keV), with and without iMAR. Quantitative artifact and image noise was measured using 12 different ROIs. Subjective image quality was rated by two readers using a five-point Likert-scale in six categories, including overall image quality and vascular contrast. RESULTS Lowest quantitative artifact in both hip and spinal implants was measured in VMI190keV-iMAR. However, it was not significantly lower than in MixediMAR (for all ROIs, p = 1.00), which were rated best for overall image quality (hip: 1.00 [IQR: 1.00-2.00], spine: 3.00 [IQR:2.00-3.00]). VMI50keV-iMAR was rated best for vascular contrast (hip: 1.00 [IQR: 1.00-2.00], spine: 2.00 [IQR: 1.00-2.00]), which was significantly better than Mixed (both, p < 0.001). VMI50keV-iMAR provided superior overall image quality compared to Mixed for hip (1.00 vs 2.00, p < 0.001) and similar diagnostic image quality for spinal implants (2.00 vs 2.00, p = 0.51). CONCLUSION For abdominal sfDECT with hip or spinal implants MixediMAR images should be used. High keV VMI do not further improve image quality. IMAR allows the use of low keV images (VMI50keV) to improve vascular contrast, compared to Mixed images.
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Multi-Energy CT Applications. Radiol Clin North Am 2023; 61:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Applications to Reduce Metal Artifacts in Hip Prostheses: A Phantom Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 13:diagnostics13010050. [PMID: 36611342 PMCID: PMC9853491 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal components of hip prostheses cause severe artifacts in CT images, influencing diagnostic accuracy. Metal artifact reduction (MAR) software and virtual monoenergetic reconstructions on dual-energy CT (DECT) systems are possible solutions that should be considered. In this study, we created a customized adjustable phantom to quantify the severity of artifacts on periprosthetic tissues (cortical and spongious bone, soft tissues) for hip prostheses. The severity of artifacts was classified by different thresholds of deviation from the CT numbers for reference objects not affected by artifacts. The in vitro setup was applied on four unilateral and three bilateral configurations of hip prostheses (made of titanium, cobalt, and stainless steel alloys) with a DECT system, changing the energy of virtual monoenergetic reconstructions, with and without MAR. The impact of these tools on the severity of artifacts was scored, looking for the best scan conditions for the different configurations. For titanium prostheses, the reconstruction at 110 keV, without MAR, always minimized the artifacts. For cobalt and stainless-steel prostheses, MAR should always be applied, while monoenergetic reconstruction alone did not show clear advantages. The available tools for reducing metal artifacts must therefore be applied depending on the examined prosthetic configuration.
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11
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Som A, Rosenboom JG, Chandler A, Sheth RA, Wehrenberg-Klee E. Image-guided intratumoral immunotherapy: Developing a clinically practical technology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 189:114505. [PMID: 36007674 PMCID: PMC10456124 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the contemporary oncology landscape, with durable responses possible across a range of cancer types. However, the majority of cancer patients do not respond to immunotherapy due to numerous immunosuppressive barriers. Efforts to overcome these barriers and increase systemic immunotherapy efficacy have sparked interest in the local intratumoral delivery of immune stimulants to activate the local immune response and subsequently drive systemic tumor immunity. While clinical evaluation of many therapeutic candidates is ongoing, development is hindered by a lack of imaging confirmation of local delivery, insufficient intratumoral drug distribution, and a need for repeated injections. The use of polymeric drug delivery systems, which have been widely used as platforms for both image guidance and controlled drug release, holds promise for delivery of intratumoral immunoadjuvants and the development of an in situ cancer vaccine for patients with metastatic cancer. In this review, we explore the current state of the field for intratumoral delivery and methods for optimizing controlled drug release, as well as practical considerations for drug delivery design to be optimized for clinical image guided delivery particularly by CT and ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avik Som
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States
| | - Jan-Georg Rosenboom
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States; Department of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States
| | - Alana Chandler
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States; Department of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States
| | - Rahul A Sheth
- Department of Interventional Radiology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, United States
| | - Eric Wehrenberg-Klee
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States.
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Liu Y, Wen T, Sun W, Liu Z, Song X, He X, Zhang S, Wu Z. Graph-Based Motion Artifacts Detection Method from Head Computed Tomography Images. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5666. [PMID: 35957222 PMCID: PMC9371218 DOI: 10.3390/s22155666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) images play an important role due to effectiveness and accessibility, however, motion artifacts may obscure or simulate pathology and dramatically degrade the diagnosis accuracy. In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in medical imaging due to the powerful learning ability with the help of the advanced hardware technology. Unfortunately, CNNs have significant overhead on memory usage and computational resources and are labeled 'black-box' by scholars for their complex underlying structures. To this end, an interpretable graph-based method has been proposed for motion artifacts detection from head CT images in this paper. From a topological perspective, the artifacts detection problem has been reformulated as a complex network classification problem based on the network topological characteristics of the corresponding complex networks. A motion artifacts detection method based on complex networks (MADM-CN) has been proposed. Firstly, the graph of each CT image is constructed based on the theory of complex networks. Secondly, slice-to-slice relationship has been explored by multiple graph construction. In addition, network topological characteristics are investigated locally and globally, consistent topological characteristics including average degree, average clustering coefficient have been utilized for classification. The experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed MADM-CN has achieved better performance over conventional machine learning and deep learning methods on a real CT dataset, reaching up to 98% of the accuracy and 97% of the sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Liu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China;
| | - Tao Wen
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China;
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian Neusoft University of Information, Dalian 116023, China; (Z.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Computer Science, Neusoft Institute Guangdong, Foshan 528225, China;
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian Neusoft University of Information, Dalian 116023, China; (Z.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaoying Song
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian Neusoft University of Information, Dalian 116023, China; (Z.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Xuan He
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China;
| | - Shuo Zhang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (S.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhenning Wu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (S.Z.); (Z.W.)
