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Huang R, Jin Z, Zhang D, Li L, Zhou J, Xiao L, Li P, Zhang M, Tian C, Zhang W, Zhong L, Quan M, Zhao R, Du L, Liu LJ, Li Z, Zhang D, Du Q. Rare variations within the serine/arginine-rich splicing factor PtoRSZ21 modulate stomatal size to determine drought tolerance in Populus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38978318 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Rare variants contribute significantly to the 'missing heritability' of quantitative traits. The genome-wide characteristics of rare variants and their roles in environmental adaptation of woody plants remain unexplored. Utilizing genome-wide rare variant association study (RVAS), expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping, genetic transformation, and molecular experiments, we explored the impact of rare variants on stomatal morphology and drought adaptation in Populus. Through comparative analysis of five world-wide Populus species, we observed the influence of mutational bias and adaptive selection on the distribution of rare variants. RVAS identified 75 candidate genes correlated with stomatal size (SS)/stomatal density (SD), and a rare haplotype in the promoter of serine/arginine-rich splicing factor PtoRSZ21 emerged as the foremost association signal governing SS. As a positive regulator of drought tolerance, PtoRSZ21 can recruit the core splicing factor PtoU1-70K to regulate alternative splicing (AS) of PtoATG2b (autophagy-related 2). The rare haplotype PtoRSZ21hap2 weakens binding affinity to PtoMYB61, consequently affecting PtoRSZ21 expression and SS, ultimately resulting in differential distribution of Populus accessions in arid and humid climates. This study enhances the understanding of regulatory mechanisms that underlie AS induced by rare variants and might provide targets for drought-tolerant varieties breeding in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhuoying Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Donghai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lianzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiaxuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mengjiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chongde Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Leishi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mingyang Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Li-Jun Liu
- College of Forestry, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qingzhang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
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Advanced Breeding for Biotic Stress Resistance in Poplar. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11152032. [PMID: 35956510 PMCID: PMC9370193 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Poplar is one of the most important forest trees because of its high economic value. Thanks to the fast-growing rate, easy vegetative propagation and transformation, and availability of genomic resources, poplar has been considered the model species for forest genetics, genomics, and breeding. Being a field-growing tree, poplar is exposed to environmental threats, including biotic stresses that are becoming more intense and diffused because of global warming. Current poplar farming is mainly based on monocultures of a few elite clones and the expensive and long-term conventional breeding programmes of perennial tree species cannot face current climate-change challenges. Consequently, new tools and methods are necessary to reduce the limits of traditional breeding related to the long generation time and to discover new sources of resistance. Recent advances in genomics, marker-assisted selection, genomic prediction, and genome editing offer powerful tools to efficiently exploit the Populus genetic diversity and allow enabling molecular breeding to support accurate early selection, increasing the efficiency, and reducing the time and costs of poplar breeding, that, in turn, will improve our capacity to face or prevent the emergence of new diseases or pests.
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Sanderson BJ, Wang L, Tiffin P, Wu Z, Olson MS. Sex-biased gene expression in flowers, but not leaves, reveals secondary sexual dimorphism in Populus balsamifera. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:527-539. [PMID: 30252135 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Because sexual dimorphism in plants is often less morphologically conspicuous than in animals, studies of sex-biased gene expression may provide a quantitative metric to better address their commonality, molecular pathways, consistency across tissues and taxa, and evolution. The presence of sex-biased gene expression in tissues other than the androecium or gynoecium, termed secondary sexual characters, suggests that these traits arose after the initial evolution of dioecy. Patterns of sequence evolution may provide evidence of positive selection that drove sexual specialization. We compared gene expression in male and female flowers and leaves of Populus balsamifera to assess the extent of sex-biased expression, and tested whether sex-biased genes exhibit elevated rates of protein evolution. Sex-biased expression was pervasive in floral tissue, but nearly absent in leaf tissue. Female-biased genes in flowers were associated with photosynthesis, whereas male-biased genes were associated with mitochondrial function. Sex-biased genes did not exhibit elevated rates of protein evolution, contrary to results from other studies in animals and plants. Our results suggest that the ecological and physiological constraints associated with the energetics of flowering, rather than sexual conflict, have probably shaped the differences in male and female gene expression in P. balsamifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Sanderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Box 43131, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Box 43131, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Peter Tiffin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Box 43131, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Matthew S Olson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Box 43131, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
