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Ibrahim AA, Allam AR, Amin AM, Rakab MS, Alhadeethi A, Hageen AW, Mahmoud A, Abuelazm M, Abdelazeem B. Ultrasound-Guided Versus Palpation-Guided Techniques to Achieve Vascular Access in Children Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Pediatr Cardiol 2024:10.1007/s00246-024-03581-y. [PMID: 39068328 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-024-03581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Pediatric heart surgery is a vital therapeutic option for congenital heart disease, which is one of the most prevalent causes of death in children. Arterial cannulation (AC) and central venous catheter (CVC) are required in pediatric cardiac surgery for continuous monitoring of the central venous pressure (CVP), replacement of fluid or blood products, close hemodynamic monitoring, and frequent sampling for arterial blood gases (ABG). A systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizing evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) retrieved from PubMed, Embase Cochrane, Scopus, and WOS until February 2024. Risk ratio (RR) was used to report dichotomous outcomes, and mean difference (MD) was used to report continuous outcomes, both with a 95% confidence interval (CI) using the random-effects model. Thirteen RCTs with 1060 children were included. Regarding arterial cannulation, the ultrasound-guided technique (US) was associated with a statistically significant increase in successful cannulation [RR: 1.31 with 95% CI (1.10, 1.56), P < 0.0001], and first-attempt success [RR: 1.88 with 95% CI (1.35, 2.63), P < 0.0001]. However, US was not associated with any statistically significant difference in venous cannulation in both outcomes with [RR: 1.13 with 95% CI (0.98, 1.30), P = 0.10], [RR: 1.53 with 95% CI (0.86, 2.71), P = 0.15] respectively. Moreover, US was associated with a statistically significant decrease in the number of attempts either in arterial cannulation with [MD: - 0.73 with 95% CI (- 1.00, - 0.46), P < 0.0001] or in venous cannulation with [MD: - 1.34 with 95% CI (- 2.55, - 0.12), P = 0.03], and the time of attempted cannulation also either in arterial cannulation with [MD: - 2.27 with 95% CI (- 3.38, - 1.16), P < 0.0001] or in venous cannulation with [MD: - 4.13 with 95% CI (- 7.06, - 1.19), P < 0.0001]. US guidance improves successful cannulation rates and first-attempt success in arterial access and reduces the number of attempts and procedural time for arterial and venous access. It was also associated with a lower incidence of complications and procedure failure, particularly in arterial access. However, it was associated with a higher incidence of venous puncture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Basel Abdelazeem
- Department of Cardiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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2
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Clark ST, Alten JA, Borasino S, Hock KM, Law MA. Comparison of PLANE Technique versus Standard Echocardiography Guidance for Pediatric Pericardiocentesis. J Pediatr Intensive Care 2024; 13:32-36. [PMID: 38571979 PMCID: PMC10987214 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous pericardiocentesis remains a challenging and potentially dangerous procedure, particularly in small, critically ill patients. We present outcomes of the PLANE (pericardiocentesis using long-axis in-plane real-time echocardiography) technique for pediatric pericardiocentesis compared with a standard echocardiography (ECHO) guidance cohort. This was a retrospective chart review of all children undergoing percutaneous pericardiocentesis from March 2013 to February 2021 at a single center. A total of 78 procedures were performed, 52 utilizing PLANE technique and 26 utilizing standard ECHO-guidance technique. There was 100% technical success rate with only one minor complication for the entire cohort. Procedures were evenly split between the bedside intensive care unit and cardiac catheterization laboratory. PLANE technique was utilized in significantly younger (1.4 vs. 8.4 years, p = 0.008) and smaller (11.1 vs. 31.8 kg, p = 0.007) patients, as well as in most patients deemed high risk (postoperative < 7 days, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support, and/or weight less than 5 kg; 19/22, p = 0.021). Other patient characteristics were similar between the two groups. There was a trend toward PLANE technique utilization by noncardiology trained operators. The PLANE technique for pediatric pericardiocentesis is safe and effective and can be effectively utilized in small and high-risk patient populations. The technical similarity to other long-axis ultrasound-guided procedures may facilitate adoption and mastery by critical care trained operators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Clark
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Alten
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Santiago Borasino
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Section of Cardiac Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Kristal M. Hock
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Section of Cardiac Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Mark A. Law