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Zhao X, Chao W, Shan Y, Li J, Zhao C, Zhang M, Lu J. Comparison of Image Quality and Radiation Dose Between Single-Energy and Dual-Energy Images for the Brain With Stereotactic Frames on Dual-Energy Cerebral CT. FRONTIERS IN RADIOLOGY 2022; 2:899100. [PMID: 37492654 PMCID: PMC10364999 DOI: 10.3389/fradi.2022.899100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Background Preoperative stereotactic planning of deep brain stimulation (DBS) using computed tomography (CT) imaging in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) is of clinical interest. However, frame-induced metal artifacts are common in clinical practice, which can be challenging for neurosurgeons to visualize brain structures. Objectives To evaluate the image quality and radiation exposure of patients with stereotactic frame brain CT acquired using a dual-source CT (DSCT) system in single- and dual-energy modes. Materials and Methods We included 60 consecutive patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and randomized them into two groups. CT images of the brain were performed using DSCT (Group A, an 80/Sn150 kVp dual-energy mode; Group B, a 120 kVp single-energy mode). One set of single-energy images (120 kVp) and 10 sets of virtual monochromatic images (50-140 keV) were obtained. Subjective image analysis of overall image quality was performed using a five-point Likert scale. For objective image quality evaluation, CT values, image noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise (CNR) were calculated. The radiation dose was recorded for each patient. Results The mean effective radiation dose was reduced in the dual-energy mode (1.73 mSv ± 0.45 mSv) compared to the single-energy mode (3.16 mSv ± 0.64 mSv) (p < 0.001). Image noise was reduced by 46-52% for 120-140 keV VMI compared to 120 kVp images (both p < 0.01). CT values were higher at 100-140 keV than at 120 kVp images. At 120-140 keV, CT values of brain tissue showed significant differences at the level of the most severe metal artifacts (all p < 0.05). SNR was also higher in the dual-energy mode 90-140 keV compared to 120 kVp images, showing a significant difference between the two groups at 120-140 keV (all p < 0.01). The CNR was significantly better in Group A for 60-140 keV VMI compared to Group B (both p < 0.001). The highest subjective image scores were found in the 120 keV images, while 110-140 keV images had significantly higher scores than 120 kVp images (all p < 0.05). Conclusion DSCT images using dual-energy modes provide better objective and subjective image quality for patients with PD at lower radiation doses compared to single-energy modes and facilitate brain tissue visualization with stereotactic frame DBS procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Zhao
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, XuanWu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Chao
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, XuanWu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Shan
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, XuanWu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
| | - Jingkai Li
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, XuanWu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, XuanWu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, XuanWu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, XuanWu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
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Sakai Y, Kitamoto E, Okamura K, Tatsumi M, Shirasaka T, Mikayama R, Kondo M, Hamasaki H, Kato T, Yoshiura K. Metal artefact reduction in the oral cavity using deep learning reconstruction algorithm in ultra-high-resolution computed tomography: a phantom study. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2021; 50:20200553. [PMID: 33914646 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20200553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to improve the impact of the metal artefact reduction (MAR) algorithm for the oral cavity by assessing the effect of acquisition and reconstruction parameters on an ultra-high-resolution CT (UHRCT) scanner. METHODS The mandible tooth phantom with and without the lesion was scanned using super-high-resolution, high-resolution (HR), and normal-resolution (NR) modes. Images were reconstructed with deep learning-based reconstruction (DLR) and hybrid iterative reconstruction (HIR) using the MAR algorithm. Two dental radiologists independently graded the degree of metal artefact (1, very severe; 5, minimum) and lesion shape reproducibility (1, slight; 5, almost perfect). The signal-to-artefact ratio (SAR), accuracy of the CT number of the lesion, and image noise were calculated quantitatively. The Tukey-Kramer method with a p-value of less than 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. RESULTS The HRDLR visual score was better than the NRHIR score in terms of degree of metal artefact (4.6 ± 0.5 and 2.6 ± 0.5, p < 0.0001) and lesion shape reproducibility (4.5 ± 0.5 and 2.9 ± 1.1, p = 0.0005). The SAR of HRDLR was significantly better than that of NRHIR (4.9 ± 0.4 and 2.1 ± 0.2, p < 0.0001), and the absolute percentage error of the CT number in HRDLR was lower than that in NRHIR (0.8% in HRDLR and 23.8% in NRIR). The image noise of HRDLR was lower than that of NRHIR (15.7 ± 1.4 and 51.6 ± 15.3, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that the combination of HR mode and DLR in UHRCT scanner improved the impact of the MAR algorithm in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sakai
- Division of Radiology, Department of Medical Technology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Erina Kitamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Okamura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masato Tatsumi
- Division of Radiology, Department of Medical Technology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Shirasaka
- Division of Radiology, Department of Medical Technology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryoji Mikayama
- Division of Radiology, Department of Medical Technology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kondo
- Division of Radiology, Department of Medical Technology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamasaki
- Division of Radiology, Department of Medical Technology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toyoyuki Kato
