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Pawlik-Skowrońska B, Bownik A, Pogorzelec M, Kulczycka J, Sumińska A. First report on adverse effects of cyanobacterial anabaenopeptins, aeruginosins, microginin and their mixtures with microcystin and cylindrospermopsin on aquatic plant physiology: An experimental approach. Toxicon 2023; 236:107333. [PMID: 37951248 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce a variety of oligopeptides beyond microcystins and other metabolites. Their biological activities are not fully recognized especially to aquatic plants. Acute toxicity tests on Spirodela polyrhiza and Lemna minor exposed to a range of concentrations of cyanobacterial metabolites: anabaenopeptins (ANA-A, ANA-B), aeruginosins 98 (Aer-A, Aer-B), microginin-FR1 (MG-FR1), microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and cylindrospermopsin (Cyl) were carried out to compare their influence on plant physiology. Effects of their binary mixtures were determined by isobole approach and calculation of the combination index (CI) that indicates a type of metabolites' interaction. Cyclic oligopeptides microcystin-LR and anabaenopeptin-A revealed the strongest inhibition of S. polyrhiza growth while other metabolites appeared less toxic. Oxygen evolution was inhibited by Cyl, MC-LR, ANA-A, ANA-B, while both variants of aeruginosins and MG-FR1 did not affect this process. Photosynthetic pigments' contents decreased in S. polyrhiza exposed to ANA-A and Cyl, while MC-LR and Aer-A caused their slight increase. 96 h-EC50 values showed that the growth of L. minor was more sensitive to MC-LR, ANA-A, MG-FR1 and Cyl than the growth of S. polyrhiza. In S. polyrhiza synergistic effects of all the binary mixtures of peptides with MC-LR on oxygen evolution were observed, while antagonistic one on the growth of S. polyrhiza exposed to the mixtures with aeruginosins and ANA-A. The mixtures of MC-LR and MG-FR1 with cylindrospermopsin revealed synergistic effects on the growth but antagonistic one to the O2 evolution. Quadruple mixtures (ANA-A + MC-LR + MG-FR1+Cyl) did not reveal any inhibitive effect on the plant growth and very slight on the oxygen evolution, irrespectively of their total concentrations. Various effects caused by ANA-A and ANA-B suggest the importance of molecule structures of metabolites for toxicity. Composition of the mixtures of cyanobacterial metabolites was essential for the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pawlik-Skowrońska
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzanskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Adam Bownik
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzanskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Pogorzelec
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzanskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Kulczycka
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzanskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Sumińska
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzanskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland
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Algal Toxic Compounds and Their Aeroterrestrial, Airborne and other Extremophilic Producers with Attention to Soil and Plant Contamination: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050322. [PMID: 33946968 PMCID: PMC8145420 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The review summarizes the available knowledge on toxins and their producers from rather disparate algal assemblages of aeroterrestrial, airborne and other versatile extreme environments (hot springs, deserts, ice, snow, caves, etc.) and on phycotoxins as contaminants of emergent concern in soil and plants. There is a growing body of evidence that algal toxins and their producers occur in all general types of extreme habitats, and cyanobacteria/cyanoprokaryotes dominate in most of them. Altogether, 55 toxigenic algal genera (47 cyanoprokaryotes) were enlisted, and our analysis showed that besides the “standard” toxins, routinely known from different waterbodies (microcystins, nodularins, anatoxins, saxitoxins, cylindrospermopsins, BMAA, etc.), they can produce some specific toxic compounds. Whether the toxic biomolecules are related with the harsh conditions on which algae have to thrive and what is their functional role may be answered by future studies. Therefore, we outline the gaps in knowledge and provide ideas for further research, considering, from one side, the health risk from phycotoxins on the background of the global warming and eutrophication and, from the other side, the current surge of interest which phycotoxins provoke due to their potential as novel compounds in medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics, bioremediation, agriculture and all aspects of biotechnological implications in human life.
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Uptake and Effects of Cylindrospermopsin: Biochemical, Physiological and Biometric Responses in The Submerged Macrophyte Egeria densa Planch. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12112997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is being detected in surface waters more commonly and frequently worldwide. This stable, extracellular cyanotoxin causes protein synthesis inhibition, thus posing a risk to aquatic biota, including macrophytes, which serve as primary producers. Nevertheless, data regarding the effects caused by environmental concentrations of CYN is still limited. In the presented study, the uptake of CYN at environmental concentrations by the submerged macrophyte Egeria densa was investigated. Bioaccumulation, changes in the plant biomass, as well as shoot-length were assessed as responses. Variations in the cellular H2O2 levels, antioxidative enzyme activities, as well as concentrations and ratios of the photosynthetic pigments were also measured. E. densa removed 54% of CYN within 24 h and up to 68% after 336 h; however, CYN was not bioaccumulated. The antioxidative enzyme system was activated by CYN exposure. Pigment concentrations decreased with exposure but normalized after 168 h. The chlorophyll a to b ratio increased but normalized quickly thereafter. Carotenoids and the ratio of carotenoids to total chlorophylls increased after 96 h suggesting participation in the antioxidative system. Growth stimulation was observed. The ability to remove CYN and resistance to CYN toxicity within 14 days proved E. densa as suitable for phytoremediation; nonetheless, prolonged exposure (32 days) resulted in adverse effects related to CYN uptake, which needs to be studied further.
