Prenatal diagnosis of a nasal glioma

Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor in the Nasal Cavity of a Neonate: A Case Report

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is a rare tumor that can develop on the lining of nerves and within the network of nerve fibers in different organs, and it is commonly found in the head and neck, limbs, and trunk. These tumors can occur in patients of any age. They most commonly occur in adults aged 20 to 50 years; however, fewer cases of this tumor in children have been reported. To date, no neonatal case of MPNST in the nasal cavity has been reported. Here, we report the case of a 4-day-old female newborn who presented with a nasal mass that re-enlarged after surgery and was diagnosed as MPNST of the nasal cavity on the basis of pathological results. This is the first report of MPNST in the nasal cavity of a neonate. Differential diagnosis and treatment of nasal masses have been proposed in the related literature.

Radiologic Diagnosis of Nasal Gliomas with an Illustrative Case Report

Nasal gliomas are congenital masses of dysplastic neuroglial and fibrovascular tissue. However, other congenital nasal masses, including encephaloceles, hemangiomas, and dermoid cysts make clinical diagnosis difficult. Radiological examination is imperative to accurate diagnosis of nasal gliomas. We hereby present the diagnostic imaging features of these lesions, which necessitate inclusion into the differential diagnosis of a congenital nasal mass.

Nasal Obstruction in the Infant

Neonatal nasal obstruction is common in both the hospital and clinic settings. Causes can range from rhinitis to congenital masses, with a wide variety of congenital nasal masses described. A complete history and physical examination are necessary for correct diagnosis and management. Arhinia and bilateral choanal atresia will present with complete obstruction leading to forced mouth breathing. Partial obstruction will require assessment of nasal patency with possible nasal endoscopy and imaging. Medical and surgical options for treatment are discussed.

Nasal glial heterotopia or congenital hemangioma? A case report

Nasal glial heterotopia (NGH) is a rare benign tumor of the median line. We describe the case of a child presenting a lateral nasal mass. The characteristics of the prenatal ultrasound and the postnatal clinical examination argued in favor of a congenital hemangioma (CH). The MRI performed at 6 weeks of life suggested glial heterotopia. This diagnosis was confirmed by the pathological analysis. Congenital hemangiomas and nasal glial heterotopies have similar clinical presentations. Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis between NGH and CH is difficult. Fetal MRI is not yet highly specific for these two lesions, but it can eliminate an intracerebral connection in cases of NGH. Postnatal exams are more specific. Flow on the Doppler exam is rapid for CH and slow for NGH. On MRI, these two lesions appear as a hypersignal on T2-weighted sequences, but less intense for NGH than for CH. Distinguishing between NGH and CH can be difficult. This does not have a direct incidence on treatment because it is surgical in both cases.

Prenatally diagnosed fetal tumors of the head and neck: a systematic review with antenatal and postnatal outcomes over the past 20 years

AIM

The aim of this study was to review prenatally diagnosed tumors of the head and neck in the fetus and to report antenatal and postnatal outcomes.

METHODS

PubMed/Medline, EMBASE/SCOPUS, Cochrane database and Google Scholar were reviewed over the last 20 years. No language or article type restriction was used.

RESULTS

A total of 1940 record were retrieved. Of the 713 records screened, 566 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. After 445 articles were excluded for specified reasons, 111 studies met the research criteria and were included for qualitative analysis. Overall, 306 cases of fetal tumors of the head and neck were reviewed. Maternal age was an independent factor. The mean maternal age was 28.2 years and gestational age at prenatal diagnosis was 27.1 weeks. Conventional 2D ultrasound was the standard diagnostic procedure in 27.9% of cases and was implemented in 27.3% of cases by 3D ultrasound and fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Diagnostic evaluation of intracranial spreading and high-airway obstructions was greatly enhanced by fetal MRI. The more common type of fetal tumor was hemangioma/lymphangioms (42.1%), followed by teratomas (29.7%), tumors of the gingiva (10.1%) and lymphatic venous malformations (9.1%), respectively. Fetal karyotyping was performed only in 9.8% of cases; within fetuses undergoing karyotype, chromosomal abnormalities accounted for 20% of cases. The most common pregnancy complication was polyhydramnios (26.3%). Ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure was performed in 30.1% of cases while surgical excision was used in 22.9% during postnatal life. The survival rate was 35.35%.