- Division of Radiology, Department of Medical Technology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yoshiura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Hiyama T, Kuno H, Sekiya K, Tsushima S, Oda S, Kobayashi T. Subtraction iodine imaging with area detector CT to improve tumor delineation and measurability of tumor size and depth of invasion in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Jpn J Radiol 2021; 40:167-176. [PMID: 34529215 PMCID: PMC8803757 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-021-01196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Tumor size and depth of invasion (DOI) are mandatory assessments for tumor classification in tongue cancer but are often non-assessable on CT due to dental artifacts. This study investigated whether subtraction iodine imaging (SII) would improve tumor delineation and measurability. Materials and methods Fifty-seven consecutive patients with tongue cancer, who underwent scanning with a 320-row area detector CT with contrast administration and were treated with surgical resection, were retrospectively evaluated. CT was reconstructed with single-energy projection-based metallic artifact reduction (sCT). SII was generated by subtracting the pre-contrast volume scans from the post-contrast volume scans using a high-resolution deformable registration algorithm. MRI scans were also evaluated for comparing the ability of measurements. Two radiologists visually graded the tumor delineation using a 5-point scale. Tumor size and DOI were measured wherever possible. The tumor delineation score was compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank method. Spearman’s correlations between imaging and pathological measurements were calculated. Intraclass correlation coefficients of measurements between readers were estimated. Results The tumor delineation score was greater on sCT-plus-SII than on sCT alone (medians: 3 and 1, respectively; p < 0.001), with higher number of detectable cases observed with sCT-plus-SII (36/57 [63.2%]) than sCT alone (21/57 [36.8%]). Tumor size and DOI measurability were higher with sCT-plus-SII (29/57 [50.9%]) than with sCT alone (17/57 [29.8%]). MRI had the highest detectability (52/57 [91.2%]) and measurability (46/57 [80.7%]). Correlation coefficients between radiological and pathological tumor size and DOI were similar for sCT (0.83–0.88), sCT-plus-SII (0.78–0.84), and MRI (0.78–0.90). Intraclass correlation coefficients were higher than 0.95 for each modality. Conclusions SII improves detectability and measurability of tumor size and DOI in patients with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma, thus increasing the diagnostic potential. SII may also be beneficial for cases unevaluable on MRI due to artifacts or for patients with contraindications to MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hiyama
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Kuno
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Kotaro Sekiya
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - So Tsushima
- Canon Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shioto Oda
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
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Waech T, Pazahr S, Guarda V, Rupp NJ, Broglie MA, Morand GB. Measurement variations of MRI and CT in the assessment of tumor depth of invasion in oral cancer: A retrospective study. Eur J Radiol 2020; 135:109480. [PMID: 33370639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), depth of invasion (DOI) is an important predictive, prognostic, and staging parameter. While it is known that DOI can be estimated from preoperative imaging, an analysis of measurements variations according to imaging modality and to depth of tumor itself is lacking. The aim of the study was to assess the accuracy of imaging-based estimation of DOI in relation with the tumor histological DOI. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 121 patients with OSCC treated at University Hospital Zurich. The radiologic DOI of CT, T1-weighted, and T2-weighted MRI were compared with histological DOI. Frequency of relevant imaging artifacts was assessed as well. RESULTS A total of 110 CT (90.9 %) and 90 MRI (74 %) were analyzed. Both modalities were available for 79 patients (65.3 %). The median histological depth of invasion was 9 mm (IQR 4.5-14). The median depth of invasion was 14 mm (IQR 10-20) on CT, 13 mm (IQR 8.25-18) on T1-weighted MRI, and 13 mm (IQR 9-18.75) on T2-weighted MRI. All diagnostic modalities tended towards an overestimation of the histopathologic DOI from about 5-15 %. This trend was most pronounced for thin tumors, for which both CT and MRI lead to upstaging in over 50 % of the cases. For 25 (22.7 %) patients, dental scattering on CT rendered DOI not estimable. For MRI, 18 patients (20 %) had artifacts (blooming, motion artifacts) rendering DOI not estimable. CONCLUSION CT and MRI measurements of DOI in OSCC lead to an overestimation of histological DOI, especially in tumors with DOI<5 mm, with upstaging by imaging in over 50 % of the cases. Artifacts were present in more than 20 % of performed images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Waech
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shila Pazahr
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vittoria Guarda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niels J Rupp
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina A Broglie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire B Morand
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Ishikawa T, Suzuki S, Harashima S, Fukui R, Kaiume M, Katada Y. Metal artifacts reduction in computed tomography: A phantom study to compare the effectiveness of metal artifact reduction algorithm, model-based iterative reconstruction, and virtual monochromatic imaging. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23692. [PMID: 33327359 PMCID: PMC7738054 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a metal artifact reduction algorithm (MAR), model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR), and virtual monochromatic imaging (VMI) for reducing metal artifacts in CT imaging.A phantom study was performed for quantitatively evaluating the dark bands and fine streak artifacts generated by unilateral hip prostheses. Images were obtained by conventional scanning at 120 kilovolt peak, and reconstructed using filtered back projection, MAR, and MBIR. Furthermore, virtual monochromatic images (VMIs) at 70 kilo-electron volts (keV) and 140 keV with/without use of MAR were obtained by dual-energy CT. The extents and mean CT values of the dark bands and the differences in the standard deviations and location parameters of the fine streak artifacts evaluated by the Gumbel method in the images obtained by each of the methods were statistically compared by analyses of variance.Significant reduction of the extent of the dark bands was observed in the images reconstructed using MAR than in those not reconstructed using MAR (all, P < .01). Images obtained by VMI at 70 keV and 140 keV with use of MAR showed significantly increased mean CT values of the dark bands as compared to those obtained by reconstructions without use of MAR (all, <.01). Significant reduction of the difference in the standard deviations used to evaluate fine streak artifacts was observed in each of the image sets obtained with VMI at 140 keV with/without MAR and conventional CT with MBIR as compared to the images obtained using other methods (all, P < .05), except between VMI at 140 keV without MAR and conventional CT with MAR. The location parameter to evaluate fine streak artifacts was significantly reduced in CT images obtained using MBIR and in images obtained by VMI at 140 keV with/without MAR as compared to those obtained using other reconstruction methods (all, P < .01).In our present study, MAR appeared to be the most effective reconstruction method for reducing dark bands in CT images, and MBIR and VMI at 140 keV appeared to the most effective for reducing streak artifacts.
