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Jin Y, Zhai T, Wang Y, Li J, Wang T, Huang J. Recent advances in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the detection of thyroid hormones and thyroglobulin in clinical samples: A review. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400466. [PMID: 39294846 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs), including triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and their metabolites, are essential for regulating development, growth, and energy metabolism. Thyroglobulin (Tg) produced by thyroid follicular cells acts as an essential substrate for TH synthesis. The combination of THs with Tg is a widely used serological laboratory test for thyroid function assessment. Early detection and timely intervention are significant for preventing and managing thyroid disease. In recent years, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has emerged as a powerful tool for the precise detection of small molecular analytes and steroid hormones in clinical practice as a result of its high sensitivity and specificity. While LC-MS/MS has been increasingly used for detecting THs and Tg recently, its application in clinical practice is still in its early stages. Recent advances in the assessment of thyroid metabolism using LC-MS/MS in clinical samples published during 2004-2023 were reviewed, with a special focus on the use of this technique for quantifying molecules involved in thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Taiyu Zhai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiuyan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Hindrichs C, Walk T, Melching-Kollmuss S, Landsiedel R, Kamp H, Funk-Weyer D. A Novel and Fast Online-SPE-LC-MS/MS Method to Quantify Thyroid Hormone Metabolites in Rat Plasma. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:33-41. [PMID: 38078760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Since the focus in regulatory toxicology has drifted toward the identification of endocrine disruptors, the improvement in determination of alterations in the thyroid hormone system has become more important. THs are involved in several molecular processes important for a proper pre- and postnatal development so that disturbances can inter alia lead to incorrect brain maturation and/or disturbed metabolic processes (thermogenesis or lipolysis). In this publication, a new automated online solid-phase extraction (SPE)-liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS, xLC-MS/MS) is introduced which simultaneously analyzes total T4, T3, rT3, T2, and T1. Method validation parameters are presented, and the method was positively verified by analyzing control and PTU-treated rat plasma samples (time points day 7, 14, and 28) for their total TH content. The obtained results were compared to published results by using a radioimmunoassay method. The automated SPE system ensures a consistent unified sample preparation, and this method overall showed sufficient specificity and accuracy to detect the given analytes in rat plasma. For the preparation of 50 μL of rat plasma, the following LOQs were established: 0.020 nM for T1, 0.029 nM for T2, 0.023 nM for rT3 and T3, and 3.22 nM for T4. This method is suitable to assess the identification of mechanisms leading to adverse effects, such as disturbed TH metabolism and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Hindrichs
- BASF Metabolome Solutions GmbH, 10589 Berlin, Germany
- Rheinland-Pfälzischen Technischen Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Tilmann Walk
- BASF Metabolome Solutions GmbH, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Robert Landsiedel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology 10, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
- Free University of Berlin, Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hennicke Kamp
- BASF Metabolome Solutions GmbH, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Funk-Weyer
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology 10, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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Ren S, Zhang L, Tang X, Zhao Y, Cheng Q, Speakman JR, Zhang Y. Temporal and spatial variations in body mass and thermogenic capacity associated with alterations in the gut microbiota and host transcriptome in mammalian herbivores. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167776. [PMID: 37848151 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Most wild animals follow Bergmann's rule and grow in body size as cold stress increases. However, the underlying thermogenic strategies and their relationship with the gut microbiota have not been comprehensively elucidated. Herein, we used the plateau pikas as a model to investigate body mass, thermogenic capacity, host transcriptome, gut microbiota and metabolites collected from seven sites ranging from 3100 to 4700 m on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) in summer and winter to test the seasonal thermogenesis strategy in small herbivorous mammals. The results showed that the increase in pika body mass with altitude followed Bergmann's rule in summer and an inverted parabolic shape was observed in winter. However, physiological parameters and transcriptome profiles indicated that the thermogenic capacity of pikas increased with altitude in summer and decreased with altitude in winter. The abundance of Firmicutes declined, whereas that of Bacteroidetes significantly increased with altitude in summer. Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and proline were enriched in summer, whereas carnitine and succinate were enriched in winter. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between Prevotella, Bacteroides, Ruminococcus, Alistipes and Akkermansia and metabolites of amino acids, pika physiological parameters, and transcriptome profiles. Moreover, metabolites of amino acids further showed significant positive correlations with pika physiological parameters and transcriptome profiles. Our study highlights that the changes in body mass and thermogenic capacity with altitude distinctly differentiate small herbivorous mammals between summer and winter on the QTP, and that the gut microbiota may regulate host thermogenesis through its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shien Ren
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining 810008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liangzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining 810008, China
| | - Xianjiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining 810008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining 810008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining 810008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - John R Speakman
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Yanming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining 810008, China.
