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Henry MK, Egbe TI, White AM, Servaes S, Andronikou S, Scribano PV, Wood JN. Yield of Postmortem Skeletal Surveys in Infants Presenting to Emergency Care With Sudden and Unexpected Death. Pediatr Emerg Care 2023; 39:646-650. [PMID: 37590927 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000003013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Child abuse should be considered in cases of sudden unexpected infant death (SUID). Postmortem skeletal surveys (PM-SS) are recommended to evaluate for abusive fractures in SUID. Little is known about the yield of PM-SS among infants presenting to emergency care with SUID. Our objectives were to (1) describe the presentation and care of infants with SUID at a tertiary children's hospital emergency department and (2) report PM-SS use and findings. METHODS We performed a retrospective study of infants younger than 12 months with SUID presenting to an urban emergency department from 2007 to 2019. We describe their presentation and care, including PM-SS performance and findings, referrals to the medical examiner, and reports to child protective services (CPS). We assessed for associations between race, payer, and presentation with reports to CPS. RESULTS Of 73 infants with SUID, concern for unsafe sleep was documented in 45 (61.6%) and 71 (97.3%) underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation by a medical professional. All 73 (100%) underwent PM-SS and were referred to the medical examiner. Twelve definite fractures (11 rib, 1 classic metaphyseal lesion) and 8 possible fractures (7 rib, 1 classic metaphyseal lesion) were identified among 6 (8.2%) infants. Forty-three (58.9%) were reported to CPS. There were no associations between race, payer, age, or history of unsafe sleep and CPS reports. CONCLUSIONS One in 12 cases of SUID had a possible and/or definite fracture identified on plain radiography. Multicenter studies are needed to compare yield across different postmortem imaging modalities and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teniola I Egbe
- Clinical Futures, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
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2
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O'Keefe H, Shenfine R, Brown M, Beyer F, Rankin J. Are non-invasive or minimally invasive autopsy techniques for detecting cause of death in prenates, neonates and infants accurate? A systematic review of diagnostic test accuracy. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e064774. [PMID: 36609326 PMCID: PMC9827258 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive or minimally invasive autopsy techniques in deaths under 1 year of age. DESIGN This is a systematic review of diagnostic test accuracy. The protocol is registered on PROSPERO. PARTICIPANTS Deaths from conception to one adjusted year of age. SEARCH METHODS MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCO), the Cochrane Library, Scopus and grey literature sources were searched from inception to November 2021. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS Non-invasive or minimally invasive diagnostic tests as an alternative to traditional autopsy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Studies were included if participants were under one adjusted year of age, with index tests conducted prior to the reference standard.Data were extracted from eligible studies using piloted forms. Risk of bias was assessed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2. A narrative synthesis was conducted following the Synthesis without Meta-Analysis guidelines. Vote counting was used to assess the direction of effect. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Direction of effect was expressed as percentage of patients per study. FINDINGS We included 54 direct evidence studies (68 articles/trials), encompassing 3268 cases and eight index tests. The direction of effect was positive for postmortem ultrasound and antenatal echography, although with varying levels of success. Conversely, the direction of effect was against virtual autopsy. For the remaining tests, the direction of effect was inconclusive.A further 134 indirect evidence studies (135 articles/trials) were included, encompassing 6242 perinatal cases. The addition of these results had minimal impact on the direct findings yet did reveal other techniques, which may be favourable alternatives to autopsy.Seven trial registrations were included but yielded no results. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence is insufficient to make firm conclusions about the generalised use of non-invasive or minimally invasive autopsy techniques in relation to all perinatal population groups.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021223254.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah O'Keefe
- NIHR Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rebekka Shenfine
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Melissa Brown
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fiona Beyer
- NIHR Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Judith Rankin
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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3
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Ashby C, Razzak AN, Kogler A, Amireh A, Dempsey J, Lin KK, Waller J, Jha P. The Practicality of Post-mortem Imaging in Prenatal, Perinatal, and Pediatric Cases. Cureus 2022; 14:e28859. [PMID: 36225432 PMCID: PMC9536932 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.28859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential role of the autopsy is seen in its contributions to medical care, scientific research, and family counseling. Major contributions are also noted in forensic pathology as a means to determine cause-of-death for legal and medical experts. However, autopsy acceptance rates are quite low due to an array of reasons including delayed burials, faith, and moral burdening. Thus, non-invasive post-mortem imaging strategies are becoming increasingly popular. The objective of this literature review is to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of numerous post-mortem imaging modalities and consider their benefits over the traditional autopsy. The need for expertise in image interpretation for pediatric and perinatal cases is also discussed. A variety of publications, totaling 32 pieces, were selected from available literature on the basis of relevance. These articles studied various perinatal and pediatric post-mortem imaging strategies and their applications in clinical practice. Key strategies include post-mortem MRI, post-mortem CT, fetal post-mortem sonography, post-mortem computed tomographic angiography, and three-dimensional surface scanning. There is a general consensus that no standard model for post-mortem imaging currently exists in the United States and European countries. Amongst the imaging modems studied, post-mortem MRI has been acknowledged to show the greatest promise in diagnostic accuracy for fetal age groups. Most studies demonstrated that post-mortem CT had limited use for autopsy. Post-mortem imaging strategies for autopsy have high potential given their minimal invasiveness and increasing popularity. Furthermore, it is vital to crafting a global standard procedure for post-mortem imaging for prenatal, perinatal, and pediatric cases to better understand the cause of death, decomposition factors, and effects in-utero, and to provide an alternative to traditional autopsy.