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Kubo Y, Ito K, Sone M, Nagasawa H, Onishi Y, Umakoshi N, Hasegawa T, Akimoto T, Kusumoto M. Diagnostic Value of Model-Based Iterative Reconstruction Combined with a Metal Artifact Reduction Algorithm during CT of the Oral Cavity. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020; 41:2132-2138. [PMID: 32972957 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Metal artifacts reduce the quality of CT images and increase the difficulty of interpretation. This study compared the ability of model-based iterative reconstruction and hybrid iterative reconstruction to improve CT image quality in patients with metallic dental artifacts when both techniques were combined with a metal artifact reduction algorithm. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective clinical study included 40 patients (men, 31; women, 9; mean age, 62.9 ± 12.3 years) with oral and oropharyngeal cancer who had metallic dental fillings or implants and underwent contrast-enhanced ultra-high-resolution CT of the neck. Axial CT images were reconstructed using hybrid iterative reconstruction and model-based iterative reconstruction, and the metal artifact reduction algorithm was applied to all images. Finally, hybrid iterative reconstruction + metal artifact reduction algorithms and model-based iterative reconstruction + metal artifact reduction algorithm data were obtained. In the quantitative analysis, SDs were measured in ROIs over the apex of the tongue (metal artifacts) and nuchal muscle (no metal artifacts) and were used to calculate the metal artifact indexes. In a qualitative analysis, 3 radiologists blinded to the patients' conditions assessed the image-quality scores of metal artifact reduction and structural depictions. RESULTS Hybrid iterative reconstruction + metal artifact reduction algorithms and model-based iterative reconstruction + metal artifact reduction algorithms yielded significantly different metal artifact indexes of 82.2 and 73.6, respectively (95% CI, 2.6-14.7; P < .01). The latter algorithms resulted in significant reduction in metal artifacts and significantly improved structural depictions(P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Model-based iterative reconstruction + metal artifact reduction algorithms significantly reduced the artifacts and improved the image quality of structural depictions on neck CT images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kubo
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (Y.K., K.I., M.S., H.N., Y.O., N.U., T.H., M.K.), National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan .,Department of Cancer Medicine (Y.K., T.A.), Jikei University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Ito
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (Y.K., K.I., M.S., H.N., Y.O., N.U., T.H., M.K.), National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Sone
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (Y.K., K.I., M.S., H.N., Y.O., N.U., T.H., M.K.), National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Nagasawa
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (Y.K., K.I., M.S., H.N., Y.O., N.U., T.H., M.K.), National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Onishi
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (Y.K., K.I., M.S., H.N., Y.O., N.U., T.H., M.K.), National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Umakoshi
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (Y.K., K.I., M.S., H.N., Y.O., N.U., T.H., M.K.), National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Hasegawa
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (Y.K., K.I., M.S., H.N., Y.O., N.U., T.H., M.K.), National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Akimoto
- Department of Cancer Medicine (Y.K., T.A.), Jikei University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy (T.A.), National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - M Kusumoto
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (Y.K., K.I., M.S., H.N., Y.O., N.U., T.H., M.K.), National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Sananmuang T, Agarwal M, Maleki F, Muthukrishnan N, Marquez JC, Chankowsky J, Forghani R. Dual Energy Computed Tomography in Head and Neck Imaging. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2020; 30:311-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Combined use of virtual monochromatic images and projection-based metal artifact reduction methods in evaluation of total knee arthroplasty. Eur Radiol 2020; 30:5298-5307. [PMID: 32424592 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-020-06932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of the combined use of virtual monochromatic imaging (VMI) and projection-based metal artifact reduction (PB-MAR) methods on further artifact reduction and image quality in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients. METHODS Fifty-seven knee joints from 36 patients who had a previous history of TKA for bilateral or unilateral knee joints were included in this study. Four sets of images were compared between non-MAR, PB-MAR, VMI, and VMI + PB-MAR. For quantitative analysis, the area, mean attenuation, artifact index (AI), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were calculated for each protocol. Regarding qualitative analysis, overall artifact and depiction of soft tissue and bony structure were compared using relative visual grading analysis. RESULTS In the femoral region, the VMI + PB-MAR protocol showed the best MAR performance in quantitative measures including area, mean attenuation, and AI (p < .001). However, MAR protocols with VMI showed significantly lower CNRs than did the protocols without VMI in the tibial region (p < .001). On qualitative analysis, VMI + PB-MAR also showed fewer overall artifacts than did the other two MAR protocols. Soft tissue was best depicted in VMI + PB-MAR protocol, and PB-MAR showed the best performance for the depiction of bony structure (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS The combined use of VMI and PB-MAR showed better MAR performance than did PB-MAR or VMI alone. In areas with severe metal artifacts, the VMI + PB-MAR and PB-MAR protocols were useful for the evaluation of soft tissue and bone structure, respectively. KEY POINTS • The combination of artifact reduction methods is effective in reducing metal artifacts in CT. • Soft tissue was best depicted in the combined protocol of projection- and dual-energy-based methods, and projection-based protocol showed the best performance for the depiction of bone structure in case of severe metal artifacts.
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Laukamp KR, Große Hokamp N, Alabar O, Obmann VC, Lennartz S, Zopfs D, Gilkeson R, Ramaiya N, Gupta A. Metal artifacts from sternal wires: evaluation of virtual monoenergetic images from spectral-detector CT for artifact reduction. Clin Imaging 2020; 60:249-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Detection of Bone Marrow Edema in the Head and Neck With Dual-Energy CT: Ready for Clinical Use? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2020; 214:893-899. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.19.21881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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23
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Jensen ND, Ulloa PC, Arge S, Bindslev DA, Lynnerup N. Odontological identification dental charts based upon postmortem computed tomography compared to dental charts based upon postmortem clinical examinations. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2020; 16:272-280. [PMID: 32166705 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-020-00217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the beginning of this century, the use of postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) in forensic autopsies has increased. In this study we examined how similar dental charts created using PMCT as a solitary examination mode were to dental charts created using the conventional method of a clinical inspection including intraoral radiographs. A total of 100 previously performed dental identification cases were retrospectively included in the study. For each case, a dental chart was created solely based upon PMCT. The PMCT based dental chart was subsequently compared with the chart created from the previous conventional identification examination. Based upon the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity values PMCT performed very well compared to the conventional method in the identification concerning presence or absence of teeth, the presence of crowns, bridges and endodontic treatments as well as the presence and types of fillings. PMCT performed poorly concerning the extension of fillings and identification of small, tooth-colored fillings. The use of PMCT is a valuable supplement to the conventional methods available for forensic odontologists and may be of great value for initial screening in mass fatalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Dyrgaard Jensen
- Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pilar Cornejo Ulloa
- Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Arge
- Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Dorthe Arenholt Bindslev
- Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Blv 99, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Lynnerup