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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Flores S, Su E, Moher JM, Adler AC, Riley AF. Point-of-Care-Ultrasound in Pediatrics: A Review and Update. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2024; 45:3-10. [PMID: 38056790 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-Care-Ultrasound (POCUS) has encountered a tremendous expansion in patient care. POCUS has taken a central role during invasive procedures. POCUS has expanded to most subspecialties from adult to pediatric and neonatal health care. POCUS in pediatrics has also become part of specific critical situations such as myocardial function assessment during cardiac arrest, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation deployment and neurological evaluation. In this review we will go over the most important historical aspects of POCUS. We will also review important aspects of POCUS in the intensive care unit, cardiologist evaluation and in the emergency department among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Flores
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care and Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
| | - Erik Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Justin M Moher
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Adam C Adler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Alan F Riley
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Holzer RJ, Bergersen L, Thomson J, Aboulhosn J, Aggarwal V, Akagi T, Alwi M, Armstrong AK, Bacha E, Benson L, Bökenkamp R, Carminati M, Dalvi B, DiNardo J, Fagan T, Fetterly K, Ing FF, Kenny D, Kim D, Kish E, O'Byrne M, O'Donnell C, Pan X, Paolillo J, Pedra C, Peirone A, Singh HS, Søndergaard L, Hijazi ZM. PICS/AEPC/APPCS/CSANZ/SCAI/SOLACI: Expert Consensus Statement on Cardiac Catheterization for Pediatric Patients and Adults With Congenital Heart Disease. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2024; 17:115-216. [PMID: 38099915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf J Holzer
- UC Davis Children's Hospital, Sacramento, California.
| | | | - John Thomson
- Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jamil Aboulhosn
- UCLA Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Varun Aggarwal
- University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Mazeni Alwi
- Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Emile Bacha
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Lee Benson
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Fagan
- Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Frank F Ing
- UC Davis Children's Hospital, Sacramento, California
| | | | - Dennis Kim
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Emily Kish
- Rainbow Babies Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Michael O'Byrne
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Xiangbin Pan
- Cardiovascular Institute, Fu Wai, Beijing, China
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Naber CE, Salt MD. POCUS in the PICU: A Narrative Review of Evidence-Based Bedside Ultrasound Techniques Ready for Prime-Time in Pediatric Critical Care. J Intensive Care Med 2024:8850666231224391. [PMID: 38193214 DOI: 10.1177/08850666231224391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is an accessible technology that can identify and treat life-threatening pathology in real time without exposing children to ionizing radiation. We aim to review current evidence supporting the use of POCUS by pediatric intensivists with novice-level experience with bedside ultrasound. Current evidence supports the universal adoption of POCUS-guided internal jugular venous catheter placement and arterial line placement by pediatric critical care physicians. Focused cardiac ultrasound performed by PICU physicians who have completed appropriate training with quality assurance measures in place can identify life-threatening cardiac pathology in most children and important physiological changes in children with septic shock. POCUS of the lungs, pleural space, and diaphragm have great potential to provide valuable information at the bedside after validation of these techniques for use in the PICU with additional research. Based on currently available evidence, a generalizable and attainable POCUS educational platform for pediatric intensivists should include training in vascular access techniques and focused cardiac examination. A POCUS educational program should strive to establish credentialing and quality assurance programs that can be expanded when additional research validates the adoption of additional POCUS techniques by pediatric intensive care physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Naber
- Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael D Salt
- Massachusetts General Hospital; Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Holzer RJ, Bergersen L, Thomson J, Aboulhosn J, Aggarwal V, Akagi T, Alwi M, Armstrong AK, Bacha E, Benson L, Bökenkamp R, Carminati M, Dalvi B, DiNardo J, Fagan T, Fetterly K, Ing FF, Kenny D, Kim D, Kish E, O'Byrne M, O'Donnell C, Pan X, Paolillo J, Pedra C, Peirone A, Singh HS, Søndergaard L, Hijazi ZM. PICS/AEPC/APPCS/CSANZ/SCAI/SOLACI: Expert Consensus Statement on Cardiac Catheterization for Pediatric Patients and Adults With Congenital Heart Disease. JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CARDIOVASCULAR ANGIOGRAPHY & INTERVENTIONS 2024; 3:101181. [PMID: 39131968 PMCID: PMC11307799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jscai.2023.101181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf J Holzer
- UC Davis Children's Hospital, Sacramento, California
| | | | - John Thomson
- Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jamil Aboulhosn
- UCLA Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Varun Aggarwal
- University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Mazeni Alwi
- Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Emile Bacha
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Lee Benson
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Fagan
- Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Frank F Ing
- UC Davis Children's Hospital, Sacramento, California
| | | | - Dennis Kim
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Emily Kish