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Scarlett KR, Kim S, Lovin LM, Chatterjee S, Scott JT, Brooks BW. Global scanning of cylindrospermopsin: Critical review and analysis of aquatic occurrence, bioaccumulation, toxicity and health hazards. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:139807. [PMID: 32585507 PMCID: PMC8204307 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a cyanotoxin produced by harmful algal blooms, has been reported worldwide; however, there remains limited understanding of its potential risks to surface water quality. In the present study, we critically reviewed available literature regarding the global occurrence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of CYN in aquatic systems with a particular focus on freshwater. We subsequently developed environmental exposure distributions (EEDs) for CYN in surface waters and performed probabilistic environmental hazard assessments (PEHAs) using guideline values (GVs). PEHAs were performed by geographic region, type of aquatic system, and matrix. CYN occurrence was prevalent in North America, Europe, and Asia/Pacific, with lakes being the most common system. Many global whole water EEDs exceeded guideline values (GV) previously developed for drinking water (e.g., 0.5 μg L-1) and recreational water (e.g., 1 μg L-1). GV exceedances were higher in the Asia/Pacific region, and in rivers and reservoirs. Rivers in the Asia/Pacific region exceeded the lowest drinking water GV 73.2% of the time. However, lack of standardized protocols used for analyses was alarming, which warrants improvement in future studies. In addition, bioaccumulation of CYN has been reported in mollusks, crustaceans, and fish, but such exposure information remains limited. Though several publications have reported aquatic toxicity of CYN, there is limited chronic aquatic toxicity data, especially for higher trophic level organisms. Most aquatic toxicity studies have not employed standardized experimental designs, failed to analytically verify treatment levels, and did not report purity of CYN used for experiments; therefore, existing data are insufficient to derive water quality guidelines. Considering such elevated exceedances of CYN in global surface waters and limited aquatic bioaccumulation and toxicity data, further aquatic monitoring, environmental fate and mechanistic toxicology studies are warranted to robustly assess and manage water quality risks to public health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall R Scarlett
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Lea M Lovin
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - J Thad Scott
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
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Flores-Rojas NC, Esterhuizen-Londt M, Pflugmacher S. Uptake, Growth, and Pigment Changes in Lemna minor L. Exposed to Environmental Concentrations of Cylindrospermopsin. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110650. [PMID: 31703455 PMCID: PMC6891409 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN)-producing cyanobacterial blooms such as Raphidiopsis, Aphanizomenon, Anabaena, Umezakia, and Lyngbya spp. are occurring more commonly and frequently worldwide. CYN is an environmentally stable extracellular toxin, which inhibits protein synthesis, and, therefore, can potentially affect a wide variety of aquatic biota. Submerged and floating macrophytes, as primary producers in oligotrophic habitats, are at risk of exposure and information on the effects of CYN exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations is limited. In the present study, we investigated CYN uptake in the floating macrophyte Lemna minor with exposure to reported environmental concentrations. The effects were evaluated in terms of bioaccumulation, relative plant growth, and number of fronds per day. Variations in the concentrations and ratios of the chlorophylls as stress markers and carotenoids as markers of oxidative stress defense were measured. With exposure to 25 μg/L, L. minor could remove 43% of CYN within 24 h but CYN was not bioaccumulated. Generally, the pigment concentrations were elevated with exposure to 0.025, 0.25, and 2.5 μg/L CYN after 24 h, but normalized quickly thereafter. Changes in relative plant growth were observed with exposure to 0.25 and 2.5 μg/L CYN. Adverse effects were seen with these environmentally realistic concentrations within 24 h; however, L. minor successfully recovered within the next 48-96 h.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maranda Esterhuizen-Londt
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environmental Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland;
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST), Joint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Campus 7.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Fabianinkatu 33, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-50-318-8337
| | - Stephan Pflugmacher
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environmental Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland;
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST), Joint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Campus 7.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Fabianinkatu 33, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Prieto AI, Guzmán-Guillén R, Díez-Quijada L, Campos A, Vasconcelos V, Jos Á, Cameán AM. Validation of a Method for Cylindrospermopsin Determination in Vegetables: Application to Real Samples Such as Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E63. [PMID: 29389882 PMCID: PMC5848164 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reports on the occurrence of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) have increased worldwide because of CYN toxic effects in humans and animals. If contaminated waters are used for plant irrigation, these could represent a possible CYN exposure route for humans. For the first time, a method employing solid phase extraction and quantification by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) of CYN was optimized in vegetables matrices such as lettuce (Lactuca sativa). The validated method showed a linear range, from 5 to 500 ng CYN g-1 of fresh weight (f.w.), and detection and quantitation limits (LOD and LOQ) of 0.22 and 0.42 ng CYN g-1 f.w., respectively. The mean recoveries ranged between 85 and 104%, and the intermediate precision from 12.7 to 14.7%. The method showed to be robust for the three different variables tested. Moreover, it was successfully applied to quantify CYN in edible lettuce leaves exposed to CYN-contaminated water (10 µg L-1), showing that the tolerable daily intake (TDI) in the case of CYN could be exceeded in elderly high consumers. The validated method showed good results in terms of sensitivity, precision, accuracy, and robustness for CYN determination in leaf vegetables such as lettuce. More studies are needed in order to prevent the risks associated with the consumption of CYN-contaminated vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Remedios Guzmán-Guillén