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4
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Shelmerdine SC, Arthurs OJ. Post-mortem perinatal imaging: what is the evidence? Br J Radiol 2022:20211078. [PMID: 35451852 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20211078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-mortem imaging for the investigation of perinatal deaths is an acceptable tool amongst parents and religious groups, enabling a less invasive autopsy examination. Nevertheless, availability is scarce nationwide, and there is some debate amongst radiologists regarding the best practice and optimal protocols for performing such studies. Much of the published literature to date focusses on single centre experiences or interesting case reports. Diagnostic accuracy studies are available for a variety of individual imaging modalities (e.g. post-mortem CT, MRI, ultrasound and micro-CT), however, assimilating this information is important when attempting to start a local service.In this article, we present a comprehensive review summarising the latest research, recently published international guidelines, and describe which imaging modalities are best suited for specific indications. When the antenatal clinical findings are not supported by the post-mortem imaging, we also suggest how and when an invasive autopsy may be considered. In general, a collaborative working relationship within a multidisciplinary team (consisting of radiologists, radiographers, the local pathology department, mortuary staff, foetal medicine specialists, obstetricians and bereavement midwives) is vital for a successful service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Shelmerdine
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, 30 Guilford Street, Bloomsbury, London, UK.,Department of Radiology, St. George's Hospital, Blackshaw Road, London, UK
| | - Owen J Arthurs
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, 30 Guilford Street, Bloomsbury, London, UK
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5
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Pérez-Serrano C, Bartolomé Á, Bargalló N, Sebastià C, Nadal A, Gómez O, Oleaga L. Perinatal post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the central nervous system (CNS): a pictorial review. Insights Imaging 2021; 12:104. [PMID: 34292413 PMCID: PMC8298710 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-021-01051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities cause approximately 32–37.7% of terminations of pregnancy (TOP). Autopsy is currently the gold standard for assessing dead foetuses and stillborn. However, it has limitations and is sometimes subject to parental rejection. Recent studies have described post-mortem foetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as an alternative and even complementary to autopsy for CNS assessment. Radiologists now play a key role in the evaluation of perinatal deaths. Assessment of foetal CNS abnormalities is difficult, and interpretation of foetal studies requires familiarisation with normal and abnormal findings in post-mortem MRI studies as well as the strengths and limitations of the imaging studies. The purpose of this pictorial review is to report our experience in the post-mortem MRI evaluation of the CNS system, including a description of the protocol used, normal CNS findings related to post-mortem status, abnormal CNS findings in our sample, and the correlation of these findings with histopathological results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pérez-Serrano
- Radiology Department, CDIC, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, C/Villarroel no. 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Álvaro Bartolomé
- Radiology Department, CDIC, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, C/Villarroel no. 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Bargalló
- Radiology Department, CDIC, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, C/Villarroel no. 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Sebastià
- Radiology Department, CDIC, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, C/Villarroel no. 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfons Nadal
- Pathology Department, CDB, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, C/Villarroel no. 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Gómez
- Gynecology Department, ICGON, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, C/Villarroel no. 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Oleaga
- Radiology Department, CDIC, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, C/Villarroel no. 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Shelmerdine SC, Hutchinson JC, Lewis C, Simcock IC, Sekar T, Sebire NJ, Arthurs OJ. A pragmatic evidence-based approach to post-mortem perinatal imaging. Insights Imaging 2021; 12:101. [PMID: 34264420 PMCID: PMC8282801 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-021-01042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-mortem imaging has a high acceptance rate amongst parents and healthcare professionals as a non-invasive method for investigating perinatal deaths. Previously viewed as a 'niche' subspecialty, it is becoming increasingly requested, with general radiologists now more frequently asked to oversee and advise on appropriate imaging protocols. Much of the current literature to date has focussed on diagnostic accuracy and clinical experiences of individual centres and their imaging techniques (e.g. post-mortem CT, MRI, ultrasound and micro-CT), and pragmatic, evidence-based guidance for how to approach such referrals in real-world practice is lacking. In this review, we summarise the latest research and provide an approach and flowchart to aid decision-making for perinatal post-mortem imaging. We highlight key aspects of the maternal and antenatal history that radiologists should consider when protocolling studies (e.g. antenatal imaging findings and history), and emphasise important factors that could impact the diagnostic quality of post-mortem imaging examinations (e.g. post-mortem weight and time interval). Considerations regarding when ancillary post-mortem image-guided biopsy tests are beneficial are also addressed, and we provide key references for imaging protocols for a variety of cross-sectional imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Shelmerdine