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Borsò M, Agretti P, Zucchi R, Saba A. Mass spectrometry in the diagnosis of thyroid disease and in the study of thyroid hormone metabolism. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:443-468. [PMID: 33238065 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The importance of thyroid hormones in the regulation of development, growth, and energy metabolism is well known. Over the last decades, mass spectrometry has been extensively used to investigate thyroid hormone metabolism and to discover and characterize new molecules involved in thyroid hormones production, such as thyrotropin-releasing hormone. In the earlier period, the quantification methods, usually based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, were complicated and time consuming. They were mainly focused on basic research, and were not suitable for clinical diagnostics on a routine basis. The development of the modern mass spectrometers, mainly coupled to liquid chromatography, enabled simpler sample preparation procedures, and the accurate quantification of thyroid hormones, of their precursors, and of their metabolites in biological fluids, tissues, and cells became feasible. Nowadays, molecules of physiological and pathological interest can be assayed also for diagnostic purposes on a routine basis, and mass spectrometry is slowly entering the clinical laboratory. This review takes stock of the advancements in the field of thyroid metabolism that were carried out with mass spectrometry, with special focus on the use of this technique for the quantification of molecules involved in thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Borsò
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Agretti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Chemistry and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zucchi
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Saba
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Rapid, high-throughput method for the quantification of thyroid hormones in rat blood serum using isotope-dilution LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1689-1698. [PMID: 33185465 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Numerous guideline studies required for regulatory toxicity testing now include the measurement of the thyroid hormones 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) and L-thyroxine (T4) in blood serum from rodents. A rapid, high-throughput method for the determination of the thyroid hormones T4 and T3 is reported. Materials & methods: Sample preparation is done using a 96-well microtiter plate format. Stable isotope analogs of both hormones are used as internal standards for study and quality control samples. Results & conclusion: The validated quantification levels are T3: 10 pg/ml and T4: 1 ng/ml, with CVs of <10% at the limit of quantification and up to 50*limit of quantification. The use of isotope analog internal standards eliminates the need for quantitative transfers and complete evaporations.
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Karthikprabu B, Palanimurugan A, Dhanalakshmi A, Kannan K, Thangadurai S. Perchlorate contamination assessment and hypothyroidism in rat studies using water samples collected around Kovil Patti, Tuticorin District of Tamil Nadu, India. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Wang Z, Sparling M, Wang KC, Arbuckle TE, Fraser W. Perchlorate in human milk samples from the maternal-infant research on environmental chemicals study (MIREC). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1837-1846. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1668968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwen Wang
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Product and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa Sparling
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Product and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kuan Chiao Wang
- Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration, Food Directorate, Health Product and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tye E. Arbuckle
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - William Fraser
- Departement D'obstetrique et gynecologie, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Sainte Justine University Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Richards KH, Monk R, Renko K, Rathmann D, Rijntjes E, Köhrle J. A combined LC-MS/MS and LC-MS3 multi-method for the quantification of iodothyronines in human blood serum. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01941-9 pmid: 31201460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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10
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A combined LC-MS/MS and LC-MS3 multi-method for the quantification of iodothyronines in human blood serum. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:5605-5616. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01941-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Pleus RC, Corey LM. Environmental exposure to perchlorate: A review of toxicology and human health. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 358:102-109. [PMID: 30184474 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Perchlorate pharmacology and toxicology studies date back at least 65 years in the peer-reviewed literature. Repeated studies in animals and humans have demonstrated perchlorate's mechanism of action, dose-response, and adverse effects over a range of doses. The first measurable effect of perchlorate is inhibition of iodine uptake to the thyroid gland. Adequate levels of thyroid hormones are critical for the development of the fetal nervous system. With sufficient dose and exposure duration, perchlorate can reduce thyroid hormones in the pregnant or non-pregnant woman via this mechanism. The developing fetus is the most sensitive life stage for chemical agents that affect iodide uptake to the thyroid. Perchlorate has a half-life of eight hours, is not metabolized, does not bioaccumulate, is not a mutagen or carcinogen, and is not reprotoxic or immunotoxic. More recently, epidemiological and biomonitoring studies have been published in the peer-reviewed literature characterizing the thyroidal effects of perchlorate and other goitrogens. While the results from most populations report no consistent association, a few studies report thyroidal effects at environmentally relevant levels of perchlorate. We reviewed the literature on health effects of perchlorate at environmental exposure levels, with a focus on exposures during pregnancy and neurodevelopmental effects. Based on the studies we reviewed, health effects are expected to only occur at doses substantially higher than environmental levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Pleus
- Intertox, Inc., 600 Stewart Street, Suite 1101 Seattle, WA 98101, United States.
