1
|
Ripamonti U, Duarte R, Parak R, Dickens C, Dix-Peek T, Klar RM. Redundancy and Molecular Evolution: The Rapid Induction of Bone Formation by the Mammalian Transforming Growth Factor-β3 Isoform. Front Physiol 2016; 7:396. [PMID: 27660615 PMCID: PMC5014861 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The soluble osteogenic molecular signals of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) supergene family are the molecular bases of the induction of bone formation and postnatal bone tissue morphogenesis with translation into clinical contexts. The mammalian TGF-β3 isoform, a pleiotropic member of the family, controls a vast array of biological processes including the induction of bone formation. Recombinant hTGF-β3 induces substantial bone formation when implanted with either collagenous bone matrices or coral-derived macroporous bioreactors in the rectus abdominis muscle of the non-human primate Papio ursinus. In marked contrast, the three mammalian TGF-βs do not initiate the induction of bone formation in rodents and lagomorphs. The induction of bone by hTGF-β3/preloaded bioreactors is orchestrated by inducing fibrin-fibronectin rings that structurally organize tissue patterning and morphogenesis within the macroporous spaces. Induced advancing extracellular matrix rings provide the structural anchorage for hyper chromatic cells, interpreted as differentiating osteoblasts re-programmed by hTGF-β3 from invading myoblastic and/or pericytic differentiated cells. Runx2 and Osteocalcin expression are significantly up-regulated correlating to multiple invading cells differentiating into the osteoblastic phenotype. Bioreactors pre-loaded with recombinant human Noggin (hNoggin), a BMPs antagonist, show down-regulation of BMP-2 and other profiled osteogenic proteins' genes resulting in minimal bone formation. Coral-derived macroporous constructs preloaded with binary applications of hTGF-β3 and hNoggin also show down-regulation of BMP-2 with the induction of limited bone formation. The induction of bone formation by hTGF-β3 is via the BMPs pathway and it is thus blocked by hNoggin. Our systematic studies in P. ursinus with translational hTGF-β3 in large cranio-mandibulo-facial defects in humans are now requesting the re-evaluation of "Bone: formation by autoinduction" in primate models including humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Ripamonti
- Bone Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Oral Health Sciences, University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburg, South Africa
| | - Raquel Duarte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ruqayya Parak
- Bone Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Oral Health Sciences, University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Oral Biological Sciences, School of Oral Health Sciences, University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburg, South Africa
| | - Caroline Dickens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburg, South Africa
| | - Therese Dix-Peek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburg, South Africa
| | - Roland M. Klar
- Bone Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Oral Health Sciences, University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun Q, Guo S, Wang CC, Sun X, Wang D, Xu N, Jin SF, Li KZ. Cross-talk between TGF-β/Smad pathway and Wnt/β-catenin pathway in pathological scar formation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:7631-7639. [PMID: 26261683 PMCID: PMC4526017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
TGF-β1 is a key factor in the process of wound healing, which is regulated by TGF-β/Smad pathway. We previously demonstrated that TGF-β1 contributed to pathological scar formation. And previous studies also suggested Wnt/β-catenin pathway might be involved in wound healing. However, their role and relation in pathological scar formation remains not very clear. For evaluating TGF-β1 and β-catenin, key factors of the two signal pathways, immunohistochemistry, western blot analysis and RT-PCR were used. Simultaneously, immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate Smad2, Smad3 and Wnt-1, which were also the important factors. We found that they all significantly accumulated in pathological scars compared with normal skins (P<0.05), that implied the two signal pathways both contributed to pathological scar formation. Meanwhile, β-catenin expression showed a tendency to increase first and then decrease under the influence of different concentrations of TGF-β1 (P<0.01). It is possible that there is a complicated interaction between the two signal pathways in pathological scar formation (both synergy and antagonism).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Shu Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Chen-Chao Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Shi-Feng Jin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Ke-Zhu Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wisotzkey RG, Quijano JC, Stinchfield MJ, Newfeld SJ. New gene evolution in the bonus-TIF1-γ/TRIM33 family impacted the architecture of the vertebrate dorsal-ventral patterning network. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:2309-21. [PMID: 24881051 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncovering how a new gene acquires its function and understanding how the function of a new gene influences existing genetic networks are important topics in evolutionary biology. Here, we demonstrate nonconservation for the embryonic functions of Drosophila Bonus and its newest vertebrate relative TIF1-γ/TRIM33. We showed previously that TIF1-γ/TRIM33 functions as an ubiquitin ligase for the Smad4 signal transducer and antagonizes the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling network underlying vertebrate dorsal-ventral axis formation. Here, we show that Bonus functions as an agonist of the Decapentaplegic (Dpp) signaling network underlying dorsal-ventral axis formation in flies. The absence of conservation for the roles of Bonus and TIF1-γ/TRIM33 reveals a shift in the dorsal-ventral patterning networks of flies and mice, systems that were previously considered wholly conserved. The shift occurred when the new gene TIF1-γ/TRIM33 replaced the function of the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4L in the lineage leading to vertebrates. Evidence of this replacement is our demonstration that Nedd4 performs the function of TIF1-γ/TRIM33 in flies during dorsal-ventral axis formation. The replacement allowed vertebrate Nedd4L to acquire novel functions as a ubiquitin ligase of vertebrate-specific Smad proteins. Overall our data reveal that the architecture of the Dpp/BMP dorsal-ventral patterning network continued to evolve in the vertebrate lineage, after separation from flies, via the incorporation of new genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Wisotzkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay
| | - Janine C Quijano
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East BaySchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hayden L, Arthur W. The centipedeStrigamia maritimapossesses a large complement of Wnt genes with diverse expression patterns. Evol Dev 2014; 16:127-38. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Hayden
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology Laboratory, Zoology, School of Natural Sciences; National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| | - Wallace Arthur
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology Laboratory, Zoology, School of Natural Sciences; National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
During the course of evolution, genomes acquire novel genetic elements as sources of functional and phenotypic diversity, including new genes that originated in recent evolution. In the past few years, substantial progress has been made in understanding the evolution and phenotypic effects of new genes. In particular, an emerging picture is that new genes, despite being present in the genomes of only a subset of species, can rapidly evolve indispensable roles in fundamental biological processes, including development, reproduction, brain function and behaviour. The molecular underpinnings of how new genes can develop these roles are starting to be characterized. These recent discoveries yield fresh insights into our broad understanding of biological diversity at refined resolution.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Genes are perpetually added to and deleted from genomes during evolution. Thus, it is important to understand how new genes are formed and how they evolve to be critical components of the genetic systems that determine the biological diversity of life. Two decades of effort have shed light on the process of new gene origination and have contributed to an emerging comprehensive picture of how new genes are added to genomes, ranging from the mechanisms that generate new gene structures to the presence of new genes in different organisms to the rates and patterns of new gene origination and the roles of new genes in phenotypic evolution. We review each of these aspects of new gene evolution, summarizing the main evidence for the origination and importance of new genes in evolution. We highlight findings showing that new genes rapidly change existing genetic systems that govern various molecular, cellular, and phenotypic functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manyuan Long
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637;
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moore AD, Grath S, Schüler A, Huylmans AK, Bornberg-Bauer E. Quantification and functional analysis of modular protein evolution in a dense phylogenetic tree. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:898-907. [PMID: 23376183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Modularity is a hallmark of molecular evolution. Whether considering gene regulation, the components of metabolic pathways or signaling cascades, the ability to reuse autonomous modules in different molecular contexts can expedite evolutionary innovation. Similarly, protein domains are the modules of proteins, and modular domain rearrangements can create diversity with seemingly few operations in turn allowing for swift changes to an organism's functional repertoire. Here, we assess the patterns and functional effects of modular rearrangements at high resolution. Using a well resolved and diverse group of pancrustaceans, we illustrate arrangement diversity within closely related organisms, estimate arrangement