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK. .,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK. .,Great Ormond Street Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
| | - J Ciaran Hutchinson
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Celine Lewis
- Population, Policy and Practice Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,North Thames Genomic Laboratory Hub, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ian C Simcock
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Thivya Sekar
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Neil J Sebire
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Owen J Arthurs
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
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7
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Arnold TS, Siekmann T, Thackeray JD, Bridge JA, Cohen DM. Discrepancies in Physician and Coroner Findings in Cases of Fatal Suspected Physical Child Abuse. Pediatr Emerg Care 2021; 37:e367-e371. [PMID: 34140452 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As mandated reporters of suspected abuse, physicians must consider abuse when a child dies unexpectedly. Subsequently, a coroner or medical examiner determines the manner of death (MOD) and cause of death (COD). Accurate diagnoses and determinations are important for social safety and justice. This study described discrepancies between physicians' and coroners' findings in cases of fatal suspected physical child abuse. METHODS This study was a single-institution, retrospective review. All children 6 years or younger who died in a pediatric emergency department from October 2006 to January 2013 with a coroner report were included in this study. Coroner reports, MODs, and CODs were reviewed. Skeletal survey results were compared with coroners' findings. RESULTS One hundred twenty-nine children were included. The MODs included the following: undetermined, 63 (49%); accident, 32 (25%); natural, 31 (24%); and homicide, 3 (2%). Thirty-three (26%) of the 129 patients had abuse suspected at the time of death in the emergency department; in this subset, MODs were as follows: undetermined, 16 (48%); accident, 8 (24%); natural, 6 (18%); and homicide, 3 (9%). Sudden infant death syndrome or sudden unexpected death was the most common COD in all children (68, 55%). Skeletal surveys were positive in 12 children with 29 fractures identified; 8 (28%) of the 29 fractures were corroborated on autopsy findings. Of the 12 children with positive skeletal survey findings, only 1 was ruled a homicide. CONCLUSIONS We found discrepancies between coroner determination of homicide and abuse suspected by physicians, especially among children with fractures. Improved communication between agencies in cases of fatal child abuse is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeffrey A Bridge
- Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Daniel M Cohen
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
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8
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Baier W, Norman DG, Williams MA. Micro-CT for the examination of paediatric rib injuries: A case series. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 325:110789. [PMID: 34217913 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cases of child abuse and homicide are amongst the biggest challenges investigators face, with complex evidence bases often strongly contested and reliant on specialist interpretation of the medical evidence. In many cases, this medical evidence includes examination of the deceased's skeleton using different macroscopic and microscopic imaging methods. Rib fractures are a common concern when examining suspicious cases and much research has been conducted on their causes. The role of CPR in particular has been controversial and therefore a clear assessment of the fracture distribution is crucial. Recent studies have shown the benefit of imaging techniques such as Computed Tomography, although the gold standard remains histology. This paper presents three cases of suspected non-accidental rib fractures of infants which had been examined using micro-CT and histology. Micro-CT has been shown to be superior to medical CT as it achieves a greater resolution, making it effective for paediatric post-mortem imaging. Micro-CT observations were compared retrospectively to the histology, which demonstrated that micro-CT found 69% of the fractures identified histologically as well as an additional 22% not identified through histology. As well as complimenting histological analysis, the extent to which micro-CT can enhance the overall examination of paediatric non-accidental injuries is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waltraud Baier
- WMG, International Manufacturing Centre, University of Warwick Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Danielle G Norman
- WMG, International Manufacturing Centre, University of Warwick Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Mark A Williams
- WMG, International Manufacturing Centre, University of Warwick Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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9
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Kang X, Carlin A, Cannie MM, Sanchez TC, Jani JC. Fetal postmortem imaging: an overview of current techniques and future perspectives. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 223:493-515. [PMID: 32376319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fetal death because of miscarriage, unexpected intrauterine fetal demise, or termination of pregnancy is a traumatic event for any family. Despite advances in prenatal imaging and genetic diagnosis, conventional autopsy remains the gold standard because it can provide additional information not available during fetal life in up to 40% of cases and this by itself may change the recurrence risk and hence future counseling for parents. However, conventional autopsy is negatively affected by procedures involving long reporting times because the fetal brain is prone to the effect of autolysis, which may result in suboptimal examinations, particularly of the central nervous system. More importantly, fewer than 50%-60% of parents consent to invasive autopsy, mainly owing to the concerns about body disfigurement. Consequently, this has led to the development of noninvasive perinatal virtual autopsy using imaging techniques. Because a significant component of conventional autopsy involves the anatomic examination of organs, imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, and computed tomography are possible alternatives. With a parental acceptance rate of nearly 100%, imaging techniques as part of postmortem examination have become widely used in recent years in some countries. Postmortem magnetic resonance imaging using 1.5-Tesla magnets is the most studied technique and offers an overall diagnostic accuracy of 77%-94%. It is probably the best choice as a virtual autopsy technique for fetuses >20 weeks' gestation. However, for fetuses <20 weeks' gestation, its performance is poor. The use of higher magnetic resonance imaging magnetic fields such as 3-Tesla may slightly improve performance. Of note, in cases of fetal maceration, magnetic resonance imaging may offer diagnoses in a proportion of brain lesions wherein conventional autopsy fails. Postmortem ultrasound examination using a high-frequency probe offers overall sensitivity and specificity of 67%-77% and 74%-90%, respectively, with the advantage of easy access and affordability. The main difference between postmortem ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging relates to their respective abilities to obtain images of sufficient quality for a confident diagnosis. The nondiagnostic rate using postmortem ultrasound ranges from 17% to 30%, depending on the organ examined, whereas the nondiagnostic rate using postmortem magnetic resonance imaging in most situations is far less than 10%. For fetuses ≤20 weeks' gestation, microfocus computed tomography achieves close to 100% agreement with autopsy and is likely to be the technique of the future in this subgroup. The lack of histology has always been listed as 1 limitation of all postmortem imaging techniques. Image-guided needle tissue biopsy coupled with any postmortem imaging can overcome this limitation. In addition to describing the diagnostic accuracy and limitations of each imaging technology, we propose a novel, stepwise diagnostic approach and describe the possible application of these techniques in clinical practice as an alternative or an adjunct or for triage to select cases that would specifically benefit from invasive examination, with the aim of reducing parental distress and pathologist workload. The widespread use of postmortem fetal imaging is inevitable, meaning that hurdles such as specialized training and dedicated financing must be overcome to improve access to these newer, well-validated techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Kang
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrew Carlin
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mieke M Cannie
- Radiology, University Hospital Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Radiology, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Teresa Cos Sanchez
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacques C Jani
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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10
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Reid C, Arthurs OJ, Calder AD, Sebire NJ, Shelmerdine SC. The significance of internal calcifications on perinatal post-mortem radiographs. Clin Radiol 2020; 75:561.e25-561.e34. [PMID: 32252991 PMCID: PMC7296345 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether the presence of internal calcifications on perinatal post-mortem skeletal surveys (PMSS) are associated with certain diagnoses of fetal loss. METHODS AND MATERIALS A 6-month retrospective, single-centre, cohort study was conducted on PMSS performed for perinatal death assessment. One reader re-reviewed all PMSS images for the presence and location of internal calcifications, and noted whether these were included within the original radiology report. Findings at autopsy were then reviewed independently by a second researcher and cause of fetal loss or main diagnosis recorded. Chi-squared tests were conducted to identify differences between those with and without internal calcifications at PMSS. RESULTS Two hundred and thirty perinatal deaths (mean gestational age 18 weeks; average 12–35 weeks) were included in the study, of which 42 (18.3%) demonstrated intra-abdominal calcifications, and 16/42 (38.1%) were mentioned in the radiology reports. Most calcifications were found to be within the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, and in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. There was no statistical difference between identifiable causes for fetal loss at autopsy in cases with and without calcification at PMSS (59.5% versus 58.5% respectively, p=0.904). Nevertheless, where calcification and a cause for fetal loss were found, the aetiology was more likely to be due a fetal rather than placental issue. CONCLUSION The presence of internal calcifications on PMSS was not associated with an increased likelihood of explainable fetal loss or particular diagnosis at autopsy. Fetal calcifications on post-mortem skeletal surveys are not significantly associated with causes of fetal loss. When present, internal calcifications were usually seen in lower gestational aged fetuses, intra-abdominal in location, with the majority being intraluminal. The majority of radiologists do not report internal fetal calcifications on radiographs, without significant consequences for final outcome at autopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reid
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - O J Arthurs
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - A D Calder
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - N J Sebire
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - S C Shelmerdine
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
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11