| | - Lisa M Corey
- Intertox, Inc., 600 Stewart Street, Suite 1101 Seattle, WA 98101, United States
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12
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Determination of free thyroid hormones in animal serum/plasma using ultrafiltration in combination with ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1539:30-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Richards K, Rijntjes E, Rathmann D, Köhrle J. Avoiding the pitfalls when quantifying thyroid hormones and their metabolites using mass spectrometric methods: The role of quality assurance. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:44-56. [PMID: 28153800 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This short review aims to assess the application of basic quality assurance (QA) principles in published thyroid hormone bioanalytical methods using mass spectrometry (MS). The use of tandem MS, in particular linked to liquid chromatography has become an essential bioanalytical tool for the thyroid hormone research community. Although basic research laboratories do not usually work within the constraints of a quality management system and regulated environment, all of the reviewed publications, to a lesser or greater extent, document the application of QA principles to the MS methods described. After a brief description of the history of MS in thyroid hormone analysis, the article reviews the application of QA to published bioanalytical methods from the perspective of selectivity, accuracy, precision, recovery, instrument calibration, matrix effects, sensitivity and sample stability. During the last decade the emphasis has shifted from developing methods for the determination of L-thyroxine (T4) and 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), present in blood serum/plasma in the 1-100 nM concentration range, to metabolites such as 3-iodo-L-thyronamine (3-T1AM), 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T2) and 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,3'-T2). These metabolites seem likely to be present in the low pM concentrations; consequently, QA parameters such as selectivity and sensitivity become more critical. The authors conclude that improvements, particularly in the areas of analyte selectivity, matrix effect measurement/documentation and analyte recovery would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Richards
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eddy Rijntjes
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Rathmann
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Alayoubi A, Sullivan RD, Lou H, Patel H, Mandrell T, Helms R, Almoazen H. In Vivo Evaluation of Transdermal Iodide Microemulsion for Treating Iodine Deficiency Using Sprague Dawley Rats. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:618-30. [PMID: 26288943 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the transdermal efficiency of iodide microemulsion in treating iodine deficiency using rats as an animal model. Animals were fed either iodine-deficient diet (20 μg/kg iodide) or control diet (200 μg/kg iodide) over a 17-month period. At month 14, iodide microemulsion was applied topically in iodine-deficient group and physiological evaluations of thyroid gland functions were characterized by monitoring the thyroid hormones (T3, T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), iodide ion excretion in urine, and the overall rat body weights in both groups. Moreover, morphological evaluations of thyroid gland before and after treatment were performed by ultrasound imaging and through histological assessment. Prior to microemulsion treatment, the levels of T3, T4, and TSH in iodine-deficient group were statistically significant as compared to that in the control group. The levels of T3 and T4 increased while TSH level decreased significantly in iodine-deficient group within the first 4 weeks of treatment. After treatment, iodide concentration in urine increased significantly. There was no statistical difference in weight between the two groups. Ultrasound imaging and histological evaluations showed evidence of hyperplasia in iodine-deficient group. Topical iodide microemulsion has shown a promising potential as a novel delivery system to treat iodine deficiency.