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Hou Z, Wang Z, Ye Z, Du S, Liu S, Zhang J. Phylogeographic analyses of a widely distributed Populus davidiana: Further evidence for the existence of glacial refugia of cool-temperate deciduous trees in northern East Asia. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:13014-13026. [PMID: 30619601 PMCID: PMC6308874 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite several phylogeographic studies had provided evidence to support the existence of glacial refugia of cool-temperate deciduous trees in northeast China, the species used in these studies were limited by the species ranges, which could not exclude the possibility that northern populations were the colonists from southern refugial populations during the last glacial maximum (LGM). Here, we estimated the nucleotide variation in Populus davidiana, a widespread species distributed in Eurasia. Three groups in northeast, central, and southwest China were constructed according to the simulation results from SAMOVA, composition of chloroplast haplotypes and structure results. We revealed that the northeast China had endemic haplotypes, the haplotypes and nucleotide diversity in northern regions were not lower than that in southern China, and this species has not experienced population expansion base on the estimation of Bayesian skyline plots. Ecological niche modeling (ENM) indicated that the northeast China had a high suitability score during the last glacial maximum. The combined evidence clearly demonstrated that northeastern and southwestern refugia were maintained across the current distributional range of P. davidiana during the LGM. The genetic differentiation between these two refugia might be mainly caused by differences of climate among these areas. The phylogeographic analyses of a widely distributed P. davidiana provided robust evidence to clarify the issue of refugia in northeast China, and these results are of great importance for understanding the influence of Quaternary glaciations on the distribution and evolution of species in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of ForestryChinese Academy of ForestryBeijingChina
| | - Zhaoshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of ForestryChinese Academy of ForestryBeijingChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable, Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhanyang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of ForestryChinese Academy of ForestryBeijingChina
| | - Shuhui Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of ForestryChinese Academy of ForestryBeijingChina
- College of ForestryShanxi Agriculture UniversityTaiguShanxiChina
| | - Shuyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of ForestryChinese Academy of ForestryBeijingChina
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of ForestryChinese Academy of ForestryBeijingChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable, Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
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Suarez-Gonzalez A, Hefer CA, Lexer C, Cronk QCB, Douglas CJ. Scale and direction of adaptive introgression between black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) and balsam poplar (P. balsamifera). Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1667-1680. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles A. Hefer
- Department of Botany; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Christian Lexer
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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Suarez-Gonzalez A, Hefer CA, Lexer C, Douglas CJ, Cronk QCB. Introgression from Populus balsamifera underlies adaptively significant variation and range boundaries in P. trichocarpa. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:416-427. [PMID: 29124769 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Introgression can be an important source of adaptive phenotypes, although conversely it can have deleterious effects. Evidence for adaptive introgression is accumulating but information on the genetic architecture of introgressed traits lags behind. Here we determine trait architecture in Populus trichocarpa under introgression from P. balsamifera using admixture mapping and phenotypic analyses. Our results reveal that admixture is a key driver of clinal adaptation and suggest that the northern range extension of P. trichocarpa depends, at least in part, on introgression from P. balsamifera. However, admixture with P. balsamifera can lead to potentially maladaptive early phenology, and a reduction in growth and disease resistance in P. trichocarpa. Strikingly, an introgressed chromosome 9 haplotype block from P. balsamifera restores the late phenology and high growth parental phenotype in admixed P. trichocarpa. This epistatic restorer block may be strongly advantageous in maximizing carbon assimilation and disease resistance in the southernmost populations where admixture has been detected. We also confirm a previously demonstrated case of adaptive introgression in chromosome 15 and show that introgression generates a transgressive chlorophyll-content phenotype. We provide strong support that introgression provides a reservoir of genetic variation associated with adaptive characters that allows improved survival in new environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles A Hefer
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
- Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Christian Lexer
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Carl J Douglas
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Quentin C B Cronk
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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7
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Meirmans PG, Godbout J, Lamothe M, Thompson SL, Isabel N. History rather than hybridization determines population structure and adaptation inPopulus balsamifera. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:2044-2058. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. G. Meirmans
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - J. Godbout
- Laurentian Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada; Québec QC Canada
| | - M. Lamothe
- Laurentian Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada; Québec QC Canada
| | - S. L. Thompson
- Laurentian Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada; Québec QC Canada
| | - N. Isabel
- Laurentian Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada; Québec QC Canada