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Shelmerdine SC, Hutchinson JC, Arthurs OJ, Sebire NJ. Latest developments in post-mortem foetal imaging. Prenat Diagn 2019; 40:28-37. [PMID: 31525275 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A sustained decline in parental consent rates for perinatal autopsies has driven the development of less-invasive methods for death investigation. A wide variety of imaging modalities have been developed for this purpose and include post-mortem whole body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and micro-focus CT techniques. These are also vital for "minimally invasive" methods, which include potential for tissue sampling, such as image guidance for targeted biopsies and laparoscopic-assisted techniques. In this article, we address the range of imaging techniques currently in clinical practice and those under development. Significant advances in high-field MRI and micro-focus CT imaging show particular promise for smaller and earlier gestation foetuses. We also review how MRI biomarkers such as diffusion-weighted imaging and organ volumetric analysis may aid diagnosis and image interpretation in the absence of autopsy data. Three-dimensional printing and augmented reality may help make imaging findings more accessible to parents, colleagues and trainees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Shelmerdine
- Department of Radiology Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust London, London, UK.,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre London, London, UK
| | - John C Hutchinson
- Department of Radiology Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust London, London, UK.,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre London, London, UK
| | - Owen J Arthurs
- Department of Radiology Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust London, London, UK.,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre London, London, UK
| | - Neil J Sebire
- Department of Radiology Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust London, London, UK.,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre London, London, UK
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12
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Shelmerdine SC, Sebire NJ, Arthurs OJ. Perinatal post-mortem ultrasound (PMUS): radiological-pathological correlation. Insights Imaging 2019; 10:81. [PMID: 31432284 PMCID: PMC6702254 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-019-0762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an increasing demand and interest in post-mortem imaging techniques, either as an adjunct or replacement for the conventional invasive autopsy. Post-mortem ultrasound (PMUS) is easily accessible and more affordable than other cross-sectional imaging modalities and allows visualisation of normal anatomical structures of the brain, thorax and abdomen in perinatal cases. The lack of aeration of post-mortem foetal lungs provides a good sonographic window for assessment of the heart and normal pulmonary lobulation, in contrast to live neonates.In a previous article within this journal, we published a practical approach to conducting a comprehensive PMUS examination. This covered the basic principles behind why post-mortem imaging is performed, helpful techniques for obtaining optimal PMUS images, and the expected normal post-mortem changes seen in perinatal deaths. In this article, we build upon this by focusing on commonly encountered pathologies on PMUS and compare these to autopsy and other post-mortem imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Shelmerdine
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
| | - Neil J Sebire
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Owen J Arthurs
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Shelmerdine SC, Sebire NJ, Arthurs OJ. Perinatal post mortem ultrasound (PMUS): a practical approach. Insights Imaging 2019; 10:35. [PMID: 30887398 PMCID: PMC6423182 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-019-0723-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Declining rates of consent for standard perinatal autopsy has led to a rise in interest for postmortem imaging as an alternative, non-invasive method for investigation of childhood and perinatal deaths. Whilst much interest has focussed on cross-sectional techniques such as postmortem CT (PMCT) or MRI (PMMR), other modalities including postmortem ultrasound (PMUS) have been shown to have reasonable diagnostic accuracy rates, with the added benefit of being more readily accessible and affordable. There is little published information or formal guidance available on preparation for postmortem perinatal ultrasound, views to be obtained and differentiating normal postmortem change from potential abnormalities. This article will focus on the role of perinatal postmortem ultrasound as an alternative imaging method for non-invasive autopsy, with emphasis on imaging technique, practical considerations and commonly encountered case examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Shelmerdine
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK. .,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
| | - Neil J Sebire
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Owen J Arthurs
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Gulino SP, Burns K, Gunther WM, MacLeod H. Improving Forensic Pathologic Investigation of Sudden Death in the Young: Tools, Guidance, and Methods of Cardiovascular Dissection from the Sudden Death in the Young Case Registry. Acad Forensic Pathol 2018; 8:347-391. [PMID: 31240048 DOI: 10.1177/1925362118782077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Sudden Death in the Young (SDY) Case Registry, a prospective, population-based registry active in ten states, has developed tools to aid pathologists and death investigators in the evaluation and autopsy of unexplained, natural sudden deaths in the pediatric population. The tools were developed by a team of experts representing forensic pathology; pediatric-, cardiac-, and neuropathology; cardiology; neurology/epileptology; pediatrics; genetic counseling; and public health. These tools focus on collecting data relevant to determination of cause of death with a focus on dissection of the cardiovascular system. The tools provide an objective checklist format for ease of use and data extraction. By sharing the tools here and highlighting the examination of the cardiovascular system, the SDY Case Registry encourages a standardized approach to death investigation, autopsy, and data collection for sudden, unexpected deaths in the young towards a goal of informing prevention efforts. Acad Forensic Pathol. 2018 8(2): 347-391.