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Leticia Díez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Alexandre Campos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research-CIIMAR/CIMAR, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research-CIIMAR/CIMAR, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4069-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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Guzmán-Guillén R, Campos A, Machado J, Freitas M, Azevedo J, Pinto E, Almeida A, Cameán AM, Vasconcelos V. Effects of Chrysosporum (Aphanizomenon) ovalisporum extracts containing cylindrospermopsin on growth, photosynthetic capacity, and mineral content of carrots (Daucus carota). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:22-31. [PMID: 27770233 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural toxins produced by freshwater cyanobacteria, such as cylindrospermopsin, have been regarded as an emergent environmental threat. Despite the risks for food safety, the impact of these water contaminants in agriculture is not yet fully understood. Carrots (Daucus carota) are root vegetables, extensively consumed worldwide with great importance for human nourishment and economy. It is, therefore, important to evaluate the possible effects of using water contaminated with cyanotoxins on carrot cultivation. The aim of this work was to investigate cylindrospermopsin effects on D. carota grown in soil and irrigated for 30 days, with a Chrysosporum ovalisporum extract containing environmentally relevant concentrations of cylindrospermopsin (10 and 50 μg/L). The parameters evaluated were plant growth, photosynthetic capacity, and nutritional value (mineral content) in roots of carrots, as these are the edible parts of this plant crop. The results show that, exposure to cylindrospermopsin did not have a clear negative effect on growth or photosynthesis of D. carota, even leading to an increase of both parameters. However, alterations in mineral contents were detected after exposure to crude extracts of C. ovalisporum containing cylindrospermopsin. A general decline was observed for most minerals (Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Mo, and P), although an increase was shown in the case of K and Cu, pointing to a possible interference of the cyanobacterial extract in mineral uptake. This study is the first to evaluate the effects of C. ovalisporum extracts on a root vegetable, however, more research is necessary to understand the effects of this toxin in environmentally relevant scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre Campos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto, 4050-123, Portugal.
| | - Joana Machado
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto, 4050-123, Portugal
| | - Marisa Freitas
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto, 4050-123, Portugal
- Department of Environmental Health, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, CISA/Research Center in Environment and Health, Rua de Valente Perfeito, 322, Gaia, 4400-330, Portugal
| | - Joana Azevedo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto, 4050-123, Portugal
| | - Edgar Pinto
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
- Department of Environmental Health, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, CISA/Research Center in Environment and Health, Rua de Valente Perfeito, 322, Gaia, 4400-330, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Almeida
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto, 4050-123, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Department of Sciences of the University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
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Romero-Oliva CS, Contardo-Jara V, Pflugmacher S. Antioxidative response of the three macrophytes Ceratophyllum demersum, Egeria densa, and Hydrilla verticillata to a time dependent exposure of cell-free crude extracts containing three microcystins from cyanobacterial blooms of Lake Amatitlán, Guatemala. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 163:130-139. [PMID: 25889089 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) produced by cyanobacteria in natural environments are a potential risk to the integrity of ecosystems. In this study, the effects of cyanobacterial cell-free crude extracts from a Microcystis aeruginosa bloom containing three MC-congeners MC-LR, -RR, and -YR at environmental relevant concentrations of 49.3±2.9, 49.8±5.9, and 6.9±3.8μg/L, respectively, were evaluated on Ceratophyllum demersum (L.), Egeria densa (Planch.), and Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.). Effects on photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophyll (chl), chl a, chl b, and carotenoids), enzymatic defense led by catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and glutathione reductase (GR), and biotransformation enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) were measured after 1, 4, and 8h and after 1, 3, 7, and 14 days of exposure. Results show that in all exposed macrophytes, photosynthetic pigments were negatively affected. While chl a and total chl decreased with increasing exposure time, a parallel increase in chl b was observed after 8h. Concomitant increase of ∼5, 16, and 34% of antioxidant carotenoid concentration in exposed C. demersum, E. densa, and H. verticillata, respectively, was also displayed. Enzymatic antioxidant defense systems in all exposed macrophytes were initiated within the first hour of exposure. In exposed E. densa, highest values of CAT and GR activities were observed after 4 and 8h, respectively, while in exposed H. verticillata highest value of POD activity was observed after 8h. An early induction with a significant increase of biotransformation enzyme GST was observed in E. densa after 4h and in C. demersum and H. verticillata after 8h. These results are the first to show rapid induction of stress and further possible MC biotransformation (based on the activation of GST enzymatic activity included in MC metabolization during the biotransformation mechanism) in macrophytes exposed to crude extract containing a mixture of MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Suseth Romero-Oliva
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Ecotoxicological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Valeska Contardo-Jara
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Ecotoxicological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stephan Pflugmacher
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Ecotoxicological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
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Freitas M, Azevedo J, Pinto E, Neves J, Campos A, Vasconcelos V. Effects of microcystin-LR, cylindrospermopsin and a microcystin-LR/cylindrospermopsin mixture on growth, oxidative stress and mineral content in lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 116:59-67. [PMID: 25768423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacterial blooms are documented worldwide as an emerging environmental concern. Recent studies support the hypothesis that microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) produce toxic effects in crop plants. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is an important commercial leafy vegetable that supplies essential elements for human nutrition; thus, the study of its sensitivity to MC-LR, CYN and a MC-LR/CYN mixture is of major relevance. This study aimed to assess the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations (1, 10 and 100 µg/L) of MC-LR, CYN and a MC-LR/CYN mixture on growth, antioxidant defense system and mineral content in lettuce plants. In almost all treatments, an increase in root fresh weight was obtained; however, the fresh weight of leaves was significantly decreased in plants exposed to 100 µg/L concentrations of each toxin and the toxin mixture. Overall, GST activity was significantly increased in roots, contrary to GPx activity, which decreased in roots and leaves. The mineral content in lettuce leaves changed due to its exposure to cyanotoxins; in general, the mineral content decreased with MC-LR and increased with CYN, and apparently these effects are time and concentration-dependent. The effects of the MC-LR/CYN mixture were almost always similar to the single cyanotoxins, although MC-LR seems to be more toxic than CYN. Our results suggest that lettuce plants in non-early stages of development are able to cope with lower concentrations of MC-LR, CYN and the MC-LR/CYN mixture; however, higher concentrations (100 µg/L) can affect both lettuce yield and nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Freitas