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8
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Zhang L, Shang C, Du FK, Zhao F, Xiong B, Zhang Z. Chloroplast phylogenomic analyses maternal relationships among sections in the genus Populus. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Suarez-Gonzalez A, Hefer CA, Christe C, Corea O, Lexer C, Cronk QCB, Douglas CJ. Genomic and functional approaches reveal a case of adaptive introgression fromPopulus balsamifera(balsam poplar) inP. trichocarpa(black cottonwood). Mol Ecol 2016; 25:2427-42. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles A. Hefer
- Department of Botany; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Camille Christe
- Unit of Ecology & Evolution; Department of Biology; University of Fribourg; CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Oliver Corea
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Biology; University of Victoria; Victoria BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - Christian Lexer
- Unit of Ecology & Evolution; Department of Biology; University of Fribourg; CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research; University of Vienna; A-1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Quentin C. B. Cronk
- Department of Botany; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Carl J. Douglas
- Department of Botany; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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10
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Tian J, Chen J, Li B, Zhang D. Association genetics in Populus reveals the interactions between Pto-miR160a and its target Pto-ARF16. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 291:1069-82. [PMID: 26732268 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in various biological processes. However, the interactions between miRNAs and their targets are largely unknown in plants. As a powerful tool for identification of variation associated with traits, association genetics provides another strategy for exploration of interactions between miRNAs and their targets. Here, we conducted expression analysis and association mapping to evaluate the interaction between Pto-miR160a and its target Pto-ARF16 in Populus tomentosa. By examining the expression patterns of Pto-MIR160a and Pto-ARF16, we identified a significant, negative correlation between their expression levels, indicating that Pto-miR160a may affect the expression of Pto-ARF16. Among the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in this study, one common SNP in the pre-miRNA region of Pto-miR160a altered its predicted secondary structure while another common SNP in the predicted miRNA target site changed the binding affinity of Pto-miR160a. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis revealed low LD levels of Pto-MIR160a and Pto-ARF16, indicating that they are suitable for candidate gene-based association analysis. Single SNP-based association analysis identified 19 SNPs (false discovery rate Q < 0.05) in Pto-MIR160a and Pto-ARF16 associated with three phenotypic traits. Epistasis analysis further identified 36 SNP-SNP interactions between SNPs in Pto-MIR160a and SNPs in Pto-ARF16, reflecting the possible genetic interaction of Pto-miR160a and Pto-ARF16. Taking these results together, our study identified SNPs in Pto-MIR160a and Pto-ARF16 associated with tree growth and wood properties, providing SNPs with potential applications in marker-assisted breeding and evidence for the genetic interaction of Pto-miR160a and Pto-ARF16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Bailian Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Du S, Wang Z, Ingvarsson PK, Wang D, Wang J, Wu Z, Tembrock LR, Zhang J. Multilocus analysis of nucleotide variation and speciation in three closely relatedPopulus(Salicaceae) species. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:4994-5005. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding; Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration; Research Institute of Forestry; Chinese Academy of Forestry; Beijing 100091 China
- College of Forestry; Shandong Agriculture University; Taian Shandong Province 271000 China
| | - Zhaoshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding; Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration; Research Institute of Forestry; Chinese Academy of Forestry; Beijing 100091 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing Jiangsu Province 210000 China
| | - Pär K. Ingvarsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science; Umeå Plant Science Centre; Umeå University; Umeå 90187 Sweden
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding; Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration; Research Institute of Forestry; Chinese Academy of Forestry; Beijing 100091 China
| | - Junhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding; Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration; Research Institute of Forestry; Chinese Academy of Forestry; Beijing 100091 China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Department of Biology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Luke R. Tembrock
- Department of Biology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding; Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration; Research Institute of Forestry; Chinese Academy of Forestry; Beijing 100091 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing Jiangsu Province 210000 China
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12
