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Maeda Y, Mitsuhara T, Saeki K, Hara T, Kuwabara M, Hiroshi K, Daizo I, Takeda M, Horie N. Relevance of the Foramen of Vesalius for Preoperative Tumor Embolization in Skull Base Meningioma. World Neurosurg 2024; 187:e501-e508. [PMID: 38679376 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.04.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the role of the foramen of Vesalius (FV) in the pathogenesis of skull base meningioma by analyzing data from various multi-image modalities. METHODS For this single-center retrospective study, 39 consecutive patients with skull base meningioma who underwent tumor resection between January 2020 and March 2023 were enrolled. The anatomical and pathological characteristics of the FV were evaluated using computed tomography and 3-dimensional digital subtraction angiography. The clinical significance of the FV in tumor hemodynamics and treatment, such as preoperative tumor embolization, was investigated using the 3-dimensional digital subtraction angiography/computed tomography fusion images. RESULTS We identified FV in 52% (17/27) of the finally included patients. In 10 (30%) patients, the FV was found bilaterally with no significant variation in appearance between the healthy and tumor-affected sides (P = 0.786). The mean FV diameter was significantly larger on the tumor-affected side (P = 0.010). No significant anatomical differences, like duplication and partial assimilation with the foramen ovale, were observed between the 2 sides. The FV was involved in venous skull base perfusion around the tumor in 9 cases. In 4 cases where it was the pathway for tumor feeders, preoperative tumor embolization via the FV resulted in disappearance of the tumor stain. No complications associated with endovascular treatment were observed. CONCLUSIONS This study elucidated the anatomical asymmetry of the FV and its role in the hemodynamics of skull base meningioma. Our findings highlight the significance of performing anatomical and pathological evaluations of the FV in determining treatment strategies, including preoperative embolization, for skull base lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyo Maeda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Mitsuhara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuya Saeki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masashi Kuwabara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kondo Hiroshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ishii Daizo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masaaki Takeda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Horie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Peeters JB, Dessesard Olijnyk L, Janelle F, Shedid D, Bojanowski MW, Labidi M. Surgical management of tumors of the cervical spine and craniovertebral junction involving the vertebral artery: A narrative review. Neurochirurgie 2024; 70:101550. [PMID: 38552591 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2024.101550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vertebral artery (VA) is in close proximity to bony structures, nerves and nerve sheaths of the cervical spine and craniovertebral junction (CVJ). These structures can be sources of tumors that are responsible for displacement, encasement and sometimes invasion of the VA. Removing these tumors while minimizing the risk of vascular injury requires thorough knowledge of the vascular anatomy, risk factors of vascular injury, the relationships of each tumor type with the VA, and the different surgical approaches and techniques that result in the best outcomes in terms of vascular control, tumoral exposure and resection. OBJECTIVE To present an overview of preoperative and anatomical considerations, differential diagnoses and various approaches to consider in cases of tumors in close relationship with the VA. METHOD A review of recent literature was conducted to examine the anatomy of the VA, the tumors most frequently affecting it, surgical approaches, and the necessary pre-operative preparations for ensuring safe and maximal tumor resection. This review aims to underscore the principles of treatment. CONCLUSION Tumors located at the CVJ and the cervical spine intimately involved with the VA, pose a surgical challenge and increase the risk of incomplete removal of the lesion. Detailed knowledge of the patient-specific anatomy and a targeted pre-operative work-up enable optimal planning of surgical approach and management of the VA, thereby reducing surgical risks and improving extent of resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Peeters
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CHUM), 1000 rue St-Denis, Montréal H2X 0C1, QC, Canada
| | - Leonardo Dessesard Olijnyk
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CHUM), 1000 rue St-Denis, Montréal H2X 0C1, QC, Canada
| | - Felix Janelle
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CHUM), 1000 rue St-Denis, Montréal H2X 0C1, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Shedid
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CHUM), 1000 rue St-Denis, Montréal H2X 0C1, QC, Canada
| | - Michel W Bojanowski
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CHUM), 1000 rue St-Denis, Montréal H2X 0C1, QC, Canada
| | - Moujahed Labidi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CHUM), 1000 rue St-Denis, Montréal H2X 0C1, QC, Canada.