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences, Porto University, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Environmental Health Department, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, CISA/Research Center in Environment and Health, Rua de Valente Perfeito, 322, 4400-330 Gaia, Portugal
| | - Joana Azevedo
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Edgar Pinto
- REQUIMTE/ Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Neves
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences, Porto University, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Garda T, Riba M, Vasas G, Beyer D, M-Hamvas M, Hajdu G, Tándor I, Máthé C. Cytotoxic effects of cylindrospermopsin in mitotic and non-mitotic Vicia faba cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 120:145-153. [PMID: 25016338 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanobacterial toxin known as a eukaryotic protein synthesis inhibitor. We aimed to study its effects on growth, stress responses and mitosis of a eukaryotic model, Vicia faba (broad bean). Growth responses depended on exposure time (3 or 6d), cyanotoxin concentration, culture conditions (dark or continuous light) and V. faba cultivar ("Standard" or "ARC Egypt Cross"). At 6d of exposure, CYN had a transient stimulatory effect on root system growth, roots being possibly capable of detoxification. The toxin induced nucleus fragmentation, blebbing and chromosomal breaks indicating double stranded DNA breaks and programmed cell death. Root necrotic tissue was observed at 0.1-20 μg mL(-1) CYN that probably impeded toxin uptake into vascular tissue. Growth and cell death processes observed were general stress responses. In lateral root tip meristems, lower CYN concentrations (0.01-0.1 μg mL(-1)) induced the stimulation of mitosis and distinct mitotic phases, irrespective of culture conditions or the cultivar used. Higher cyanotoxin concentrations inhibited mitosis. Short-term exposure of hydroxylurea-synchronized roots to 5 μg mL(-1) CYN induced delay of mitosis that might have been related to a delay of de novo protein synthesis. CYN induced the formation of double, split and asymmetric preprophase bands (PPBs), in parallel with the alteration of cell division planes, related to the interference of cyanotoxin with protein synthesis, thus it was a plant- and CYN specific alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Garda
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Milán Riba
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Vasas
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Dániel Beyer
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Márta M-Hamvas
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gréta Hajdu
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Ildikó Tándor
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Máthé
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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11
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Rzymski P, Poniedziałek B. In search of environmental role of cylindrospermopsin: a review on global distribution and ecology of its producers. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 66:320-337. [PMID: 25222334 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite a significant interest in cyanotoxins over recent decades, their biological role is still poorly elucidated. Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanobacterial metabolite that is globally identified in surface fresh- and brackish waters and whose producers are observed to spread throughout different climate zones. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the characteristics and global distribution of CYN-producing species, the variety of their chemotypes and the occurrence of strains which, while incapable of toxin synthesis, are able to produce other bioactive compounds including those that are hitherto unknown and yet to be identified. Environmental conditions that can trigger CYN production and promote growth of CYN-producers in aquatic ecosystems are also discussed. Finally, on the basis of existing experimental evidence, potential ecological role(s) of CYN are indicated. It is eventually concluded that CYN can be at least partially responsible for the ecological success of certain cyanobacteria species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Biology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Barbara Poniedziałek
- Department of Biology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
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12
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Influence of two depuration periods on the activity and transcription of antioxidant enzymes in tilapia exposed to repeated doses of cylindrospermopsin under laboratory conditions. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1062-79. [PMID: 24632554 PMCID: PMC3968377 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6031062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacterial toxin Cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a potent protein synthesis inhibitor, is increasingly being found in freshwater bodies infested by cyanobacterial blooms worldwide. Moreover, it has been reported to be implicated in human intoxications and animal mortality. Recently, the alteration of the activity and gene expression of some glutathione related enzymes in tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to a single dose of CYN has been reported. However, little is known about the effects induced by repeated doses of this toxin in tilapias exposed by immersion and the potential reversion of these biochemical alterations after two different depuration periods (3 or 7 days). In the present study, tilapias were exposed by immersion to repeated doses of a CYN-containing culture of Aphanizomenon ovalisporum during 14 days, and then were subjected to depuration periods (3 or 7 days) in clean water in order to examine the potential reversion of the effects observed. The activity and relative mRNA expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and soluble glutathione-S-transferases (sGST), and also the sGST protein abundance by Western blot analysis were evaluated in liver and kidney of fish. Results showed significant alterations in most of the parameters evaluated and their recovery after 3 days (GPx activity, sGST relative abundance) or 7 days (GPx gene expression, sGST activity). These findings not only confirm the oxidative stress effects produced in fish by cyanobacterial cells containing CYN, but also show the effectiveness of depuration processes in mitigating the CYN-containing culture toxic effects.
