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Rathgeber SL, Lam C, Harris KC, GrewalMD J. Hepatic and Renal Consequences of Single Ventricle Physiology Palliated with the Fontan Operation. Can J Cardiol 2022; 38:1002-1011. [PMID: 35525398 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over time the long-term survival has dramatically increased for patients with complex congenital heart disease who undergo the Fontan operation. With this increased survival, it has become apparent that such a circulation has important consequences for other organ systems, particularly the liver and kidney. The adverse milieu created by chronic venous hypertension, low cardiac output and an inflammatory state contribute to the pathologic changes observed in the liver and kidneys over the long-term in Fontan patients. The clinical importance of these hepatic and renal comorbidities have only recently begun to be recognized in the context of increasing life expectancy in this population. The objectives of this review are: i) to provide an overview of the pathophysiology of the Fontan circulation and how liver and kidney disease evolve in this setting; ii) to summarize the current evidence base as it relates to the diagnostic approach to liver and kidney disease in Fontan patients; and, iii) to discuss the therapeutic approaches to Fontan associated liver and kidney disease. Given that this is a very active area of research in congenital heart disease, we have identified knowledge gaps and priority research areas to improve the care of Fontan patients. These include: i) establishing the optimal diagnostic tests to detect and track liver and kidney disease change over time,; ii) determining what treatable risk factors contribute to the development of liver and kidney disease; and, iii) evaluating therapies to prevent or slow progression of liver and kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Rathgeber
- Division of Cardiology, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Charmaine Lam
- Division of Cardiology, Yasmin and Amir Virani Provincial Adult Congenital Heart Program, St.Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kevin C Harris
- Division of Cardiology, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jasmine GrewalMD
- Division of Cardiology, Yasmin and Amir Virani Provincial Adult Congenital Heart Program, St.Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Fontan-associated liver disease: pathophysiology, investigations, predictors of severity and management. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 32:907-915. [PMID: 31851099 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac hepatopathy is the liver injury resulting from congestion and ischaemia associated with acute or chronic heart failure. The improved longevity of adults with operated congenital heart disease who develop heart failure as an increasingly late event makes this form of liver injury increasingly clinically relevant. Patients with congenital heart disease with a single ventricle anomaly, who require creation of a Fontan circulation, are particularly vulnerable as they have elevated venous filling pressures with chronic liver congestion. Progression to liver fibrosis and eventually cirrhosis may occur, with its associated risks of liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. This risk likely increases over the patient's lifetime, related to the duration post-surgical repair and reflects the chronicity of congestion. Liver biopsy is rarely performed due to a higher risk of complications in the setting of elevated venous pressures, and the frequent use of anticoagulation. Non-invasive methods of liver assessment are poorly validated and different factors require consideration compared to other chronic liver diseases. This review discusses the current understanding of cardiac hepatopathy in congenital heart disease patients with a Fontan circulation. This entity has recently been called Fontan Associated Liver Disease in the literature, with the term useful in recognising that the pathophysiology is incompletely understood, and that long-standing venous pressure elevation and hypoxaemia are presumed to play an additional significant role in the pathogenesis of the liver injury.
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The Rate of Hepatic Fibrosis Progression in Patients Post-Fontan. Pediatr Cardiol 2020; 41:905-909. [PMID: 32125444 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-020-02331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This investigation analyzed the rate of hepatic fibrosis progression in post-Fontan patients that underwent hepatic biopsy. The study cohort comprised post-Fontan patients that underwent cardiac catheterization and transvenous liver biopsy between March 2012 and September 2019. We identified 126 patients that met inclusion criteria. Of the 126, 27 (21%) had a lateral tunnel Fontan, and 99 (79%) had an extracardiac Fontan. For the 27 lateral tunnel Fontan patients, age at Fontan was 4 ± 2 years, and for the 99 extracardiac Fontan patients age at Fontan was 4 ± 2 years (p = 0.98). For the 27 lateral tunnel Fontan patients, the average total fibrosis score was 3.0 ± 1.5; and for the 99 extracardiac Fontan patients, the average total fibrosis was 2.7 ± 1.7 (p = 0.48). For the lateral tunnel Fontan patients, the average Fontan duration was 20 ± 6 years; and for the 99 extracardiac Fontan patients, the average Fontan duration was 11 ± 5 years (p < 0.001). For the 27 lateral tunnel Fontan patients, the average rate of fibrosis progression was 0.16 ± 0.10 total fibrosis score/year; and for the 99 extracardiac Fontan patients, the average rate of fibrosis progression was 0.30 ± 0.23 total fibrosis score/year (p < 0.001). In conclusion, our findings suggest that those with extracardiac Fontans have a faster rate of hepatic fibrosis progression than those with lateral tunnel Fontans. More extensive or multi-institutional studies will be needed to confirm these findings and define the clinical significance of discrepant rates of hepatic fibrosis in post-Fontan patients.
