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K Y, S SK, Vyas JMV, J V. Genotoxicity of Formaldehyde: Effect of Whole-Body Exposure on Polychromatic Erythrocyte/Normochromatic Erythrocyte Ratio in Male and Female Rats. Cureus 2024; 16:e62103. [PMID: 38993402 PMCID: PMC11238148 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Every day, millions of individuals are exposed to formaldehyde (FA) due to its extensive presence and versatile use. Many in vivoand in vitroexperiments revealed that the mechanism of genotoxicity induced by FA exposure is complex yet toxicity upon whole-body exposure (WBE) to FA is less. As teachers, students, and skilled assistants in the health care sectors are also extensively exposed to FA vapors, it might result in genotoxicity. However, the effects of subchronic exposure to FA at low concentrations are not clear. Hence, analysis of the micronucleus (MN) was necessary to study the genetic toxicity triggered by FA in the bone marrow of male and female experimental rats. The present study is a gender- and duration of exposure-based assessment of the geno- and cytotoxicity in bone marrow cells of Wistar rats to study the effect of WBE to 10% FA on polychromatic erythrocytes/normochromatic erythrocytes (PCE/NCE) ratio and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MnPCE) in experimental rats. The obtained result clearly showed that WBE to FA for 60 days at concentrations between 1 and 1.1 ppm (0, 1, and 1.5 h) induced genotoxic effects in both male and female rats by altering the MnPCE% and significantly increasing the ratio of PCE/NCE (1.07 ± 0.23, 1.20 ± 0.20, 1.22 ± 0.14). The PCE/NCE ratio in male rats was lesser (0.98, 1.12, and 1.18) when compared with female rats (1.17, 1.29, and 1.26) with 0, 1, and 1.5 h exposure, respectively. Thus, the genetic/cellular sensitivity to FA differs among the sexes and also depends on the exposure duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugesh K
- Anatomy, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, IND
| | - Senthil Kumar S
- Anatomy, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, IND
| | - Janani Maheshwari V Vyas
- Anatomy, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, IND
| | - Vijayalakshmi J
- Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, IND
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Protano C, Buomprisco G, Cammalleri V, Pocino RN, Marotta D, Simonazzi S, Cardoni F, Petyx M, Iavicoli S, Vitali M. The Carcinogenic Effects of Formaldehyde Occupational Exposure: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:165. [PMID: 35008329 PMCID: PMC8749969 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formaldehyde, classified as a carcinogen in 2004, as of today is widely used in many work activities. From its classification, further studies were performed to evaluate its carcinogenicity. The aim of the systematic review is to update the evidence on occupational exposure to formaldehyde and cancer onset. METHODS The review, in accordance with the PRISMA statement, includes articles in English reporting original results of studies conducted on workers exposed to formaldehyde, considering all types of cancer, published from 1 January 2000 to 30 July 2021 and selected from the Pubmed and Scopus databases. The studies' quality was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS A total of 21 articles were included, conducted in different European, American, and Asian countries. The most investigated occupational areas are those characterized by a deliberate use of formaldehyde. Some studies evaluated all types of cancer, whereas others focused on specific sites such as thyroid and respiratory, lymphohematopoietic, or central nervous systems. The results showed weak associations with lung cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, leukemia, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the need for further original studies carried out on representative samples of workers exposed to measured levels of FA. These studies should be designed to reduce the bias due to co-exposure to other carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (V.C.); (R.N.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Buomprisco
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Vittoria Cammalleri
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (V.C.); (R.N.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Roberta Noemi Pocino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (V.C.); (R.N.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Daniela Marotta
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (V.C.); (R.N.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Stefano Simonazzi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesca Cardoni
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Marta Petyx
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (S.I.)
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (S.I.)
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (V.C.); (R.N.P.); (D.M.)