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McPherson E, Nestoridi E, Heinke D, Roberts DJ, Fretts R, Yazdy MM, Lin AE. Alternatives to Autopsy for Fetal and Early Neonatal (Perinatal) Deaths: Insights from the Wisconsin Stillbirth Service Program. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:1430-1441. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elspeth McPherson
- Center for Human Genetics; Marshfield Clinic Research Institute; Marshfield Wisconsin
| | - Eirini Nestoridi
- Massachusetts Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention; Massachusetts; Department of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Dominique Heinke
- Massachusetts Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention; Massachusetts; Department of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Drucilla J. Roberts
- Department of Pathology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Ruth Fretts
- Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates; Wellesley Massachusetts
| | - Mahsa M. Yazdy
- Massachusetts Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention; Massachusetts; Department of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Angela E. Lin
- Massachusetts Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention; Massachusetts; Department of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
- Genetics Unit; MassGeneral Hospital for Children; Boston Massachusetts
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Nijkamp J, Sebire N, Bouman K, Korteweg F, Erwich J, Gordijn S. Perinatal death investigations: What is current practice? Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 22:167-175. [PMID: 28325580 PMCID: PMC7118457 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal death (PD) is a devastating obstetric complication. Determination of cause of death helps in understanding why and how it occurs, and it is an indispensable aid to parents wanting to understand why their baby died and to determine the recurrence risk and management in subsequent pregnancy. Consequently, a perinatal death requires adequate diagnostic investigation. An important first step in the analysis of PD is to identify the case circumstances, including relevant details regarding maternal history, obstetric history and current pregnancy (complications are evaluated and recorded). In the next step, placental examination is suggested in all cases, together with molecular cytogenetic evaluation and fetal autopsy. Investigation for fetal-maternal hemorrhage by Kleihauer is also recommended as standard. In cases where parents do not consent to autopsy, alternative approaches such as minimally invasive postmortem examination, postmortem magnetic resonance imaging, and fetal photographs are good alternatives. After all investigations have been performed it is important to combine findings from the clinical review and investigations together, to identify the most probable cause of death and counsel the parents regarding their loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.W. Nijkamp
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Corresponding author. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Groningen, CB 21, P.O. box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - N.J. Sebire
- Department of Pediatric Pathology, Clinical Molecular Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - K. Bouman
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - F.J. Korteweg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Martini Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J.J.H.M. Erwich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S.J. Gordijn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Arthurs OJ, van Rijn RR, Whitby EH, Johnson K, Miller E, Stenzel M, Watt A, Taranath A, Perry DH. ESPR postmortem imaging task force: where we begin. Pediatr Radiol 2016; 46:1363-9. [PMID: 27412272 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-016-3639-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A new task force on postmortem imaging was established at the annual meeting of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology (ESPR) in Graz, Austria, in 2015. The postmortem task force is separate from the child abuse task force as it covers all aspects of fetal, neonatal and non-forensic postmortem imaging. The main focus of the task force is the guidance and standardization of non-radiographic postmortem imaging, particularly postmortem CT and postmortem MRI. This manuscript outlines the starting point of the task force, with a mission statement, outline of current experience, and short- and long-term goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen J Arthurs
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK. .,Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK.
| | - Rick R van Rijn
- Department of Radiology, Emma Children's Hospital - Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elspeth H Whitby
- Academic unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 1SF, UK
| | - Karl Johnson
- Radiology Department, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham, B4 6NH, UK
| | - Elka Miller
- Department of Medical Imaging, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Martin Stenzel
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, D-79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Watt
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging & Clinical Physics, The Royal Hospital for Children, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK
| | - Ajay Taranath
- Department of Medical Imaging, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William St., North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David H Perry
- Radiology Department, National Women's Health and Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland City Hospital, Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
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Kamphuis-van Ulzen K, Koopmanschap DHJLM, Marcelis CLM, van Vugt JMG, Klein WM. When is a post-mortem skeletal survey of the fetus indicated, and when not? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 29:991-7. [PMID: 25781498 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1029913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Radiography after fetal or perinatal death has become a routine part of post-mortem diagnostics. However, only a selected subset of these babygrams or fetal post-mortem skeletal surveys (FPSSs) provides useful information. We investigated the indication for a FPSS. METHODS Inclusion consisted of the routinely made FPSS (2002-2012) in our university hospital in cases of fetal or perinatal death up to 7 days after birth. We categorized the diagnostic value of the FPSS as no, minor, major or pathognomonic. Regression analysis was used to determine the selection criteria for a useful FPSS. RESULTS Three hundred and thirty-seven FPSS were included. Three hundred and five (91%) FPSS showed no or minor skeletal malformations. Fourteen (4.2%) FPSS had major skeletal malformations. In 18 (5.3%) cases the diagnosis was based on the pathognomonic skeletal malformations on the FPSS. Two cases were false positive after major birth trauma. The presence of multiple skeletal malformations on prenatal ultrasound or at post-mortem external inspection was highly indicative of a diagnostic FPSS (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The majority of the babygrams/FPSS has no contribution to the diagnostic process. Multiple skeletal malformations on prenatal ultrasound or post-mortem external inspection are indicative for a diagnostic FPSS, and this should be the main selection criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John M G van Vugt
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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Whole-body post-mortem computed tomography angiography of a newborn revealing transposition of great arteries. Int J Legal Med 2015; 129:1253-8. [PMID: 26395195 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-015-1267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The number of medico-legal post-mortem examinations referring to newborns is considerably low: In the case of the Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine of the author's origin, the autopsy rate of such cases is less than 1%. Even experienced forensic pathologists can find the technical autopsy procedure of a newborn quite difficult. Post-mortem imaging using unenhanced post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) gives only a limited opportunity to help in conventional autopsy examination. By adding contrast medium (CA) administration, we can significantly expand diagnostic capabilities. However, the post-mortem computed tomography angiography (PMCTA) technique has already been developed mostly in adult death cases (as considerably much more frequent), and no standardised protocol for examination of children exists. The authors present the dual-phase PMCTA examination of a newborn by manual CA administration using the access to umbilical vessels (vein and artery) unveiling transposition of the great arteries (TGA). The results are presented as multiplanar reformatted (MPR) images and three-dimensional (3D) images by volume/surface-rendered reconstructions, giving a contribution towards proving the value of forensic imaging in post-mortem examinations of heart and vascular malformations in newborns.