CONCLUSION

Fetal tumors of the head and neck are rare congenital malformations. Two-dimensional ultrasound is diagnostic in almost all cases; however, MRI may be an important diagnostic adjunct in targeted cases and help patient selection for immediate intubation at the time of delivery. EXIT procedure and surgical removal of the tumor was associated with good prognosis.

Midline Craniofacial Masses in Children

Nasal dermoids, encephaloceles, and gliomas are rare congenital lesions that result from improper embryologic development. The differentiation between them and a firm understanding of their pathology is necessary to avoid unnecessary complications. In view of their potential intracranial connection, prompt diagnosis and treatment are paramount. The authors review the embryology, diagnoses, radiologic work-up, surgical management, and complications of these midline craniofacial masses in children.

Disorders of the neonatal nasal cavity: Fundamentals for practice

Neonatal nasal obstruction is a well-known clinical entity. Fortunately, it is rarely life-threatening and usually resolves with conservative management. As with most conditions, a systematic history and thorough physical examination are crucial for correct diagnosis and management. The initial diagnosis may be elusive and require either serial or more in-depth evaluations. Occasionally, examination may reveal structural abnormalities necessitating surgical intervention. Fortunately most of these abnormalities are amenable to surgery; however, a select few are notoriously difficult to treat.

Prenatal Diagnosis of Nasal Glioma Associated with Metopic Craniosynostosis: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Nasal gliomas (nasal glial heterotopia) are rare benign congenital frontonasal lesions occurring in approximately 1:20.000-40,000 live births. The diagnosis is rarely reported prenatally. Nasal gliomas are typically isolated lesions, with syndromic association being exceedingly rare. Metopic craniosynostosis can occur as an isolated abnormality or in association with multiple syndromes. This case is the first reported case of nasal glioma in association with craniosynostosis in the published literature.

Prenatal diagnosis and management of nasal glioma

Advances in foetal imaging have increased our detection rate of craniofacial abnormalities in utero. Nasal glioma is a rare, benign, congenital facial defect. Once detected, further imaging is required to assess for intracranial communication, the presence of additional defects, determine the patency of the aerodigestive tract and decide on timing of delivery. The authors review the current literature on diagnosis and management of nasal glioma in this rapidly advancing field of craniofacial anomalies detected in utero. Literature search of EMBASE and MEDLINE databases yielded 594 articles, which were screened by 2 independent reviewers. A total of 7 papers were selected after exclusion. There have been seven cases of prenatally diagnosed nasal glioma. The earliest of these was detected at 20 wk gestation. The majority were investigated with foetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to establish any intracranial communication or bony defects. Ultrasound monitoring, doppler waveform and 3D rendered images were utilised to delineate the lesion, monitor growth and differentiate potential diagnosis. Postnatal MRI is favoured by most to re-evaluate the lesion and aid surgical planning. Surgical resection was performed within the first few months of life. Diagnostic uncertainty was seen in all cases, until formal histology was obtained, emphasising the challenges, and need for early appropriate specialist input. Whilst the prenatal detection of craniofacial abnormalities increases, there remain diagnostic challenges in differentiating prenatal congenital midfacial defects in utero. These defects are best investigated and monitored using prenatal ultrasound and MRI, to narrow the differential diagnosis, guide timing of delivery and allow for appropriate surgical planning. Prenatally detected nasal glioma, may only be confirmed on histology and families must be counselled appropriately to prepare them for the possible alternative diagnoses. Early surgical resection was undertaken to achieve more favourable aesthetic outcomes, reduce complications of ocular development and provide definitive histological diagnosis.