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Quantification of 11 thyroid hormones and associated metabolites in blood using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5429-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Hansen M, Luong X, Sedlak DL, Helbing CC, Hayes T. Quantification of 11 thyroid hormones and associated metabolites in blood using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9614-9 pubmed pmid: 27215639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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17
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Li P, Hu B, He M, Chen B. Ion pair hollow fiber liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction combined with capillary electrophoresis-ultraviolet detection for the determination of thyroid hormones in human serum. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1356:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Eguchi A, Kunisue T, Wu Q, Trang PTK, Viet PH, Kannan K, Tanabe S. Occurrence of perchlorate and thiocyanate in human serum from e-waste recycling and reference sites in Vietnam: association with thyroid hormone and iodide levels. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 67:29-41. [PMID: 24718699 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO4 (-)) and thiocyanate (SCN(-)) interfere with iodide (I(-)) uptake by the sodium/iodide symporter, and thereby these anions may affect the production of thyroid hormones (THs) in the thyroid gland. Although human exposure to perchlorate and thiocyanate has been studied in the United States and Europe, few investigations have been performed in Asian countries. In this study, we determined concentrations of perchlorate, thiocyanate, and iodide in 131 serum samples collected from 2 locations in Northern Vietnam, Bui Dau (BD; electrical and electronic waste [e-waste] recycling site) and Doung Quang (DQ; rural site) and examined the association between serum levels of these anions with levels of THs. The median concentrations of perchlorate, thiocyanate, and iodide detected in the serum of Vietnamese subjects were 0.104, 2020, and 3.11 ng mL(-1), respectively. Perchlorate levels were significantly greater in serum of the BD population (median 0.116 ng mL(-1)) than those in the DQ population (median 0.086 ng mL(-1)), which indicated greater exposure from e-waste recycling operations by the former. Serum concentrations of thiocyanate were not significantly different between the BD and DQ populations, but increased levels of this anion were observed among smokers. Iodide was a significant positive predictor of serum levels of FT3 and TT3 and a significant negative predictor of thyroid-stimulating hormone in males. When the association between serum levels of perchlorate or thiocyanate and THs was assessed using a stepwise multiple linear regression model, no significant correlations were found. In addition to greater concentrations of perchlorate detected in the e-waste recycling population, however, given that lower concentrations of iodide were observed in the serum of Vietnamese females, detailed risk assessments on TH homeostasis for females inhabiting e-waste recycling sites, especially for pregnant women and their neonates, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Eguchi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
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Fang Q, Chen B, Zhuang S. Triplex blue-shifting hydrogen bonds of ClO4(-)···H-C in the nanointerlayer of montmorillonite complexed with cetyltrimethylammonium cation from hydrophilic to hydrophobic properties. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:11013-11022. [PMID: 24020648 DOI: 10.1021/es402490k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, molecular interactions of perchlorate (ClO4(-)), an emerging pollutant, with cetyltrimethylammonium(CTMA(+)) complexed in the nanointerlayer of negatively charged montmorillonite were characterized using the zeta potentials, FTIR, Raman, and XRD spectroscopy and quantified using quantum mechanical calculations and sorption experiments. We found that blue-shifting hydrogen bonds assisted in the uptake of ClO4(-) from water into the nanointerlayer spacing of CTMA(+)-montmorillonite and were tunable according to CTMA(+) loading. FTIR spectra presented an obvious 47 cm(-1) blue shift in the C-H vibration coming from the N-terminal methyl group of CTMA(+) when ClO4(-) was absorbed. Quantum mechanical calculations based on density functional theory demonstrated that triplex blue-shifting hydrogen bonds of C-H···O were formed between the three terminal methyl groups of CTMA(+) and three oxygen atoms of ClO4(-). The contribution of blue-shifting hydrogen bonds to perchlorate uptake switched from a ClO4(-)/CTMA(+) ratio of 0.0453 at low CTMA(+) loadings to a ClO4(-)/CTMA(+) ratio of 0.2563 (5.6-fold) at high CTMA(+) loadings, which can be ascribed to the evolution of the nanointerlayer microenvironments from hydrophilic properties to hydrophobic properties. The blue-shifting hydrogen bond of C-H···O that is tunable with the hydrophobic nature of the organic phase should be recognized to elucidate the biochemical behavior of perchlorate in organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qile Fang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollutant Process and Control, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058, China