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Sarda-Quarello L, Tuchtan L, Bartoli C, Bourlière-Najean B, Petit P, Sigaudy S, Piercecchi-Marti MD, Gorincour G. [Post-mortem perinatal imaging: State of the art and perspectives, with an emphasis on ultrasound]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 43:612-5. [PMID: 26297165 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fields of application of post-mortem imaging have been exponentially growing for 10 years. Its potential to identify the cause of death in trauma and ballistic cases is now properly documented. In pediatric and perinatal practice, large significant series are less available, except for MRI and central nervous system analysis where scientific evidence is now robust. After a short historical and state-of-the-art review, we will try to depict the way we see the future of this sub-specialty of post-mortem imaging, especially in specific perinatal situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sarda-Quarello
- Service d'anatomopathologie, hôpital de la Timone, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France; Centre pluridisciplinaire de diagnostic prénatal, hôpital de la Timone-Enfants, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - L Tuchtan
- Service de médecine légale, hôpital de la Timone, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - C Bartoli
- Service de médecine légale, hôpital de la Timone, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - B Bourlière-Najean
- Service d'imagerie pédiatrique et prénatale, hôpital de la Timone-Enfants, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - P Petit
- Service d'imagerie pédiatrique et prénatale, hôpital de la Timone-Enfants, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - S Sigaudy
- Centre pluridisciplinaire de diagnostic prénatal, hôpital de la Timone-Enfants, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - M-D Piercecchi-Marti
- Service de médecine légale, hôpital de la Timone, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - G Gorincour
- Centre pluridisciplinaire de diagnostic prénatal, hôpital de la Timone-Enfants, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France; Service d'imagerie pédiatrique et prénatale, hôpital de la Timone-Enfants, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France; Laboratoire d'imagerie interventionnelle et expérimentale, CERIMED, Aix-Marseille université, 13005 Marseille, France.
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21
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Calder AD, Offiah AC. Foetal radiography for suspected skeletal dysplasia: technique, normal appearances, diagnostic approach. Pediatr Radiol 2015; 45:536-48. [PMID: 25173408 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-014-3130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in antenatal imaging and genetic techniques, post-delivery post-mortem foetal radiography remains the key investigation in accurate diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia manifesting in the foetus. Foetal radiography is best performed using pathology-specimen radiography equipment and is often carried out in the pathology department without involvement of the radiology unit. However, paediatric radiologists may be asked to interpret post-mortem foetal radiographs when an abnormality is suspected. Many foetal radiographs are carried out before 20 weeks' gestation, and the interpreting radiologist needs to be familiar with the range of normal post-mortem foetal appearances at different gestational ages, as well as the appearances of some of the more commonly presenting skeletal dysplasias, and will benefit from a systematic approach when assessing more challenging cases. In this pictorial essay, we illustrate various normal post-mortem foetal radiographic appearances, give examples of commonly occurring skeletal dysplasias, and describe an approach to establishing more difficult diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair D Calder
- Radiology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK,
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22
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The future of pediatric and perinatal postmortem imaging. Pediatr Radiol 2015; 45:509-16. [PMID: 25828354 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-014-3266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The field and applications of postmortem imaging are exponentially growing. Its potential to identify the cause of death in trauma and ballistic cases is now properly documented, as well as its use in drug mule identification. In pediatric and perinatal practice, large significant series are less available, except for MRI and central nervous system analysis where scientific evidence is now robust. In this review, after a short historical review and analysis of current problems and challenges, we will try to depict the way we see the future of this subspecialty of postmortem cross-sectional imaging, including all specific situations: terminations of pregnancy, intrauterine death, sudden unexpected infant death and identification issues.