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13
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de la Cruz AA, Hiskia A, Kaloudis T, Chernoff N, Hill D, Antoniou MG, He X, Loftin K, O'Shea K, Zhao C, Pelaez M, Han C, Lynch TJ, Dionysiou DD. A review on cylindrospermopsin: the global occurrence, detection, toxicity and degradation of a potent cyanotoxin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:1979-2003. [PMID: 24056894 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00353a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin is an important cyanobacterial toxin found in water bodies worldwide. The ever-increasing and global occurrence of massive and prolonged blooms of cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacteria poses a potential threat to both human and ecosystem health. Its toxicity is associated with metabolic activation and may involve mechanisms that adversely affect a wide variety of targets in an organism. Cylindrospermopsin has been shown to be cytotoxic, dermatotoxic, genotoxic, hepatotoxic in vivo, developmentally toxic, and may be carcinogenic. Human exposure may occur through drinking water, during recreational activities and by consuming foods in which the toxin may have bioaccumulated. Drinking water shortages of sufficient quality coupled with growing human pressures and climate variability and change necessitate an integrated and sustainable water management program. This review presents an overview of the importance of cylindrospermopsin, its detection, toxicity, worldwide distribution, and lastly, its chemical and biological degradation and removal by natural processes and drinking water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armah A de la Cruz
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Máthé C, M-Hamvas M, Vasas G. Microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin induced alterations in chromatin organization of plant cells. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3689-717. [PMID: 24084787 PMCID: PMC3826130 DOI: 10.3390/md11103689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce metabolites with diverse bioactivities, structures and pharmacological properties. The effects of microcystins (MCYs), a family of peptide type protein-phosphatase inhibitors and cylindrospermopsin (CYN), an alkaloid type of protein synthesis blocker will be discussed in this review. We are focusing mainly on cyanotoxin-induced changes of chromatin organization and their possible cellular mechanisms. The particularities of plant cells explain the importance of such studies. Preprophase bands (PPBs) are premitotic cytoskeletal structures important in the determination of plant cell division plane. Phragmoplasts are cytoskeletal structures involved in plant cytokinesis. Both cyanotoxins induce the formation of multipolar spindles and disrupted phragmoplasts, leading to abnormal sister chromatid segregation during mitosis. Thus, MCY and CYN are probably inducing alterations of chromosome number. MCY induces programmed cell death: chromatin condensation, nucleus fragmentation, necrosis, alterations of nuclease and protease enzyme activities and patterns. The above effects may be related to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or disfunctioning of microtubule associated proteins. Specific effects: MCY-LR induces histone H3 hyperphosphorylation leading to incomplete chromatid segregation and the formation of micronuclei. CYN induces the formation of split or double PPB directly related to protein synthesis inhibition. Cyanotoxins are powerful tools in the study of plant cell organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Máthé
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4010, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary.
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15
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Kokociński M, Mankiewicz-Boczek J, Jurczak T, Spoof L, Meriluoto J, Rejmonczyk E, Hautala H, Vehniäinen M, Pawełczyk J, Soininen J. Aphanizomenon gracile (Nostocales), a cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacterium in Polish lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:5243-64. [PMID: 23378259 PMCID: PMC3713259 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterial cytotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) has become increasingly common in fresh waters worldwide. It was originally isolated from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in Australia; however, in European waters, its occurrence is associated with other cyanobacterial species belonging to the genera Aphanizomenon and Anabaena. Moreover, cylindrospermopsin-producing strains of widely distributed C. raciborskii have not yet been observed in European waters. The aims of this work were to assess the occurrence of CYN in lakes of western Poland and to identify the CYN producers. The ELISA tests, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-DAD, and HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS were conducted to assess the occurrence of CYN in 36 lakes. The cyrJ, cyrA, and pks genes were amplified to identify toxigenic genotypes of cyanobacteria that are capable of producing CYN. The toxicity and toxigenicity of the C. raciborskii and Aphanizomenon gracile strains isolated from the studied lakes were examined. Overall, CYN was detected in 13 lakes using HPLC-MS/MS, and its concentrations varied from trace levels to 3.0 μg L(-1). CYN was widely observed in lakes of western Poland during the whole summer under different environmental conditions. Mineral forms of nutrients and temperature were related to CYN production. The molecular studies confirmed the presence of toxigenic cyanobacterial populations in all of the samples where CYN was detected. The toxicity and toxigenicity analyses of isolated cyanobacteria strains revealed that A. gracile was the major producer of CYN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Kokociński
- Collegium Polonicum, Adam Mickiewicz University, Kościuszki 1, 69-100, Słubice, Poland.