- Rainbow Babies Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Michael O'Byrne
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Xiangbin Pan
- Cardiovascular Institute, Fu Wai, Beijing, China
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Sailer A, Fitzgerald K, Chick JFB, Shin DS, Monroe EJ. Common femoral arterial access and arteriography in infants: Principles, pearls, and pitfalls. Clin Imaging 2024; 105:110020. [PMID: 37989020 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2023.110020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Infant femoral arterial access is an essential part of interventional procedures, hemodynamic monitoring, and support of critically ill patients. Due to small luminal diameter, superficial location, mobility, and increased risk of vasospasm, dissection, and thrombosis, femoral artery access in the infant is a technically demanding procedure. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe an approach to successful common femoral arterial access and arteriography in infants including common pearls and pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sailer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, 330 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America
| | - K Fitzgerald
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - J F B Chick
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - D S Shin
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - E J Monroe
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792, United States of America.
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Srivatsav A, Eilers L, Montero M, Stapleton G. Percutaneous treatment of an iatrogenic femoral arteriovenous fistula from an accessory arterial branch: a case report and review of the literature. Cardiol Young 2023; 33:2678-2680. [PMID: 37850452 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951123003645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Vascular access-related complications are an important consideration in patients undergoing cardiac catheterisation. Patients with CHD are increasingly undergoing percutaneous treatment for suitable procedures as an alternative, less invasive option to surgical intervention. As such, recognition and treatment of these complications are becoming increasingly important. We present a case of a patient with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot who developed a femoral arteriovenous fistula and femoral artery pseudoaneurysm arising from an accessory arterial branch following percutaneous Harmony valve implantation, both of which were treated endovascularly with placement of a stent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Srivatsav
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lindsay Eilers
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Miguel Montero
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gary Stapleton
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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Gokdemir M, Cindik N. Risk factors and frequency of acute and permanent femoral arterial occlusion in neonates with CHD who undergo ultrasound-guided femoral arterial access. Cardiol Young 2023; 33:1574-1580. [PMID: 36062562 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951122002608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated frequency and risk factors of acute loss of the arterial pulse and permanent femoral arterial occlusion in neonates with CHD who underwent ultrasound-guided femoral arterial access. METHODS We divided the patients into groups according to the presence of acute loss of the arterial pulse and permanent femoral arterial occlusion. We obtained data related to patient characteristics and access variables of ultrasound-guided femoral arterial access from our database of cardiac catheterisation between August, 2017 and May, 2021. We used an echocardiography-S6, 12-MHz linear probe, 21-gauge needle, 0.018"guidewire, and a 4F sheath for arterial access. RESULTS Ultrasound-guided femoral arterial access was obtained in 323 (98.8%) of the 327 neonates. We identified acute loss of the arterial pulse in 130 (40.2%) patients and permanent femoral arterial occlusion in 19 (5.9%) patients. Median weight was 3.05 (Interquartile range (IQR): 2.80-3.40) kg, first attempt success rate was 88.2%, and median access time was 46 sec (IQR: 23-94). Logistic regression analysis identified coarctation of the aorta (odds ratio: 2.46; 95% CI: 1.30-4.66; p = 0.006) as independent risk factor for acute loss of the arterial pulse, but did not identify any independent risk factors for permanent femoral arterial occlusion. CONCLUSIONS This study showed coarctation of the aorta as an independent risk factor for acute loss of the arterial pulse, but did not identify any independent factors for permanent femoral arterial occlusion in neonates with CHD. Although most cases of acute loss of the arterial pulse resolve in the early period, the frequency of permanent femoral arterial occlusion remains high despite effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Gokdemir
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Nimet Cindik
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