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23
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24
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Sarda-Quarello L, Tuchtan L, Torrents J, Piercecchi-Marti MD, Bartoli C, Laurent PE, Bourlière-Najean B, Petit P, Quarello E, Gorincour G. Perinatal death: Is there a place for post-mortem angio-CT? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jofri.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The perinatal autopsy is an important tool in the investigation of fetal and neonatal death, and a complete understanding of its risks and benefits is necessary for providers of perinatal care. This review, from the perspective of a perinatal pathologist, reports the details of the autopsy procedure, its goals, its value to individual patients and the health care system in general, and its alternatives. Even with new emerging technologies, the conventional perinatal autopsy remains the gold standard for determining the cause of death and the final summary of all pathologic findings. Therefore, the information provided in this review can help providers properly convey information about perinatal autopsy to bereaved families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Ernst
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Olson Pavilion 2-461, 710 N. Fairbanks Court, Chicago, IL 60611.
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26
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Arthurs OJ, Taylor AM, Sebire NJ. Indications, advantages and limitations of perinatal postmortem imaging in clinical practice. Pediatr Radiol 2015; 45:491-500. [PMID: 25274468 PMCID: PMC4381094 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-014-3165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Just as there is a range of paediatric imaging techniques available during life, a similar repertoire is available as part of the foetal and perinatal postmortem examination. In this article, we review the literature regarding the diagnostic utility of postmortem radiography, US, CT and MRI in this clinical setting. There is limited direct evidence on the diagnostic utility of any of these techniques, apart from postmortem MRI, which when combined with other noninvasive investigations, has been shown to be highly sensitive and specific for many foetal postmortem diagnoses. The main disadvantages of postmortem MRI include the longer duration of imaging, the need for appropriate training in the interpretation of normal postmortem changes, and possible non-diagnostic imaging examinations in early gestation foetuses. As less-invasive autopsy becomes increasingly available, the true utility of these techniques will evolve, and clinical guidelines for maximal diagnostic yield can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen J. Arthurs
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH UK ,Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew M. Taylor
- Cardiorespiratory Division, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK ,Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, UK
| | - Neil J. Sebire
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK ,Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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27
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Arthurs OJ, Thayyil S, Addison S, Wade A, Jones R, Norman W, Scott R, Robertson NJ, Chitty LS, Taylor AM, Sebire NJ, Offiah AC. Diagnostic accuracy of postmortem MRI for musculoskeletal abnormalities in fetuses and children. Prenat Diagn 2014; 34:1254-61. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Owen J. Arthurs
- Department of Radiology; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
- Institute of Child Health; UCL; London UK
| | - Sudhin Thayyil
- Perinatal Neurology and Neonatology; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - Shea Addison
- Perinatal Neurology and Neonatology; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - Angie Wade
- Clinical Epidemiology, Nutrition and Biostatistics Section; UCL Institute of Child Health; London UK
| | - Rod Jones
- Cardiorespiratory Division; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
- Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging; UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science; London UK
| | - Wendy Norman
- Cardiorespiratory Division; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
- Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging; UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science; London UK
| | - Rosemary Scott
- Department of Histopathology; University College London Hospital NHS Trust; London UK
| | | | - Lyn S. Chitty
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine; UCL Institute of Child Health; London UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
- UCLH NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Andrew M. Taylor
- Cardiorespiratory Division; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
- Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging; UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science; London UK
| | - Neil J. Sebire
- Institute of Child Health; UCL; London UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
- Department of Histopathology; UCL Institute of Child Health; London UK
| | - Amaka C. Offiah
- Academic Unit of Child Health; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
- Department of Radiology; Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust; Sheffield UK
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28
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Arthurs OJ, van Rijn RR, Sebire NJ. Current status of paediatric post-mortem imaging: an ESPR questionnaire-based survey. Pediatr Radiol 2014; 44:244-51. [PMID: 24276507 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-013-2827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of post-mortem imaging, including skeletal radiography, CT and MRI, is increasing, providing a minimally invasive alternative to conventional autopsy techniques. The development of clinical guidelines and national standards is being encouraged, particularly for cross-sectional techniques. OBJECTIVE To outline the current practice of post-mortem imaging amongst members of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology (ESPR). MATERIALS AND METHODS We e-mailed an online questionnaire of current post-mortem service provisions to members of the ESPR in January 2013. The survey included direct questions about what services were offered, the population imaged, current techniques used, imaging protocols, reporting experience and intended future involvement. RESULTS Seventy-one percent (47/66) of centres from which surveys were returned reported performing some form of post-mortem imaging in children, of which 81 % perform radiographs, 51% CT and 38% MRI. Eighty-seven percent of the imaging is performed within the radiology or imaging departments, usually by radiographers (75%), and 89% is reported by radiologists, of which 64% is reported by paediatric radiologists. Overall, 72% of positive respondents have a standardised protocol for radiographs, but only 32% have such a protocol for CT and 27% for MRI. Sixty-one percent of respondents wrote that this is an important area that needs to be developed. CONCLUSION Overall, the majority of centres provide some post-mortem imaging service, most of which is performed within an imaging department and reported by a paediatric radiologist. However, the populations imaged as well as the details of the services offered are highly variable among institutions and lack standardisation. We have identified people who would be interested in taking this work forwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen J Arthurs
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK,
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