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wei Y, Jia F, Hou P, Zha K, Pu S, Gao J. Clinical application of multi-material artifact reduction (MMAR) technique in Revolution CT to reduce metallic dental artifacts. Insights Imaging 2020; 11:32. [PMID: 32140871 PMCID: PMC7058730 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-020-0836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to explore the performance of Revolution CT virtual monoenergetic images (VMI) combined with the multi-material artifact reduction (MMAR) technique in reducing metal artifacts in oral and maxillofacial imaging. Results There were significant differences in image quality scores between VMI + MMAR images and VMI+MARS (multiple artifact reduction system) images at each monochromatic energy level (p = 0.000). Compared with the MARS technology, the MMAR technology further reduced metal artifacts and improved the image quality. At VMI90 keV and VMI110 keV, the SD, CNR, and AI in the Revolution CT group were significantly lower than in the Discovery CT, but no significant differences in these parameters were found between two groups at VMI50 keV, VMI70 keV, and VMI130 keV (p > 0.05). The attenuation was comparable between two groups at any energy level (p > 0.05). Conclusions Compared with the MARS reconstruction technique of Discovery CT, the MMAR technique of Revolution CT is better to reduce the artifacts of dental implants in oral and maxillofacial imaging, which improves the image quality and the diagnostic value of surrounding soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijuan Wei
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Fei Jia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Ping Hou
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Kaiji Zha
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Shi Pu
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Jianbo Gao
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
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Hakvoort E, Wellenberg R, Streekstra G. Quantifying near metal visibility using dual energy computed tomography and iterative metal artifact reduction in a fracture phantom. Phys Med 2020; 69:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Forrest A. Forensic odontology in DVI: current practice and recent advances. Forensic Sci Res 2019; 4:316-330. [PMID: 32002490 PMCID: PMC6968523 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2019.1678710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Forensic odontology frequently plays a significant role in identification of the victims of multi-fatality disasters, but not in all. It depends on adequate dental remains surviving the disaster and on the availability of dental records to be successful. This paper describes current practice in the techniques of identification in forensic odontology and outlines recent advances that are moving into the mainstream.Key PointsForensic odontology plays a key role in mass disaster victim identification (DVI) when good-quality antemortem (AM) dental records are available.Images including radiographs, computerized tomography (CT) data and three-dimensional (3D) scan data are considered more reliable AM records than written dental charts and odontograms.Interpretation, transcription and comparison of dental datasets are complex processes that should be undertaken only by trained dental professionals.The future of forensic odontology DVI techniques is likely to include the use of 3D datasets for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Forrest
- Health Support Queensland Forensic and Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.,School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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Post-mortem computed tomography as part of dental identification - a proposed guideline. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2019; 15:574-579. [PMID: 31363909 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-019-00145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper presents a proposed guideline for the use of post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) during forensic dental identification. Currently, whole-body PMCT is widely used prior to autopsies for the diagnosis of fractures, organ changes, hemorrhages, and for the localization of foreign bodies, but it may also facilitate the odontological identification process in single cases and in cases involving multiple fatalities. Several studies have described the use of PMCT in forensic odontological work, but we have not found any comprehensive set of guidelines on how to perform a forensic odontological examination using PMCT. The aim was to develop guidelines for creating post-mortem dental charts during forensic odontological identification examinations using the standard functions of PMCT. METHODS A proposed guideline was developed from 15 selected cases examined at the Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark from October 2011 to May 2012. Using the functionalities and three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of OsiriX DICOM-viewer software (Pixmeo Sarl, Bernex, Geneva, Switzerland) we adjusted the contrast and brightness settings and developed a proposed guideline for creating PMCT-based dental charts. A four-step guideline was produced. CONCLUSION In our casework, we are currently using the guidelines proposed herein. The use of PMCT has allowed us to target our clinical examinations, greatly improving their efficiency. Furthermore, PMCT allows the storage of data for later documentation and research. Further research is needed to validate the proposed guideline.
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Abstract
Introduction: Dual-energy-computed tomography (DECT) is an advanced form of computed tomography (CT) that enables spectral tissue characterization beyond what is possible with conventional CT scans. DECT can improve non-invasive diagnostic evaluation of the neck, especially for the evaluation of head and neck cancer. Areas covered: This article is a review of current applications of DECT for the evaluation of head and neck cancer, focusing largely on squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The article will begin with a brief overview of principles and different approaches for DECT scanning. This will be followed by a review of different DECT applications in diagnostic imaging and radiation oncology, practical and workflow considerations, and various emerging advanced applications for tumor analysis, including the use of DECT datasets for radiomics and machine learning applications. Expert opinion: Using a multi-parametric approach, different DECT reconstructions can be used to improve diagnostic evaluation and surveillance of head and neck cancer, including improving visibility of HNSCC, determination of tumor boundaries and extent, and invasion of critical organs such as the thyroid cartilage. In the future, the large amount of quantitative information on DECT scans may be leveraged for improving radiomic and machine learning models for tumor characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Forghani
- a Department of Radiology , McGill University & McGill University Health Centre , Montreal , Quebec , Canada.,b Cancer Research Program , Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , Montreal , Quebec , Canada.,c Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Quebec , Canada.,d Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada.,e Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
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Aydin U, Gormez O, Yildirim D. Cone-beam computed tomography imaging of dentoalveolar and mandibular fractures. Oral Radiol 2019; 36:217-224. [PMID: 31102106 DOI: 10.1007/s11282-019-00390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional imaging methods have an important role in the diagnosis of dentomaxillofacial fractures that can not be seen on the plain films. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is one of the three-dimensional imaging methods and has facilitated dental professionals' access to cross-sectional imaging. CBCT units allow different technical parameters and the data acquired by CBCT, can be reformatted. Osseous structures are correctly examined with this technique but the technique is not useful for the examination of soft tissues. Therefore, the purpose of its use should be based on the expected diagnostic gain. The aim of this review is to present the use of CBCT with different multi-planar reformatted sections and three-dimensional reconstructions of dentoalveolar and mandibular fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulkem Aydin
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Cyprus Health and Social Sciences University School of Dental Sciences, Morphou, North Cyprus
| | - Ozlem Gormez
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Suleyman Demirel University Faculty of Dentistry, Doğu Kampüsü, Çünür, 32000, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Derya Yildirim
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Suleyman Demirel University Faculty of Dentistry, Doğu Kampüsü, Çünür, 32000, Isparta, Turkey