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Gilbert ME, Hedge JM, Valentín-Blasini L, Blount BC, Kannan K, Tietge J, Zoeller RT, Crofton KM, Jarrett JM, Fisher JW. An Animal Model of Marginal Iodine Deficiency During Development: The Thyroid Axis and Neurodevelopmental Outcome*. Toxicol Sci 2013; 132:177-95. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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21
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Fisher J, Lumen A, Latendresse J, Mattie D. Extrapolation of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis perturbations and associated toxicity in rodents to humans: case study with perchlorate. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2012; 30:81-105. [PMID: 22458857 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2012.653889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Functional aspects of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis in rats and humans are compared, exposing why extrapolation of toxicant-induced perturbations in the rat HPT axis to the human HPT axis cannot be accomplished using default risk assessment methodology. Computational tools, such as biologically based dose response models for the HPT axis, are recommended to perform complex animal to human extrapolations involving the HPT axis. Experimental and computational evidence are presented that suggest perchlorate acts directly on the thyroid gland in rats. The apparent escape from perchlorate-induced inhibition of thyroidal uptake of radioactive iodide in humans is discussed along with "rebound" or increased thyroidal uptake of radioactive iodide observed after discontinued clinical treatment with perchlorate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Fisher
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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Kunisue T, Eguchi A, Iwata H, Tanabe S, Kannan K. Analysis of thyroid hormones in serum of Baikal seals and humans by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and immunoassay methods: application of the LC-MS/MS method to wildlife tissues. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:10140-10147. [PMID: 22035339 DOI: 10.1021/es203002a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for the regulation of growth and development in both humans and wildlife. Until recently, TH concentrations in the tissues of animals have been examined by immunoassay (IA) methods. IA methods are sensitive, but for TH analysis, they are compromised by a lack of adequate specificity. In this study, we determined the concentrations of six THs, L-thyroxine (T(4)), 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T(3)), 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine (rT(3)), 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T(2)), 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,3'-T(2)), and 3-iodo-L-thyronine (3-T(1)), in the serum of humans (n = 79) and wild Baikal seals (n = 37), by isotope ([(13)C(6)]-T(4))-dilution liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and compared the TH levels with those measured by an electrochemiluminescent immunoassay (ECLIA) method. T(3) and T(4) were detected in all serum samples of both humans and Baikal seals, whereas T(1), 3,3'-T(2), and 3,5-T(2) were below the limit of detection (LOD). rT(3) was detected in Baikal seal sera at concentrations higher than T(3) in 28 seal samples, indicating an anomaly in deiodinase activity in Baikal seals. In humans, regression analyses of TH concentrations, measured by ECLIA and LC-MS/MS methods, showed significant correlations for T(4) (r = 0.852) and T(3) (r = 0.676; after removal of a serum sample with abnormal T(3) levels). In Baikal seals, a low correlation coefficient (r = 0.466) for T(4) levels and no correlation for T(3) levels (p = 0.093) were found between ECLIA and LC-MS/MS methods. These results suggest that interference by a nonspecific reaction against anti-T(3) and anti-T(4) antibodies used in the ECLIA can contribute to inaccuracies in TH measurement in Baikal seals. When the relationship between concentrations of THs in sera and dioxin-like toxic equivalents in blubber samples of Baikal seals (n = 19) was examined, a significantly negative correlation was found for serum T(4) levels measured by the LC-MS/MS method, but not for those measured by ECLIA. Thus, our results indicate that the LC-MS/MS method is more reliable and accurate for the elucidation of alteration in circulating TH levels in wildlife, as caused by environmental and physiological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kunisue
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States.
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