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16
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Lahrouni M, Oufdou K, El Khalloufi F, Baz M, Lafuente A, Dary M, Pajuelo E, Oudra B. Physiological and biochemical defense reactions of Vicia faba L.-Rhizobium symbiosis face to chronic exposure to cyanobacterial bloom extract containing microcystins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:5405-5415. [PMID: 23417437 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The presence of cyanotoxins, mainly microcystins (MCs), in surface freshwater represents a serious health risk to aquatic organisms living in the water body, as well as terrestrial animals and plants that are in contact with contaminated water. Consequently, the use of MCs contaminated water for irrigation represents a hazard for cultivated plants and could induce severe economical losses due to crops' yield reduction. The experimental approach undertaken in this work was exposing Vicia faba seedlings (inoculated with a Rhizobium strain resistant to MCs), to water supplemented with cyanobacterial crude extract containing total microcystins at a concentration of 50 and 100 μg/L (environmental relevant concentrations of MCs dissolved in the raw irrigation water from Lalla Takerkoust Lake-Marrakesh region). After chronic MCs exposure (2 months), biological and physiological parameters (plant growth, nitrogen uptake, mineral assimilation, and oxidative defense mechanisms) were evaluated. The results obtained showed evidence that chronic exposure to cyanobacterial bloom extract containing MCs strongly affected the physiological and biological plants activities; reduction of dry matter, photosynthetic activity, nodule number, and nitrogen assimilation. At the same time, an increase of oxidative stress was observed, as deduced from a significant increase of the activities of peroxidase, catalase, polyphenoloxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase in leaves, roots, and nodules of faba bean plants exposed to cyanotoxins, especially at 100 μg/L of MCs. This experimentation constitutes a simulation of the situation related to cyanotoxins chronic exposure of seedlings-plants via the contaminated irrigation water. For this reason, once should take into consideration the possibility of contamination of agricultural crops and the quality of irrigation water should be by the way monitored for cyanotoxins biohazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majida Lahrouni
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Environmental Microbiology and Toxicology Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, PO Box 2390, Marrakech, Morocco
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17
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Holland A, Kinnear S. Interpreting the possible ecological role(s) of cyanotoxins: compounds for competitive advantage and/or physiological aide? Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2239-58. [PMID: 23807545 PMCID: PMC3736421 DOI: 10.3390/md11072239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, most research on freshwater cyanotoxin(s) has focused on understanding the dynamics of toxin production and decomposition, as well as evaluating the environmental conditions that trigger toxin production, all with the objective of informing management strategies and options for risk reduction. Comparatively few research studies have considered how this information can be used to understand the broader ecological role of cyanotoxin(s), and the possible applications of this knowledge to the management of toxic blooms. This paper explores the ecological, toxicological, and genetic evidence for cyanotoxin production in natural environments. The possible evolutionary advantages of toxin production are grouped into two main themes: That of "competitive advantage" or "physiological aide". The first grouping illustrates how compounds produced by cyanobacteria may have originated from the need for a cellular defence mechanism, in response to grazing pressure and/or resource competition. The second grouping considers the contribution that secondary metabolites make to improved cellular physiology, through benefits to homeostasis, photosynthetic efficiencies, and accelerated growth rates. The discussion also includes other factors in the debate about possible evolutionary roles for toxins, such as different modes of exposures and effects on non-target (i.e., non-competitive) species. The paper demonstrates that complex and multiple factors are at play in driving evolutionary processes in aquatic environments. This information may provide a fresh perspective on managing toxic blooms, including the need to use a "systems approach" to understand how physico-chemical conditions, as well biological stressors, interact to trigger toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleicia Holland
- Centre for Environmental Management, Central Queensland University, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD 4700, Australia.