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Patel ND, Sullivan PM, Sabati A, Hill A, Maedler-Kron C, Zhou S, Shillingford N, Williams R, Takao C, Badran S. Routine Surveillance Catheterization is Useful in Guiding Management of Stable Fontan Patients. Pediatr Cardiol 2020; 41:624-631. [PMID: 31980851 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-020-02293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We developed a Fontan surveillance catheterization protocol as part of routine assessment of stable patients 10 years after Fontan completion. The surveillance catherization includes hemodynamic assessment with inhaled nitric oxide, angiography, liver biopsy, and transcatheter intervention if indicated. We aimed to describe hemodynamic and liver biopsy findings, response to pulmonary vasoreactivity testing, rates of transcatheter intervention, and changes in medical therapy following surveillance catheterization in stable Fontan patients. A single-center retrospective review of Fontan patients undergoing surveillance catheterization between November 2014 and May 2019 was performed. Liver biopsies were independently scored by two pathologists. Sixty-three patients underwent surveillance catheterization (mean age 14.6 ± 3.0 years). The mean Fontan pressure was 11.8 ± 2.1 mmHg. The mean cardiac index was 2.9 ± 0.6 L/min/m2. In the 51 patients who underwent pulmonary vasoreactivity testing, there was a significant decrease in median pulmonary vascular resistance (1.8 [range 0.8-4.1] vs 1.4 [range 0.7-3.0] Wood units × m2; p < 0.001). The mean cardiac index increased (3.0 ± 0.6 vs 3.2 ± 0.7 L/min/m2, p = 0.009). The Fontan pressure did not change significantly. Fifty-seven patients underwent liver biopsy, and all but one showed fibrosis. Nineteen patients (33.3%) demonstrated bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis. Twenty-five patients underwent 34 transcatheter interventions. Pulmonary artery or Fontan stent placement was performed in 19 patients. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors were initiated in nine patients following surveillance catheterization. Routine surveillance catheterization with liver biopsy in adolescent Fontan patients reveals information that can guide interventional and medical management. Further long-term follow-up and assessment are indicated to assess the benefit of these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Patel
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Mailstop #34, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
| | - Patrick M Sullivan
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Mailstop #34, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Arash Sabati
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Allison Hill
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Mailstop #34, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | | | - Shengmei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nick Shillingford
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roberta Williams
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Mailstop #34, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Cheryl Takao
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Mailstop #34, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Sarah Badran
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Mailstop #34, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
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Ishizaki U, Nagao M, Shiina Y, Fukushima K, Takahashi T, Shimomiya Y, Matsuo Y, Inai K, Sakai S. Prediction of Fontan-Associated Liver Disease Using a Novel Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging “Vortex Flow Map” in the Right Atrium. Circ J 2018; 82:2143-2151. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-17-1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Umiko Ishizaki
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging & Nuclear Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University
| | - Michinobu Nagao
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging & Nuclear Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University
| | - Yumi Shiina
- Division of Clinical Research for ACHD, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University
- Cardiovascular Center, St. Luke’s International Hospital
| | - Kenji Fukushima
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging & Nuclear Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University
| | | | - Yamato Shimomiya
- Clinical Application Development Marketing Division, Ziosoft Inc
| | - Yuka Matsuo
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging & Nuclear Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University
| | - Kei Inai
- Division of Clinical Research for ACHD, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University
| | - Shuji Sakai
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging & Nuclear Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University
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Shiina Y, Inai K, Takahashi T, Shimomiya Y, Ishizaki U, Fukushima K, Nagao M. Vortex Flow in the Right Atrium Surrogates Supraventricular Arrhythmia and Thrombus After Atriopulmonary Connection-Type Fontan Operation: Vortex Flow Analysis Using Conventional Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Pediatr Cardiol 2018; 39:375-383. [PMID: 29098349 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-017-1765-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel imaging technique, designated as vortex flow (VF) mapping, which presents a vortex flow visually on conventional two-dimensional (2D) cine MRI. Using it, we assessed circumferential VF patterns and influences on RA thrombus and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in AP connection-type Fontan circulation. Retrospectively, we enrolled 27 consecutive patients (25.1 ± 9.2 years) and 7 age-matched controls who underwent cardiac MRI. Conventional cine images acquired using a 1.5-Tesla scanner were scanned for axial and coronal cross section of the RA. We developed "vortex flow mapping" to demonstrate the ratio of the circumferential voxel movement at each phase to the total movement throughout a cardiac cycle towards the RA center. The maximum ratio was used as a magnitude of vortex flow (MVF%) in RA cine imaging. We also measured percentages of strong and weak VF areas (VFA%). Furthermore, in 10 out of 27, we compared VF between previous CMR (3.8 ± 1.5 years ago) and latest CMR. Of the patients, 15 had cardiovascular complications (Group A); 12 did not (Group B). A transaxial image showed that strong VFA% in Group A was significantly smaller than that in Group B or controls. A coronal view revealed that strong VFA% was also smaller, and weak VFA% was larger in Group A than in Group B or controls (P < 0.05, and P < 0.05). Maximum MVF% in Group A was significantly smaller than in other groups (P < 0.001). Univariate logistic analyses revealed weak VFA% on a coronal image, and serum total bilirubin level as factors affecting cardiovascular complications (Odds ratio 1.14 and 66.1, 95% CI 1.004-1.30 and 1.59-2755.6, P values < 0.05 and < 0.05, respectively). Compared to the previous CMR, smaller maximum VMF%, smaller strong VFA%, and larger weak VFA% were identified in the latest CMR. Circumferentially weak VFA% on a coronal image can be one surrogate marker of SVT and thrombus in AP connection-type Fontan circulation. This simple VF assessment is clinically useful to detect blood stagnation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Shiina
- Department of Clinical Research for ACHD, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Wakamatsu Kawada, Tokyo, 1628666, Japan.,Cardiovascular Center, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Inai
- Department of Clinical Research for ACHD, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Wakamatsu Kawada, Tokyo, 1628666, Japan. .,Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tatsunori Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Research for ACHD, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Wakamatsu Kawada, Tokyo, 1628666, Japan.,Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yamato Shimomiya
- Department of Clinical Application Development, Ziosoft Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Umiko Ishizaki
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging & Nuclear Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukushima
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging & Nuclear Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michinobu Nagao
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging & Nuclear Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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