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D'Angelo T, Cicero G, Mazziotti S, Ascenti G, Albrecht MH, Martin SS, Othman AE, Vogl TJ, Wichmann JL. Dual energy computed tomography virtual monoenergetic imaging: technique and clinical applications. Br J Radiol 2019; 92:20180546. [PMID: 30919651 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20180546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual energy CT (DECT) has evolved into a commonly applied imaging technique in clinical routine due to its unique post-processing opportunities for improved evaluation of all body areas. Reconstruction of virtual monoenergetic imaging (VMI) series has shown beneficial effects for both non-contrast and contrast-enhanced DECT due to the flexibility to calculate low-keV VMI reconstructions to increase contrast and iodine attenuation, or to compute high-keV VMI reconstructions to reduce beam-hardening artefacts. The goal of this review article is to explain the technical background of VMI and noise-optimized VMI+ algorithms and to give an overview of useful clinical applications of the VMI technique in DECT of various body regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso D'Angelo
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, Policlinico G. Martino - University Hospital Messina , Messina , Italy.,2 Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Division of Experimental Imaging, University Hospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Giuseppe Cicero
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, Policlinico G. Martino - University Hospital Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Silvio Mazziotti
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, Policlinico G. Martino - University Hospital Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Giorgio Ascenti
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, Policlinico G. Martino - University Hospital Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Moritz H Albrecht
- 2 Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Division of Experimental Imaging, University Hospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Simon S Martin
- 2 Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Division of Experimental Imaging, University Hospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Ahmed E Othman
- 3 Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Thomas J Vogl
- 2 Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Division of Experimental Imaging, University Hospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Julian L Wichmann
- 2 Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Division of Experimental Imaging, University Hospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
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Quality of CT Imaging of Periocular Metallic Foreign Bodies Using Artifact Reduction Software. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 35:438-443. [PMID: 30688722 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000001295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CT is the standard of care for assessment of ocular and orbital trauma; however, artifacts from metallic foreign bodies can limit the utility of CT. The authors hypothesize that implementation of metal artifact reduction techniques can improve image quality and diagnostic confidence for a diverse group of interpreters. METHODS A case series of ten subjects with retained periocular metallic foreign bodies imaged with CT were identified retrospectively from a large urban trauma center. Postacquisition images were processed with an iterative-based metal streak artifact reduction software. The severity of the metal streak artifact was assessed by clinicians including radiologists (4), ophthalmologists (4), and oculoplastic specialists (3) using a numeric scale to grade images on seven clinically relevant criteria. Each image was also analyzed to measure the size of the artifact and degree of streaking. RESULTS Overall confidence in diagnosis and severity of metallic streak was improved with metallic artifact reduction (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Similarly, confidence in assessing specific features-including extra-ocular muscle, optic nerve, globe rupture, orbital fracture and identification of foreign bodies-was improved after metallic artifact reduction (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). The standard deviation of pixel intensity for a path surrounding the foreign body as well as the area of the streak artifact decreased in the metallic artifact reduction-processed images (p < 0.001, paired t test). CONCLUSIONS Metal artifact reduction in CT has potential benefits in improving image quality and reader confidence for periocular trauma cases in real-world settings.
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Computed tomography data collection of the complete human mandible and valid clinical ground truth models. Sci Data 2019; 6:190003. [PMID: 30694227 PMCID: PMC6350631 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2019.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Image-based algorithmic software segmentation is an increasingly important topic in many medical fields. Algorithmic segmentation is used for medical three-dimensional visualization, diagnosis or treatment support, especially in complex medical cases. However, accessible medical databases are limited, and valid medical ground truth databases for the evaluation of algorithms are rare and usually comprise only a few images. Inaccuracy or invalidity of medical ground truth data and image-based artefacts also limit the creation of such databases, which is especially relevant for CT data sets of the maxillomandibular complex. This contribution provides a unique and accessible data set of the complete mandible, including 20 valid ground truth segmentation models originating from 10 CT scans from clinical practice without artefacts or faulty slices. From each CT scan, two 3D ground truth models were created by clinical experts through independent manual slice-by-slice segmentation, and the models were statistically compared to prove their validity. These data could be used to conduct serial image studies of the human mandible, evaluating segmentation algorithms and developing adequate image tools.
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Morand GB, Ikenberg K, Vital DG, Cardona I, Moch H, Stoeckli SJ, Huber GF. Preoperative assessment of CD44‐mediated depth of invasion as predictor of occult metastases in early oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2018; 41:950-958. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.25532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire B. Morand
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Kristian Ikenberg
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular PathologyUniversity Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Domenic G. Vital
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Isabel Cardona
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryMcGill University Montreal Québec Canada
| | - Holger Moch
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular PathologyUniversity Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Sandro J. Stoeckli
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryKantonsspital St. Gallen St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - Gerhard F. Huber
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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Niehues SM, Vahldiek JL, Tröltzsch D, Hamm B, Shnayien S. Impact of Single-Energy Metal Artifact Reduction on CT image quality in patients with dental hardware. Comput Biol Med 2018; 103:161-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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The Optimal Energy Level of Virtual Monochromatic Images From Spectral CT for Reducing Beam-Hardening Artifacts Due to Contrast Media in the Thorax. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2018; 211:557-563. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.17.19377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wellenberg RHH, Hakvoort ET, Slump CH, Boomsma MF, Maas M, Streekstra GJ. Metal artifact reduction techniques in musculoskeletal CT-imaging. Eur J Radiol 2018; 107:60-69. [PMID: 30292274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It is known that metal artifacts can be reduced by modifying standard acquisition and reconstruction, by modifying projection data and/or image data and by using virtual monochromatic imaging extracted from dual-energy CT. In this review we focus on the origin of metal artifacts, technical background of commercially available metal artifact reduction (MAR) algorithms and the value of dual-energy CT and MAR software for different metal hardware in current clinical practice. Virtual monochromatic imaging reduces beam-hardening artifacts, where metal artifact reduction software effectively reduces artifacts caused by extensive photon-starvation. Both techniques have their advantages and disadvantages, and the combination of both techniques is often but not always the best solution regarding metal artifact reduction. Advances in prosthetic imaging are reinforced by advances in prosthetic design. Providing implant specific information prior to scanning is important in order to adjust the metal artifact reduction approach, minimize artifacts and optimize image quality and diagnostic value of CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H H Wellenberg
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Isala, Zwolle, The Netherlands.