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Villadiego-Molinares MM, Ramírez-Martínez JA, Rodriguez-Pulido AI. Formaldehído en ambientes laborales: revisión de la literatura y propuesta de vigilancia ocupacional. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2020. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v68n3.73188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción. El formaldehído es una sustancia ampliamente usada a nivel industrial; sin embargo, es considerada un agente mutagénico y carcinógeno para los humanos. Para determinar el grado de riesgo de los trabajadores ocupacionalmente expuestos (TOE) al formaldehído, debe hacerse un seguimiento de sus niveles de concentración ambiental y de los biomarcadores que permiten identificar su daño potencial para la salud. En Colombia, lamentablemente, no existen lineamientos respecto a la exposición ocupacional a esta sustancia.Objetivo.Revisar estudios recientes sobre exposición ocupacional a formaldehído para diseñar una estrategia de seguimiento y vigilancia de los TOE a esta sustancia en Colombia.Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en PubMed, MedLine, ScienceDirect y Embase mediante la siguiente estrategia de búsqueda: artículos sobre exposición ocupacional a formaldehído publicados en inglés o español entre 2013 y 2017. Los términos de búsqueda fueron “occupational exposure”, “formaldehyde” “mutagenicity test” y “DNA adducts” y sus equivalentes en español.Resultados. La búsqueda inicial arrojó 103 registros, sin embargo solo 36 artículos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión establecidos.Conclusiones. La gestión adecuada del riesgo derivado de la exposición ocupacional a formaldehido, así como el seguimiento médico apropiado de estos trabajadores, requiere la implementación de una serie de acciones interdisciplinarias que permitan la creación de un sistema de vigilancia ocupacional integral de los TOE a esta sustancia.
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Nielsen GD, Larsen ST, Wolkoff P. Re-evaluation of the WHO (2010) formaldehyde indoor air quality guideline for cancer risk assessment. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:35-61. [PMID: 27209488 PMCID: PMC5225186 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) established an indoor air quality guideline for short- and long-term exposures to formaldehyde (FA) of 0.1 mg/m3 (0.08 ppm) for all 30-min periods at lifelong exposure. This guideline was supported by studies from 2010 to 2013. Since 2013, new key studies have been published and key cancer cohorts have been updated, which we have evaluated and compared with the WHO guideline. FA is genotoxic, causing DNA adduct formation, and has a clastogenic effect; exposure-response relationships were nonlinear. Relevant genetic polymorphisms were not identified. Normal indoor air FA concentrations do not pass beyond the respiratory epithelium, and therefore FA's direct effects are limited to portal-of-entry effects. However, systemic effects have been observed in rats and mice, which may be due to secondary effects as airway inflammation and (sensory) irritation of eyes and the upper airways, which inter alia decreases respiratory ventilation. Both secondary effects are prevented at the guideline level. Nasopharyngeal cancer and leukaemia were observed inconsistently among studies; new updates of the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) cohort confirmed that the relative risk was not increased with mean FA exposures below 1 ppm and peak exposures below 4 ppm. Hodgkin's lymphoma, not observed in the other studies reviewed and not considered FA dependent, was increased in the NCI cohort at a mean concentration ≥0.6 mg/m3 and at peak exposures ≥2.5 mg/m3; both levels are above the WHO guideline. Overall, the credibility of the WHO guideline has not been challenged by new studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Damgård Nielsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Søren Thor Larsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Rossnerova A, Honkova K, Pavlikova J, Skalicka ZF, Havrankova R, Solansky I, Rossner P, Sram RJ, Zölzer F. Mapping the factors affecting the frequency and types of micronuclei in an elderly population from Southern Bohemia. Mutat Res 2016; 793-794:32-40. [PMID: 27810620 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The micronucleus assay is one of the most common methods used to assess chromosomal damage (losses or breaks) in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in genetic toxicology. Most studies have focused on analyzing total micronuclei (MN), but identifying the content of MN can provide more detailed information. The main aim of this study was to map the factors affecting the frequency and types of micronuclei in binucleated cells (BNC) in elderly population. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using Human Pan Centromeric Chromosome Paint was used to identify centromere positive (CEN+) or centromere negative (CEN-) MN. A group of 95 men from Southern Bohemia, Czech Republic (average age 68.0±6.8 years) was followed repeatedly, in spring and fall 2014. The study participants were former workers of the uranium plant "MAPE Mydlovary" (processing uranium ore from 1962 to 1991), and controls. The general profile of individual types of MN, and the effect of the season, former uranium exposure, age, smoking status, weight, and X-ray examination on the level and type of MN were analyzed. The results of this study showed: (i) a stable profile of BNC with MN based on the number of MN during two seasons; (ii) an increase of the number of CEN+ MN from spring to fall; (iii) a lower frequency of the total MN in the exposed group than in controls with a significant difference in the percentage of aberrant cells (%AB.C.) in the fall; (iv) no clear effect of age, smoking and BMI on DNA damage in this group; (v) lower DNA damage levels in former uranium workers who received X-ray examination later in life. In summary, the results indicate a trend of seasonal changes of individual types of MN and suggest that former exposure can have a protective effect on the level of DNA damage in case of future exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rossnerova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czechia.