turnover frequency and establish, for the first time, branch-specific rate estimates for fusion, fission, domain addition and terminal loss. Our results show that roughly 16 new arrangements arise per million years and that between 64% and 81% of these can be explained by simple, single-step modular rearrangement events. We find evidence that the frequencies of fission and terminal deletion events increase over time, and that modular rearrangements impact all levels of the cellular signaling apparatus and thus may have strong adaptive potential. Novel arrangements that cannot be explained by simple modular rearrangements contain a significant amount of repeat domains that occur in complex patterns which we term "supra-repeats". Furthermore, these arrangements are significantly longer than those with a single-step rearrangement solution, suggesting that such arrangements may result from multi-step events. In summary, our analysis provides an integrated view and initial quantification of the patterns and functional impact of modular protein evolution in a well resolved phylogenetic tree. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The emerging dynamic view of proteins: Protein plasticity in allostery, evolution and self-assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Moore
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wisotzkey RG, Konikoff CE, Newfeld SJ. Hippo pathway phylogenetics predicts monoubiquitylation of Salvador and Merlin/Nf2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51599. [PMID: 23272121 PMCID: PMC3522738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently we employed phylogenetics to predict that the cellular interpretation of TGF-β signals is modulated by monoubiquitylation cycles affecting the Smad4 signal transducer/tumor suppressor. This prediction was subsequently validated by experiments in flies, frogs and mammalian cells. Here we apply a phylogenetic approach to the Hippo pathway and predict that two of its signal transducers, Salvador and Merlin/Nf2 (also a tumor suppressor) are regulated by monoubiquitylation. This regulatory mechanism does not lead to protein degradation but instead serves as a highly efficient “off/on” switch when the protein is subsequently deubiquitylated. Overall, our study shows that the creative application of phylogenetics can predict new roles for pathway components and new mechanisms for regulating intercellular signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotte E. Konikoff
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stuart J. Newfeld
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Takaesu NT, Stinchfield MJ, Shimizu K, Arase M, Quijano JC, Watabe T, Miyazono K, Newfeld SJ. Drosophila CORL is required for Smad2-mediated activation of Ecdysone Receptor expression in the mushroom body. Development 2012; 139:3392-401. [PMID: 22874913 DOI: 10.1242/dev.079442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CORL proteins (FUSSEL/SKOR proteins in humans) are related to Sno/Ski oncogenes but their developmental roles are unknown. We have cloned Drosophila CORL and show that its expression is restricted to distinct subsets of cells in the central nervous system. We generated a deletion of CORL and noted that homozygous individuals rarely survive to adulthood. Df(4)dCORL adult escapers display mushroom body (MB) defects and Df(4)dCORL larvae are lacking Ecdysone Receptor (EcR-B1) expression in MB neurons. This is phenocopied in CORL-RNAi and Smad2-RNAi clones in wild-type larvae. Furthermore, constitutively active Baboon (type I receptor upstream of Smad2) cannot stimulate EcR-B1 MB expression in Df(4)dCORL larvae, which demonstrates a formal requirement for CORL in Smad2 signaling. Studies of mouse Corl1 (Skor1) revealed that it binds specifically to Smad3. Overall, the data suggest that CORL facilitates Smad2 activity upstream of EcR-B1 in the MB. The conservation of neural expression and strong sequence homology of all CORL proteins suggests that this is a new family of Smad co-factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norma T Takaesu
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stinchfield MJ, Takaesu NT, Quijano JC, Castillo AM, Tiusanen N, Shimmi O, Enzo E, Dupont S, Piccolo S, Newfeld SJ. Fat facets deubiquitylation of Medea/Smad4 modulates interpretation of a Dpp morphogen gradient. Development 2012; 139:2721-9. [PMID: 22745309 DOI: 10.1242/dev.077206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability of secreted Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ) proteins to act as morphogens dictates that their influence be strictly regulated. Here, we report that maternally contributed fat facets (faf; a homolog of USP9X/FAM) is essential for proper interpretation of the zygotic Decapentaplegic (Dpp) morphogen gradient that patterns the embryonic dorsal-ventral axis. The data suggest that the loss of faf reduces the activity of Medea (a homolog of Smad4) below the minimum necessary for adequate Dpp signaling and that this is likely due to excessive ubiquitylation on a specific lysine. This study supports the hypothesis that the control of cellular responsiveness to TGFβ signals at the level of Smad4 ubiquitylation is a conserved mechanism required for proper implementation of a morphogen gradient.
Collapse
|