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Xu B, Tian J, Du Q, Gong C, Pan W, Zhang D. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in a cellulose synthase gene (PtoCesA3) are associated with growth and wood properties in Populus tomentosa. PLANTA 2014; 240:1269-86. [PMID: 25143249 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the composition and organization of the cell wall determine cell shape, enable cell expansion, and affect the properties of woody tissues. Cellulose synthase (CesA) genes encode the enzymes involved in the synthesis of cellulose which is the major component of plant primary and secondary cell walls. Here, we isolated a full-length PtoCesA3 cDNA from the stem cambium tissue of Populus tomentosa. Tissue-specific expression profiling showed that PtoCesA3 is highly expressed during primary cell wall formation. Estimation of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) diversity and linkage disequilibrium (LD) revealed that PtoCesA3 harbors high SNP diversity (π(T) = 0.00995 and θ(w) = 0.0102) and low LD (r(2) ≥ 0.1, within 1,280 bp). Association analysis in a P. tomentosa association population (460 individuals) showed that seven SNPs (false discovery rate Q < 0.10) and five haplotypes (Q < 0.10) were significantly associated with growth and wood properties, explaining 4.09-7.02% of the phenotypic variance. All significant marker-trait associations were validated in at least one of the three smaller subsets (climatic regions) while five associations were repeated in the linkage population. Variation in RNA transcript abundance among genotypic classes of significant loci was also confirmed in the association or linkage populations. Identification of PtoCesA3 and examining its allelic polymorphisms using association studies open an avenue to understand the mechanism of cellulose synthesis in the primary cell wall and its effects on the properties of woody tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
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13
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Assessment of the Genetic Diversity in Forest Tree Populations Using Molecular Markers. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/d6020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Besnard G, El Bakkali A. Sequence analysis of single-copy genes in two wild olive subspecies: nucleotide diversity and potential use for testing admixture. Genome 2014; 57:145-53. [PMID: 24884690 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2014-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The wild olive distribution extends from the Mediterranean region to south Asia and Austral Africa. The species is also invasive, particularly in Australia. Here, we investigated the sequence variation at five nuclear single-copy genes in 41 native and invasive accessions of the Mediterranean and African olive subspecies. The nucleotide diversity was assessed and the phylogenetic relationships between alleles were depicted with haplotype networks. A Bayesian clustering method (STRUCTURE) was applied to identify the main gene pools. We found an average of 18.4 alleles per locus. Native Mediterranean and African olives only share one allele, which testifies for ancient admixture on the Red Sea hills. The presence of divergent alleles in the Mediterranean olive, as well as the identification of two main genetic clusters, suggests a complex origin with two highly differentiated gene pools from the eastern and western Mediterranean that recently admixed. In the invasive range, relatively high nucleotide diversity is observed as a consequence of the introduction of alleles from two subspecies. Our data confirm that four invasive individuals are early-generation hybrids. Finally, the utility of single-copy gene sequences in olive population genomic and phylogenetic studies is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Besnard
- a CNRS-UPS-ENFA, EDB, UMR 5174, Bât. 4R1, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
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15
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Tian J, Chang M, Du Q, Xu B, Zhang D. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in PtoCesA7 and their association with growth and wood properties in Populus tomentosa. Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 289:439-55. [PMID: 24549852 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose synthase (CesA) genes encode the enzymes that synthesize cellulose; therefore, CesAs play central roles in plant development and affect the yield and quality of wood, essential properties for industrial applications of plant biomass. To effectively manipulate wood biosynthesis in trees and improve wood quality, we thus require a better understanding of the natural variation in CesAs. Association studies have emerged as a powerful tool for identification of variation associated with quantitative traits. Here, we used a candidate gene-based association mapping approach to identify PtoCesA7 allelic variants that associate with growth and wood quality traits in Populus tomentosa. We isolated a full-length PtoCesA7 cDNA and observed high PtoCesA7 expression in xylem, consistent with the xylem-specific expression of CesA7. Nucleotide diversity and linkage disequilibrium (LD) in PtoCesA7, sampled from the P. tomentosa natural distribution, revealed that PtoCesA7 harbors high nucleotide diversity (π(T) = 0.0091) and low LD (r(2) ≥ 0.1, within 800 bp). By association analysis, we identified seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (false discovery rate Q < 0.10) and 12 haplotypes (Q < 0.10) that associated with growth and wood properties, explaining 3.62-10.59 % of the phenotypic variance. We also validated 9 of the 10 significant marker-trait associations in at least one of three smaller subsets (climatic regions) or in a linkage-mapping population. Thus, our study identified functional PtoCesA7 allelic variants associated with growth and wood quality traits, giving new insights into genes affecting wood quality and quantity. From an applied perspective, the SNPs revealed in this study have potential applications in marker-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
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16
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Vanholme B, Cesarino I, Goeminne G, Kim H, Marroni F, Van Acker R, Vanholme R, Morreel K, Ivens B, Pinosio S, Morgante M, Ralph J, Bastien C, Boerjan W. Breeding with rare defective alleles (BRDA): a natural Populus nigra HCT mutant with modified lignin as a case study. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:765-776. [PMID: 23432219 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation (NG) sequencing in a natural population of Populus nigra revealed a mutant with a premature stop codon in the gene encoding hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA : shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase1 (HCT1), an essential enzyme in lignin biosynthesis. The lignin composition of P. nigra trees homozygous for the defective allele was compared with that of heterozygous trees and trees without the defective allele. The lignin was characterized by phenolic profiling, lignin oligomer sequencing, thioacidolysis and NMR. In addition, HCT1 was heterologously expressed for activity assays and crosses were made to introduce the mutation in different genetic backgrounds. HCT1 converts p-coumaroyl-CoA into p-coumaroyl shikimate. The mutant allele, PnHCT1-Δ73, encodes a truncated protein, and trees homozygous for this recessive allele have a modified lignin composition characterized by a 17-fold increase in p-hydroxyphenyl units. Using the lignin pathway as proof of concept, we illustrated that the capture of rare defective alleles is a straightforward approach to initiate reverse genetics and accelerate tree breeding. The proposed breeding strategy, called 'breeding with rare defective alleles' (BRDA), should be widely applicable, independent of the target gene or the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Geert Goeminne