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18
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Máthé C, Vasas G, Borbély G, Erdődi F, Beyer D, Kiss A, Surányi G, Gonda S, Jámbrik K, M-Hamvas M. Histological, cytological and biochemical alterations induced by microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin in white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seedlings. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2013; 64:71-85. [PMID: 23567832 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.64.2013.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study compares the histological, cytological and biochemical effects of the cyanobacterial toxins microcystin-LR (MCY-LR) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) in white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seedlings, with special regard to the developing root system. Cyanotoxins induced different alterations, indicating their different specific biochemical activities. MCY-LR stimulated mitosis of root tip meristematic cells at lower concentrations (1 μg ml-1) and inhibited it at higher concentrations, while CYN had only inhibitory effects. Low CYN concentrations (0.01 μg ml-1) stimulated lateral root formation, whereas low MCY-LR concentrations increased only the number of lateral root primordia. Both inhibited lateral root development at higher concentrations. They induced lignifications, abnormal cell swelling and inhibited xylem differentiation in roots and shoots. MCY-LR and CYN induced the disruption of metaphase and anaphase spindles, causing altered cell divisions. Similar alterations could be related to decreased protein phosphatase (PP1 and PP2A) activities in shoots and roots. However, in vitro phosphatase assay with purified PP1 catalytic subunit proved that CYN in contrast to MCY-LR, decreased phosphatase activities of mustard in a non-specific way. This study intends to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of toxic effects of a protein phosphatase (MCY-LR) and a protein synthesis (CYN) inhibitory cyanotoxin in vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Máthé
- Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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19
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Prieto A, Campos A, Cameán A, Vasconcelos V. Effects on growth and oxidative stress status of rice plants (Oryza sativa) exposed to two extracts of toxin-producing cyanobacteria (Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and Microcystis aeruginosa). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:1973-1980. [PMID: 21723604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacteria are considered emerging world threats, being responsible for the degradation of the aquatic ecosystems. Aphanizomenon ovalisporum produces the toxin Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) being a concern in fresh water habitats. This work aims to increase our knowledge on the effects of this toxic cyanobacterium in plants by studying the alterations in growth parameters and oxidative stress status of rice (Oriza sativa) exposed to the cyanobacteria cell extracts containing CYN. Significant increases in glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were detected in the different experiments performed. The roots showed to be more sensitive than leaves regarding the enzyme activities. A reduction in the leaf tissue fresh weight was observed after 9 days of plant treatment suggesting a major physiological stress. The exposure of rice plants to a mixture of A. ovalisporum and Microcystis aeruginosa cell extracts containing CYN and microcystins including microcystin-LR, resulted in a significant increase in the GST and GPx activities, suggesting a synergistic effect of both extracts. Together these results point out the negative effects of cyanotoxins on plant growth and oxidative status, induced by A. ovalisporum cell extracts, raising also concerns in the accumulation of CYN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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20
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M-Hamvas M, Máthé C, Vasas G, Jámbrik K, Papp M, Beyer D, Mészáros I, Borbély G. Cylindrospermopsin and microcystin-LR alter the growth, development and peroxidase enzyme activity of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seedlings, a comparative analysis. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2011; 61 Suppl:35-48. [PMID: 21565763 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.61.2010.suppl.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This work focuses on the comparative analysis of the effects of two cyanobacterial toxins of different chemical structure cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and microcystin-LR (MC-LR) on the white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seedlings. Both cyanotoxins reduced significantly the fresh mass and the length of cotyledons, hypocotyls and main roots of seedlings in a concentration dependent manner. For various mustard organs the 50% inhibitory concentration values (IC50) of growth were between 3-5 μg ml(-1) for MC-LR and between 5-10 μg ml-1 for CYN, respectively. Cyanotoxins altered the development of cotyledons, the accumulation of photosynthetically active pigments and anthocyanins. Low MC-LR concentrations (0.01 and 0.1 μg ml(-1)) stimulated anthocyanin formation in the cotyledons but higher than 1 μg ml(-1) MC-LR concentrations strongly inhibited it. The CYN treated chlorotic cotyledons were violet coloured in consequence of high level of anthocyanins, while MC-LR induced chlorosis was accompanied by the appearance of necrotic patches. Necrosis and increases of peroxidase enzyme activity (POD) are general stress responses but these alterations were characteristic only for MC-LR treated mustard plants. These findings provide experimental evidences of developmental alterations induced by protein synthesis and protein phosphatase inhibitory cyanotoxins (CYN and MC-LR) in a model dicotyledonous plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márta M-Hamvas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Eyetem tér 1 H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
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21
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Jámbrik K, Máthé C, Vasas G, Bácsi I, Surányi G, Gonda S, Borbély G, M-Hamvas M. Cylindrospermopsin inhibits growth and modulates protease activity in the aquatic plants Lemna minor L. and Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Horkel. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2011; 61 Suppl:77-94. [PMID: 21565767 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.61.2010.suppl.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The toxic effects of cylindrospermopsin (cyanobacterial toxin) on animals have been examined extensively, but little research has focused on their effects on plants. In this study cylindrospermopsin (CYN) caused alterations of growth, soluble protein content and protease enzyme activity were studied on two aquatic plants Lemna minor and Wolffia arrhiza in short-term (5 days) experiments. For the treatments we used CYN containing crude extracts of Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (BGSD-423) and purified CYN as well. The maximal inhibitory effects on fresh weight of L. minor and W. arrhiza caused by crude extract were 60% and 54%, respectively, while the maximum inhibitory effects were 30% and 43% in the case of purified CYN at 20 μg ml(-1) CYN content of culture medium. In CYN-treated plants the concentration of soluble protein showed mild increases, especially in W. arrhiza. Protease isoenzyme activity gels showed significant alterations of enzyme activities under the influence of CYN. Several isoenzymes were far more active and new ones appeared in CYN-treated plants. Treatments with cyanobacterial crude extract caused stronger effects than the purified cyanobacterial toxins used in equivalent CYN concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Jámbrik
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1 H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Evans
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
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23
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The permeability effect of microcystin-RR on Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-3169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Kinnear S. Cylindrospermopsin: a decade of progress on bioaccumulation research. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:542-64. [PMID: 20411114 PMCID: PMC2857366 DOI: 10.3390/md8030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is rapidly being recognised as one of the most globally important of the freshwater algal toxins. The ever-expanding distribution of CYN producers into temperate zones is heightening concern that this toxin will represent serious human, as well as environmental, health risks across many countries. Since 1999, a number of studies have demonstrated the ability for CYN to bioaccumulate in freshwater organisms. This paper synthesizes the most current information on CYN accumulation, including notes on the global distribution of CYN producers, and a précis of CYN's ecological and human effects. Studies on the bioaccumulation of CYN are systematically reviewed, together with an analysis of patterns of accumulation. A discussion on the factors influencing bioaccumulation rates and potential is also provided, along with notes on detection, monitoring and risk assessments. Finally, key gaps in the existing research are identified for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kinnear
- Centre for Environmental Management, CQUniversity Australia, Building 7, Bruce Highway, North Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia.