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Salık F, Bıçak M. Comparison of ultrasound-guided femoral artery cannulation versus palpation technique in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery. J Vasc Access 2023; 24:27-34. [PMID: 34082593 DOI: 10.1177/11297298211023307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Palpation technique for femoral artery cannulation can be very difficult, especially in neonates. In this study, we evaluated whether ultrasound-guided cannulation of the femoral artery is superior to palpation technique in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS Forty neonates undergoing cardiac surgery were prospectively randomized into two groups (Ultrasound group and Palpation group). Access time, number of attempts, number of successful cannulations on first attempt, success rate, number of cannulas used, inadvertent access, and complications were compared between the two groups. Cost analyses of the cannulation were performed in two groups. RESULTS In the ultrasound group, access time for femoral artery cannulation was shorter (6.4 ± 3.0 and 10.2 ± 4.4, p = 0.003) and the number of attempts (1.4 ± 0.6 and 2.3 ± 0.8, p < 0.001) was lower compared to the palpation group. The number of successful cannulations on first-attempt (15 (75%) and 5 (25%), p = 0.002) and the success rate (95% (19) and 60% (12), p = 0.008) were higher in the ultrasound group. The number of cannulas used in the ultrasound group was less than the palpation group (p = 0.001). The cost of intervention was higher in the palpation group compared to the ultrasound group (p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS The ultrasound-guided cannulation of the femoral artery in neonates is superior to the palpation technique based on the increased of the number of successful first-attempt cannulation and success rate, and the reducing of the access time, number of attempts, number of cannulas used, and cost of cannulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikret Salık
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Diyarbakır Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Bıçak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Diyarbakır Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Georgeades C, Rothstein AE, Plunk MR, Arendonk KV. Iatrogenic vascular trauma and complications of vascular access in children. Semin Pediatr Surg 2021; 30:151122. [PMID: 34930587 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2021.151122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular access is frequently a critical component of the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures required to manage childhood illnesses, including many emergent conditions and critical illnesses. Vascular access in the pediatric population presents unique challenges, and many clinical and technical factors must be considered to avoid complications that can occur with vascular access procedures. This article reviews various aspects of vascular access and associated iatrogenic trauma in children, including risk factors, management of complications, and preventive measures to avoid complications. It is only with a comprehensive understanding of the topic that vascular access in children can be performed safely, effectively, and efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Georgeades
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, 999N 92nd Street, Suite 320, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States.
| | - Abby E Rothstein
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701W. Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Matthew R Plunk
- Department of Radiology, Children's Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000W. Wisconsin Avenue, MS-721, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Kyle Van Arendonk
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, 999N 92nd Street, Suite 320, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
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European Society of Anaesthesiology guidelines on peri-operative use of ultrasound-guided for vascular access (PERSEUS vascular access). Eur J Anaesthesiol 2020; 37:344-376. [DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000001180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Novel, Long-axis In-plane Ultrasound-Guided Pericardiocentesis for Postoperative Pericardial Effusion Drainage. Pediatr Cardiol 2016; 37:1328-33. [PMID: 27421844 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-016-1438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pericardial effusion can be a life-threatening complication in children after cardiac surgery. Percutaneous pericardiocentesis is associated with rare, but serious complications. This retrospective study describes our experience with a novel, long-axis in-plane real-time ultrasound (US)-guided technique for postoperative pericardial effusion drainage in small children. Ten out of sixteen procedures were performed within 14 days of cardiac surgery at a median postoperative day 12 (IQR 2, 99). Median age was 2.7 months (IQR 0.4124) and weight 4.5 kg (IQR 2.5, 41.6). All but one procedure required a single attempt. Fourteen out of sixteen procedures had subxiphoid approach, and two were apical. Median initial drainage was 9 mL/kg (IQR 4.5, 27). Fifty percent of effusions were serous, 25 % chylous, and the remainder bloody. There were no reported complications. This study demonstrates a novel, long-axis pericardiocentesis technique that allows for an easy and safe needle entry into the pericardial space for small children in the early postoperative period.
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Abstract
Limited vascular access because of vessel injury or thrombosis may complicate care of children with congenital heart disease. Although transhepatic venous access for cardiac catheterization and central venous catheter placement has been used in children, its use for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has not been described. We report successful use of transhepatic cannulation for venovenous ECMO to support a 15 month-old child with bidirectional Glenn anatomy and intractable hypoxemia.
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