| | - E T Hakvoort
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - C H Slump
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - M F Boomsma
- Department of Radiology, Isala, Zwolle, The Netherlands.
| | - M Maas
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - G J Streekstra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Große Hokamp N, Laukamp K, Lennartz S, Zopfs D, Abdullayev N, Neuhaus V, Maintz D, Borggrefe J. Artifact reduction from dental implants using virtual monoenergetic reconstructions from novel spectral detector CT. Eur J Radiol 2018; 104:136-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Liu Z, Zhang Z, Chen C, Hong N. Value of virtual monochromatic spectral images with metal artifact reduction algorithm in dual-energy computed tomography-guided microcoil localization of pulmonary nodules. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11562. [PMID: 30024555 PMCID: PMC6086503 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the clinical value of virtual monochromatic spectral (VMS) images with metal artifact reduction (MAR) algorithm in dual-energy computed tomography (DECT)-guided microcoil localization of pulmonary nodules.Fifty-one patients underwent DECT after placement of microcoils on small pulmonary nodules before video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). Optimal energy level (in keV) was defined as the level at which CT values of nodules were equivalent to those of 120 kVp images and with no serious metal artifacts. VMS images at optimal keV and at 50, 90,110, and 140 keV with and without MAR were reconstructed. Image quality was scored using a 3-point scale: 1 = excellent, minimal artifacts; 2 = good, mild artifacts; and 3 = poor, extensive artifacts. Image quality scores between the VMS-only and VMS + MAR groups were compared;74 keV was found to be the optimal level for VMS images. The image quality of the VMS + MAR images at 74 keV were significantly better than VMS-only images (1.35 ± 0.59 vs 2.11 ± 0.87, P = .005). There was no difference in image quality score among VMS + MAR images at 74 keV and higher energy levels.VMS images from DECT at 74 keV with MAR can reduce artifacts from microcoils and improve image quality for microcoil localization of pulmonary nodules.
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Winklhofer S, Hinzpeter R, Stocker D, Baltsavias G, Michels L, Burkhardt JK, Regli L, Valavanis A, Alkadhi H. Combining monoenergetic extrapolations from dual-energy CT with iterative reconstructions: reduction of coil and clip artifacts from intracranial aneurysm therapy. Neuroradiology 2018; 60:281-291. [DOI: 10.1007/s00234-018-1981-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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How Well Does Dual-Energy Computed Tomography With Metal Artifact Reduction Software Improve Image Quality and Quantify Computed Tomography Number and Iodine Concentration? J Comput Assist Tomogr 2018; 42:655-660. [DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Wellenberg RHH, Donders JCE, Kloen P, Beenen LFM, Kleipool RP, Maas M, Streekstra GJ. Exploring metal artifact reduction using dual-energy CT with pre-metal and post-metal implant cadaver comparison: are implant specific protocols needed? Skeletal Radiol 2018; 47:839-845. [PMID: 28842739 PMCID: PMC5915501 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-017-2750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify and optimize metal artifact reduction using virtual monochromatic dual-energy CT for different metal implants compared to non-metal reference scans. METHODS Dual-energy CT scans of a pair of human cadaver limbs were acquired before and after implanting a titanium tibia plate, a stainless-steel tibia plate and a titanium intramedullary nail respectively. Virtual monochromatic images were analyzed from 70 to 190 keV. Region-of-interest (ROI), used to determine fluctuations and inaccuracies in CT numbers of soft tissues and bone, were placed in muscle, fat, cortical bone and intramedullary tibia canal. RESULTS The stainless-steel implant resulted in more pronounced metal artifacts compared to both titanium implants. CT number inaccuracies in 70 keV reference images were minimized at 130, 180 and 190 keV for the titanium tibia plate, stainless-steel tibia plate and titanium intramedullary nail respectively. Noise, measured as the standard deviation of pixels within a ROI, was minimized at 130, 150 and 140 keV for the titanium tibia plate, stainless-steel tibia plate and titanium intramedullary nail respectively. CONCLUSION Tailoring dual-energy CT protocols using implant specific virtual monochromatic images minimizes fluctuations and inaccuracies in CT numbers in bone and soft tissues compared to non-metal reference scans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanna C. E. Donders
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Orthopedic Trauma Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY USA
| | - Peter Kloen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ludo F. M. Beenen
- Department of Radiology, AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mario Maas
- Department of Radiology, AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J. Streekstra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Diehn FE, Michalak GJ, DeLone DR, Kotsenas AL, Lindell EP, Campeau NG, Halaweish AF, McCollough CH, Fletcher JG. CT Dental Artifact: Comparison of an Iterative Metal Artifact Reduction Technique with Weighted Filtered Back-Projection. Acta Radiol Open 2017; 6:2058460117743279. [PMID: 29225924 PMCID: PMC5714095 DOI: 10.1177/2058460117743279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dental hardware produces streak artifacts on computed tomography (CT) images reconstructed with the standard weighted filtered back projection (wFBP) method. Purpose To perform a preliminary evaluation of an iterative metal artifact reduction (IMAR) technique to assess its ability to improve anatomic visualization over wFBP in patients with dental amalgam or other hardware. Material and Methods CT images from patients with dental hardware were reconstructed using wFBP and IMAR software and soft-tissue or bone window/level settings. The anatomy most affected by metal artifacts was identified. Two neuroradiologists determined subjective and objective imaging features, including overall metal artifact score (1 = severe artifacts, 5 = no artifacts), soft-tissue visualization score of the most-compromised structure, and artifact length along the skin surface. CT numbers were used to quantify artifact severity. Results Twenty-four patients were included. IMAR improved overall metal artifact score in 18/24 cases (median =2 ± 0.9 vs. 1 ± 0.6, P < 0.001). Mean CT number in the most-affected anatomical structure significantly improved with IMAR (94.6 vs. 219 HU, P = 0.002) and length of affected skin surface decreased (40.4 mm vs. 118.7 mm, P < 0.001). However, osseous/dental artifactual defects were found in 22/24 cases with IMAR vs. 11/24 with wFBP. Conclusion IMAR software reduced metal artifact both subjectively and objectively and improved visualization of adjacent soft tissues. However, it produced a higher rate of artifactual defects in the teeth and bones than wFBP. Our findings support the use of IMAR as a valuable complement to, but not a replacement for, standard wFBP image reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix E Diehn
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - David R DeLone
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amy L Kotsenas