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, and the DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Van Acker
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Kris Morreel
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Bart Ivens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Sara Pinosio
- Istituto di Genomica Applicata, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Michele Morgante
- Istituto di Genomica Applicata, 33100, Udine, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università di Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry, and the DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Catherine Bastien
- INRA - Unité Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie forestières, Olivet, France
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
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17
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Geraldes A, Difazio SP, Slavov GT, Ranjan P, Muchero W, Hannemann J, Gunter LE, Wymore AM, Grassa CJ, Farzaneh N, Porth I, McKown AD, Skyba O, Li E, Fujita M, Klápště J, Martin J, Schackwitz W, Pennacchio C, Rokhsar D, Friedmann MC, Wasteneys GO, Guy RD, El-Kassaby YA, Mansfield SD, Cronk QCB, Ehlting J, Douglas CJ, Tuskan GA. A 34K SNP genotyping array for Populus trichocarpa: design, application to the study of natural populations and transferability to other Populus species. Mol Ecol Resour 2013; 13:306-23. [PMID: 23311503 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Genetic mapping of quantitative traits requires genotypic data for large numbers of markers in many individuals. For such studies, the use of large single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping arrays still offers the most cost-effective solution. Herein we report on the design and performance of a SNP genotyping array for Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood). This genotyping array was designed with SNPs pre-ascertained in 34 wild accessions covering most of the species latitudinal range. We adopted a candidate gene approach to the array design that resulted in the selection of 34 131 SNPs, the majority of which are located in, or within 2 kb of, 3543 candidate genes. A subset of the SNPs on the array (539) was selected based on patterns of variation among the SNP discovery accessions. We show that more than 95% of the loci produce high quality genotypes and that the genotyping error rate for these is likely below 2%. We demonstrate that even among small numbers of samples (n = 10) from local populations over 84% of loci are polymorphic. We also tested the applicability of the array to other species in the genus and found that the number of polymorphic loci decreases rapidly with genetic distance, with the largest numbers detected in other species in section Tacamahaca. Finally, we provide evidence for the utility of the array to address evolutionary questions such as intraspecific studies of genetic differentiation, species assignment and the detection of natural hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Geraldes
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada.
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18
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Tian J, Du Q, Chang M, Zhang D. Allelic variation in PtGA20Ox associates with growth and wood properties in Populus spp. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53116. [PMID: 23300875 PMCID: PMC3534044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Populus tomentosa is an economically important tree crop that produces wood for lumber, pulp, paper, and biofuels. Wood quality traits are likely to be strongly affected by the plant hormone gibberellic acid (GA), which regulates growth. GA20Ox encodes one of the major regulatory enzymes of GA biosynthesis and may therefore play a large role in growth and wood quality. Here, linkage disequilibrium (LD) studies were used to identify significant associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within PtGA20Ox and growth and wood-quality traits of P. tomentosa. We isolated a full-length GA20Ox cDNA from Populus tomentosa by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR; this 1401 bp cDNA clone had an open reading frame of 1158 bp and encoded a protein of 385 amino acids. PtGA20Ox transcripts were maximally expressed in the mature xylem of vascular tissues, suggesting that PtGA20Ox is highly expressed and specifically associated with secondary xylem formation. Resequencing the PtGA20Ox locus of 36 individuals identified 55 SNPs, and the frequency of SNPs was 1/31 bp. The 29 most common SNPs (frequency>0.1) were genotyped in an association population (426 individuals) that was also phenotyped for key growth and wood quality traits. LD did not extend over the entire gene (r(2)<0.1, within 500 bp), demonstrating that a candidate-gene-based LD approach may the best way to understand the molecular basis underlying quantitative variation in this species. SNP- and haplotype-based association analyses indicated that four SNPs (false discovery rate Q<0.05) and 14 haplotypes (P<0.05) were significantly associated with growth and wood properties. The phenotypic variance explained by each SNP ranged from 3.44% to 14.47%. The SNP markers identified in this study can be applied to breeding programs for the improvement of growth and wood-property traits by marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingzhang Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengqi Chang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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