| | - Katerina Honkova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czechia
| | - Jitka Pavlikova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Freitinger Skalicka
- Institute of Radiology, Toxicology and Civil Protection, University of South Bohemia, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Renata Havrankova
- Institute of Radiology, Toxicology and Civil Protection, University of South Bohemia, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Ivo Solansky
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czechia
| | - Pavel Rossner
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czechia
| | - Radim J Sram
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czechia
| | - Friedo Zölzer
- Institute of Radiology, Toxicology and Civil Protection, University of South Bohemia, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
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Fenech M, Nersesyan A, Knasmueller S. A systematic review of the association between occupational exposure to formaldehyde and effects on chromosomal DNA damage measured using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in lymphocytes. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 770:46-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Albertini RJ, Kaden DA. Do chromosome changes in blood cells implicate formaldehyde as a leukemogen? Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 47:145-184. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1211987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sram RJ, Svecova V, Rossnerova A. Systematic review of the use of the lymphocyte cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay to measure DNA damage induced by exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 770:162-169. [PMID: 27894684 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to induce micronuclei (MN) measured using the lymphocytes cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay were evaluated in 34 studies according to the exposure: 20 studies in coke oven workers, 7 studies in different occupational exposures as alluminium industry workers, rubber factory workers, road construction workers, airport workers and diesel exposed workers, 6 studies on environmentaly exposed groups as police, volunteers and children. Reviewed papers indicate that the CBMN assay is a sensitive biomarker of PAHs exposure in polluted air. Reviewed studies confirmed previous conclusions, that the frequency of MN measured using the lymphocyte CBMN is not significantly affected by smoking, females are more sensitive to PAHs than males, the frequency of MN is increased with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim J Sram
- Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Vlasta Svecova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
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Jyoti S, Naz F, Rahul, Khan S, Ali F, Fatima A, Khanam S, Siddique YH. Detection of aneugenicity and clastogenicity in buccal epithelial cells of pan masala and gutkha users by pan-centromeric FISH analysis. Mutagenesis 2014; 30:263-7. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Niu ZG, Zang X, Zhang JG. Health risk assessment of exposure to organic matter from the use of reclaimed water in toilets. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:6687-6695. [PMID: 24510531 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To estimate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of six volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in reclaimed water used for flushing toilets, a probabilistic health risk assessment based on Monte Carlo simulations was used. Before Monte Carlo simulations, the contaminant volatilization model was applied to estimate the concentration of the pollutants in air. Moreover, a questionnaire was used to acquire daily exposure time and the Batch Fit tool of Crystal Ball software was applied to find the best-fitting distribution of a part of the input parameters. The risk analysis indicated that the health risks from six VOCs were lower than the negligible risk level (1 × 10(-8)) in all cases, and the health risk for females was slightly higher than that for males. Overall, exposure to organic pollutants in reclaimed water during toilet flushing does not currently pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans. In this study, we want to provide some information on the health risk from reclaimed water used for toilet flushing in China and hope that it will be useful to promote the application of reclaimed water in water-deficient areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Guang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China,
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Kirsch-Volders M, Bonassi S, Knasmueller S, Holland N, Bolognesi C, Fenech MF. Commentary: Critical questions, misconceptions and a road map for improving the use of the lymphocyte cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay for in vivo biomonitoring of human exposure to genotoxic chemicals—A HUMN project perspective. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 759:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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