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - E Paul Lindell
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Cha J, Kim HJ, Kim ST, Kim YK, Kim HY, Park GM. Dual-energy CT with virtual monochromatic images and metal artifact reduction software for reducing metallic dental artifacts. Acta Radiol 2017; 58:1312-1319. [PMID: 28273739 DOI: 10.1177/0284185117692174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Metallic dental prostheses may degrade image quality on head and neck computed tomography (CT). However, there is little information available on the use of dual-energy CT (DECT) and metal artifact reduction software (MARS) in the head and neck regions to reduce metallic dental artifacts. Purpose To assess the usefulness of DECT with virtual monochromatic imaging and MARS to reduce metallic dental artifacts. Material and Methods DECT was performed using fast kilovoltage (kV)-switching between 80-kV and 140-kV in 20 patients with metallic dental prostheses. CT data were reconstructed with and without MARS, and with synthesized monochromatic energy in the range of 40-140-kiloelectron volt (keV). For quantitative analysis, the artifact index of the tongue, buccal, and parotid areas was calculated for each scan. For qualitative analysis, two radiologists evaluated 70-keV and 100-keV images with and without MARS for tongue, buccal, parotid areas, and metallic denture. The locations and characteristics of the MARS-related artifacts, if any, were also recorded. Results DECT with MARS markedly reduced metallic dental artifacts and improved image quality in the buccal area ( P < 0.001) and the tongue ( P < 0.001), but not in the parotid area. The margin and internal architecture of the metallic dentures were more clearly delineated with MARS ( P < 0.001) and in the higher-energy images than in the lower-energy images ( P = 0.042). MARS-related artifacts most commonly occurred in the deep center of the neck. Conclusion DECT with MARS can reduce metallic dental artifacts and improve delineation of the metallic prosthesis and periprosthetic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Cha
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Imaging Center, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jin Kim
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Tae Kim
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Kyung Kim
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Youn Kim
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Min Park
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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45
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Potter CA, Sodickson AD. Dual-Energy CT in Emergency Neuroimaging: Added Value and Novel Applications. Radiographics 2017; 36:2186-2198. [PMID: 27831844 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2016160069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dual-energy computed tomography (CT) is a powerful diagnostic tool that is becoming more widely clinically available. Dual-energy CT has the potential to aid in the detection or add diagnostic confidence in the evaluation of a variety of emergent neurologic conditions with use of postprocessing techniques that allow one to take advantage of the different x-ray energy-dependent absorption behaviors of different materials. Differentiating iodine from hemorrhage may help in delineating CT angiographic spot signs, which are small foci of intracranial hemorrhage seen on CT angiograms in cases of acute hemorrhage. Bone subtraction can be used to effectively exclude osseous structures surrounding enhancing vessels at imaging for improved vessel visualization and to create images that are similar in appearance to three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging vessel reconstructions. Bone subtraction may also be helpful for improving the conspicuity of small extra-axial fluid collections and extra-axial masses. Material characterization can be helpful for clarifying whether small foci of intermediate attenuation represent hemorrhage, calcification, or a foreign material, and it may also be useful for quantifying the amount of hemorrhage or iodine in preexisting or incidentally detected lesions. Virtual monochromatic imaging also can be used to problem solve in challenging cases. ©RSNA, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Potter
- From the Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Aaron D Sodickson
- From the Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115
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46
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Norman N, Dimmock M, Lee K, Graham J, Bassed R. The applicability of Dual-Energy Computed Tomography (DECT) in forensic odontology – A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jofri.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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D’Angelo T, Mazziotti S, Ascenti G, Wichmann JL. Miscellaneous and Emerging Applications of Dual-Energy Computed Tomography for the Evaluation of Pathologies in the Head and Neck. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2017; 27:469-482. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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48
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Applications of Dual-Energy Computed Tomography for the Evaluation of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2017; 27:445-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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49
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Pérez-Lara A, Forghani R. Dual-Energy Computed Tomography of the Neck. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2017; 27:499-522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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50
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Forghani R, Mukherji SK. Advanced dual-energy CT applications for the evaluation of the soft tissues of the neck. Clin Radiol 2017; 73:70-80. [PMID: 28476243 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There are multiple emerging advanced computed tomography (CT) applications for the evaluation of the neck, many based on dual-energy CT (DECT). DECT is an advanced form of CT in which scan acquisition is performed at two different energies, enabling spectral tissue characterisation beyond what is possible with conventional single-energy CT and potentially providing a new horizon for quantitative analysis and tissue characterisation, particularly in oncological imaging. The purpose of this review is to familiarise the reader with DECT principles and review different clinical applications for the evaluation of the soft tissues of the neck. The article will begin with an overview of DECT scan acquisition, material characterisation, reconstructions, and basic considerations for implementation in the clinical setting. This will then be followed by a review of different clinical applications. The focus will be on oncological imaging, but artefact reduction and other miscellaneous applications will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Forghani
- Department of Radiology, Jewish General Hospital & McGill University, 3755 Côte-Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1E2; Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte-Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1E2.
| | - S K Mukherji
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, 846 Service Rd, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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