Prenatal detection and postnatal management of an intranasal glioma

Nasal gliomas are rare benign congenital midline tumors composed of heterotopic neuroglial tissue. They have potential for intracranial extension through a bony defect in the skull base. Neuroimaging is essential for identifying nasal lesions and for determining their exact location and any possible intracranial extension. Computed tomography is often the initial imaging study obtained because it provides good visualization of the bony landmarks of the skull base; it is not, however, well suited for soft tissue imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging has better soft tissue resolution and may be the best initial study in patients seen early in life because the anterior skull base consists of an unossified cartilage and may falsely appear as if there is a bony dehiscence on computed tomography. A frontal craniotomy approach is recommended if intracranial extension is identified, followed by a transnasal endoscopic approach for intranasal glioma. A case is presented of a huge fetal facial mass that was shown by ultrasound that protruded through the left nostril at 33 weeks of gestation. Computed tomography of the neonate suggested a transethmoidal encephalocele. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a huge mass occupying the nasopharynx and the nasal cavity and protruding externally to the face but ruled out bony discontinuity in the skull base and, therefore, any intracranial connection. The infant underwent an endoscopic resection of the mass via oral and nasal routes and pathologic examination revealed intranasal glioma.

Three-Dimensional Sonography, Tomographic Sonography Imaging, and the OmniView Algorithm

The prenatal diagnosis of congenital dacryocystocele has been reported using 2D sonographic imaging, but there are very few reports of the use of 3D sonography for this diagnosis. Two cases are presented in which 3D and Doppler sonography was helpful in determining the prenatal diagnosis. The embryologic basis of this obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct is discussed along with techniques for the prenatal diagnosis, including the potential value of 3D sonography in limiting the necessity of other prenatal testing. The importance of establishing the differential diagnosis is also discussed, as there is the possibility of the dacryocystocele being secondary to a sinonasal tumor.

Prenatal diagnosis and management of a craniofacial glioma detected at 20 weeks' gestation. Case report and review of the literature

Foetal imaging and anomaly detection is advancing at a rapid rate. As a result, detection of foetal craniofacial abnormalities is increasing. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are currently the imaging modalities most commonly used. The authors describe the detection of a nasal glioma at 20 weeks' gestation, subsequent prenatal monitoring and postnatal management with surgical excision at 2 months of age. The world literature regarding prenatal diagnosis and management of craniofacial malformations is discussed.

Nasal glioma: prenatal diagnosis and multidisciplinary surgical approach

Nasal gliomas are congenital, nonmalignant rests of neuroglial tissue that typically present as a craniofacial mass. The differential diagnosis of such masses includes lesions that often require the involvement of various surgical subspecialties, including otolaryngology, neurosurgery, plastic surgery, and ophthalmology. Early surgical excision of these masses is advised to minimize nasal and craniofacial distortion. Accordingly, early diagnosis and management planning are paramount, and advances in prenatal imaging are creating a new role for obstetricians and radiologists in the initiation of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. We describe the case history of a young patient found to have a craniofacial mass on routine prenatal ultrasound and subsequently managed with a multidisciplinary team approach.

Glial heterotopia of maxilla: A clinical surprise

Glial heterotopia is a rare congenital mass lesion which often presents as a clinical surprise. We report a case of extranasal glial heterotopia in a neonate with unusual features. The presentation, management strategy, etiopathogenesis and histopathology of the mass lesion has been reviewed.

Prenatal ultrasound and histological diagnosis of fetal nasal glioma (heterotopic central nervous system tissue): report of a new case and review of the literature

INTRODUCTION

Nasal glioma is a rare, benign congenital midline facial lesion.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis performed at 2nd trimester of pregnancy revealed a right-sided mass at the level of the fetal face extending from the right internal canthus to the nasal bridge.

CONCLUSION

Differential diagnosis of facial mass in the fetus represents a critical issue because is essential in guiding the prenatal counselling of the couple and in guiding the prenatal and/or postnatal management. Alternative diagnoses such as dacryocystocele, dermoid cyst, retinoblastoma or teratoma, hemangioma, and encephalocele that can not completely be excluded prenatally are discussed. Embryology, pathology, prenatal ultrasound diagnostic clusters of the lesion as well as MR imaging findings are discussed together with review of the literature.