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Lin M, Nguyen V, Mack WJ. Endovascular Embolization of Intracranial Meningiomas. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2023; 34:371-380. [PMID: 37210126 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although benign in histology, the hypervascularity and skull base location of meningiomas can make them surgically challenging lesions. Preoperative endovascular embolization with superselective microcatheterization of vascular pedicles may be efficacious in decreasing intraoperative transfusion requirements with equivocal postoperative functional benefit. The potential benefits of preoperative embolization should be weighed against the risks of ischemic complications. Appropriate patient selection is critical. All patients should be monitored closely postembolization, and a course of steroids can be considered to minimize neurologic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Lin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1200 North State Street Suite 3300, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Vincent Nguyen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1200 North State Street Suite 3300, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - William J Mack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1200 North State Street Suite 3300, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Embolization of Skull Base Meningiomas with Embosphere® Microspheres: Factors Predicting Treatment Response and Evaluation of Complications. World Neurosurg 2022; 162:e178-e186. [PMID: 35247619 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.02.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preoperative embolization for intracranial meningiomas can cause tumor necrosis, reduce intraoperative blood loss, and facilitate surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of tumor embolization using Embosphere® microspheres for skull base meningiomas and analyze post-embolization plain computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to identify findings that could potentially predict treatment response. METHODS Between April 2014 and April 2020, 80 patients with skull base meningiomas presenting at our medical center underwent embolization with Embosphere® microspheres. The effects of tumor embolization were evaluated through a comparison of post-embolization plain CT and contrast-enhanced MRI. RESULTS A total of 143 vessels (102/108 external carotid artery branches; 41/65 internal carotid artery branches) from 80 skull base meningiomas were embolized with Embosphere® microspheres. Microspheres 100-300 μm in size were used in two cases, microspheres 300-500 μm in size were used in 12 cases, and microspheres 500-700 μm in size were used in 66 cases. Post-embolization contrast-enhanced MRI showed reductions in enhancing lesions within the tumor in 55/80 cases. Post-embolization plain CT scans showed high-density lesions within the tumor in 41/55 cases. Thus, reductions in enhancing lesions on post-embolization contrast-enhanced MRI were statistically significantly associated with the presence of high-density lesions on post-embolization plain CT (P<0.001). Embolization-related neurological complications occurred in three cases. CONCLUSIONS Embosphere® microspheres are user friendly and effective embolic materials for the embolization of skull base meningiomas. Post-embolization contrast-enhanced MRI and plain CT findings may be useful for evaluating the effects of tumor embolization.
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Yoshida K, Akiyama T, Takahashi S, Miwa T, Horiguchi T, Sasaki H, Toda M. Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Fusion Technique for Vascular Assessment of Skull Base Meningiomas. World Neurosurg 2021; 151:61-69. [PMID: 33901735 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images for skull base tumors provide detailed vascular information and localization in regard to surrounding bony structures. We report use of the CBCT fusion technique for skull base meningiomas. METHODS Six patients with petroclival or petrotentorial meningiomas supplied by multiple arterial systems were preoperatively evaluated using CBCT fusion imaging. Fusion images were reconstructed from three-dimensional rotational angiography with contrast agent injections from the internal carotid artery (ICA) and external carotid artery in 4 cases, vertebral artery and external carotid artery in 1 case, and ICA and vertebral artery in 1 case. RESULTS The feeding pedicles and tumor stains from 2 arterial systems were differentiated by separate colors. The courses and territories of the ICA dural feeders or ICA/vertebral artery pial feeders were easily distinguished from the external carotid artery dural feeders. Anastomoses between thin feeders from different arterial systems could be detected. Mixed stain (stain with both colors) was observed in some tumor compartments, suggesting dual supply from 2 arterial systems and the presence of peritumoral anastomoses. All patients underwent preoperative embolization without complications. CONCLUSIONS CBCT fusion images clearly visualized the feeders from each arterial system, the vascular compartments within the tumor, and possible peritumoral anastomoses. This technique provides a substantial contribution to both preoperative embolization and surgical resection of skull base meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takenori Akiyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoru Miwa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Horiguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Asai K, Nakamura H, Watanabe Y, Nishida T, Sakai M, Arisawa A, Takagaki M, Arita H, Ozaki T, Kagawa N, Fujimoto Y, Nakanishi K, Kinoshita M, Kishima H. Efficacy of endovascular intratumoral embolization for meningioma: assessment using dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion-weighted imaging. J Neurointerv Surg 2021; 13:1167-1171. [PMID: 33722964 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-017116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In preoperative embolization for intracranial meningioma, endovascular intratumoral embolization is considered to be more effective for the reduction of tumorous vascularity than proximal feeder occlusion. In this study, we aimed to reveal different efficacies for reducing tumor blood flow in meningiomas by comparing endovascular intratumoral embolization and proximal feeder occlusion using dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion-weighted imaging (DSC-PWI). METHODS 28 consecutive patients were included. DSC-PWI was performed before and after embolization for intracranial meningiomas. Normalized tumor blood volume (nTBV) of voxels of interest of whole tumors were measured from the DSC-PWI data before and after embolization. ΔnTBV% was compared between the cases that received intratumoral embolization and proximal feeder occlusion. RESULTS ΔnTBV% in the intratumoral embolization group (42.4±29.8%) was higher than that of the proximal feeder occlusion group (15.3±14.3%, p=0.0039). We used three types of embolic materials and ΔnTBV% did not differ between treatments with or without the use of each material: 42.8±42.4% vs 28.7±20.1% for microspheres (p=0.12), 36.1±20.6% vs 28.1±41.1% for n-butyl cyanoacrylate (p=0.33), and 32.3±37.3% vs 34.1±19.0% for bare platinum coils (p=0.77). CONCLUSIONS The flow reduction effect of intratumoral embolization was superior to that of proximal feeder occlusion in preoperative embolization for intracranial meningioma in an assessment using DSC-PWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Asai
- Neurosurgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan .,Neurosurgery, Osaka Neurological Institute, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Hajime Nakamura
- Neurosurgery, Osaka University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Takeo Nishida
- Neurosurgery, Osaka University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Mio Sakai
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsuko Arisawa
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Osaka University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takagaki
- Neurosurgery, Osaka University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Arita
- Neurosurgery, Osaka University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ozaki
- Neurosurgery, Osaka University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Naoki Kagawa
- Neurosurgery, Osaka University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yasunori Fujimoto
- Neurosurgery, Osaka University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Nakanishi
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Manabu Kinoshita
- Neurosurgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan.,Neurosurgery, Osaka University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kishima
- Neurosurgery, Osaka University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Fujimori T, Okauchi M, Toyota Y, Ogawa D, Okada M, Hatakeyama T, Shindo A, Kawanishi M, Miyake K, Tamiya T. Clinicopathologic Factors Associated with Tumor Necrosis after Preoperative Embolization of Meningiomas. JOURNAL OF NEUROENDOVASCULAR THERAPY 2021; 15:517-524. [PMID: 37502761 PMCID: PMC10370582 DOI: 10.5797/jnet.oa.2020-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective Preoperative embolization of meningiomas induces necrosis prior to surgery and facilitates resection. Lack of contrast enhancement on postembolization MRI correlates with pathological findings of necrosis and can be used to assess embolization efficacy. This study aimed to examine clinicopathologic factors associated with tumor necrosis after embolization. Methods A total of 119 patients with intracranial meningioma who underwent 145 surgical resections between 2010 and 2019 at our institute were reviewed. Inclusion criteria for the study were preoperative embolization with trisacryl gelatin microspheres (Embosphere) or absorbable gelatine sponge (Gelfoam). Postembolization Gd-enhanced T1-weighted and angiographic imaging, and histopathologic examination results were reviewed to evaluate the effectiveness of embolization. Results In all, 66 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. In total, 36 patients were embolized with Embosphere and 30 patients were embolized with Gelfoam. Patients embolized with Embosphere had a significantly higher necrosis rate (NR) than patients with Gelfoam (21% vs. 7.1%, P <0.01). The 36 Embosphere patients were analyzed regarding clinicopathologic factors associated with NR. Tumors in 12 patients were located in the parasagittal/falx region; these patients had a significantly lower NR compared with tumors in other locations (10.6% vs. 26.2%, P = 0.016). In all, 13 patients had feeders arising from only the middle meningeal artery (MMA), which was associated with a significantly higher NR (29.3% vs. 14.4%, P = 0.015). In total, 11 patients had meningeal feeders arising from internal carotid artery (ICA), which was associated with a significantly lower NR (9.0% vs. 26.3%, P <0.01). Conclusion This study showed embolization agent, tumor location, and blood supply were important factors predicting necrosis after preoperative embolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Fujimori
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masanobu Okauchi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Toyota
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ogawa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Hatakeyama
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shindo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kawanishi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyake
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamiya
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
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Tanaka Y, Kohno M, Hashimoto T, Nakajima N, Izawa H, Okada H, Ichimasu N, Matsushima K, Yokoyama T. Arterial spin labeling imaging correlates with the angiographic and clinical vascularity of vestibular schwannomas. Neuroradiology 2020; 62:463-471. [PMID: 31919543 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-019-02358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypervascular vestibular schwannomas (HVSs) are a type of the vestibular schwannomas (VSs) that are extremely difficult to remove. We examined whether HVSs can be predicted by using arterial spin labeling (ASL) imaging. METHODS A total of 103 patients with VSs underwent ASL imaging and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) before surgery. Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) of gray matter and regional tumor blood flow (TBF) were calculated from ASL imaging, and we defined the ratio of TBF to CBF as the relative TBF (rTBF = TBF/CBF). Angiographic vascularity was evaluated by DSA, and clinical vascularity was evaluated by the degree of intraoperative tumor bleeding. Based on the angiographic and clinical vascularity, the VSs were divided into two categories: HVS and non-HVS. We compared rTBF with angiographic and clinical vascularities, retrospectively. RESULTS The mean rTBFs of angiographic non-HVSs and HVSs were 1.29 and 2.58, respectively (p < 0.0001). At a cutoff value of 1.55, the sensitivity and specificity were 93.9% and 72.9%, respectively. The mean rTBFs of clinical non-HVS and HVSs were 1.45 and 2.22, respectively (p = 0.0002). At a cutoff value of 1.55, the sensitivity and specificity were 79.4% and 66.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION The rTBF calculated from ASL imaging correlates well with tumor vascularity and may be useful for predicting HVSs before surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan.
| | - Michihiro Kohno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Takao Hashimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Nakajima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Izawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Okada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Norio Ichimasu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Ken Matsushima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yokoyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
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