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25
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Messineo V, Melchiorre S, Di Corcia A, Gallo P, Bruno M. Seasonal succession of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon ovalisporum blooms with cylindrospermopsin occurrence in the volcanic Lake Albano, Central Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2010; 25:18-27. [PMID: 19161233 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin is rapidly spreading in the European temperate Countries. Cylindrospermopsin was detected for the first time in Italy in 2004; in this study, the presence of this toxin in Albano Lake (Central Italy) has been correlated to the cyanobacterial species Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and their population dynamics. In 2004, these two species succeeded in the lake during spring, summer, and early autumn without overlapping, causing superficial blooms. Cylindrospermopsin was detected in lake samples by LC-MS/MS and ELISA immunoassay, showing extracellular superficial values ranging from 2.6 to 126 microg/L, and water column values ranging from 0.41 to 18.4 microg/L. Twenty-six of 30 positive water samples (86%) exceeded the recommended limit of 1 microg/L. Intracellular values up to 42.3 microg/g were measured. Moreover, cylindrospermopsin was detected in tissues from two Salmo trutta trouts (up to 2.7 ng/g) and in a well for drinking water supply (1.6 microg/L). For the first time, two cyanobacterial species producing cylindrospermopsin were detected in the same lake in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Messineo
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, National Institute of Health, viale Regina Elena, 299-00161, Rome, Italy
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Brient L, Lengronne M, Bormans M, Fastner J. First occurrence of cylindrospermopsin in freshwater in France. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2009; 24:415-20. [PMID: 18825725 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Eleven waterbodies in Western France dominated by cyanobacteria of the genera Aphanizomenon and Anabaena were analyzed in September 2006 for microcystins (MC) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN). CYN was detected for the first time in France in four of them in the presence of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and in the presence of Anabaena planctonica in the other. The intracellular concentrations of CYN measured by LC-MS/MS ranged between 1.55 and 1.95 microg/L. The occurrence of CYN represents an additional health hazard to MC especially because Aphanizomenon flos-aquae is the third most common species in freshwaters in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Brient
- Université de Rennes - U.M.R., CNRS Ecobio - I.F.R. CAREN, France.
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27
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Beyer D, Surányi G, Vasas G, Roszik J, Erdodi F, M-Hamvas M, Bácsi I, Bátori R, Serfozo Z, Szigeti ZM, Vereb G, Demeter Z, Gonda S, Máthé C. Cylindrospermopsin induces alterations of root histology and microtubule organization in common reed (Phragmites australis) plantlets cultured in vitro. Toxicon 2009; 54:440-9. [PMID: 19464311 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to study the histological and cytological alterations induced by cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a protein synthesis inhibitory cyanotoxin in roots of common reed (Phragmites australis). Reed is an ecologically important emergent aquatic macrophyte, a model for studying cyanotoxin effects. We analyzed the histology and cytology of reed roots originated from tissue cultures and treated with 0.5-40 microg ml(-1) (1.2-96.4 microM) CYN. The cyanotoxin decreased root elongation at significantly lower concentrations than the elongation of shoots. As general stress responses of plants to phytotoxins, CYN increased root number and induced the formation of a callus-like tissue and necrosis in root cortex. Callus-like root cortex consisted of radially swollen cells that correlated with the reorientation of microtubules (MTs) and the decrease of MT density in the elongation zone. Concomitantly, the cyanotoxin did not decrease, rather it increased the amount of beta-tubulin in reed plantlets. CYN caused the formation of double preprophase bands; the disruption of mitotic spindles led to incomplete sister chromatid separation and disrupted phragmoplasts in root tip meristems. This work shows that CYN alters reed growth and anatomy through the alteration of MT organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Beyer
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4010, Hungary
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