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Furgier A, Goutines J, Dobian S, Zappa M, Demar M, Aigoun N, Oubda B, Faye A, Elenga N, Osei L. Bone and Joint Infections in Children With Sickle Cell Disease in French Guiana: A 13-year Retrospective Multicenter Review. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024:00006454-990000000-00944. [PMID: 38986011 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder with a high infectious morbidity and mortality and a heterogeneous distribution in France. One of the challenges is to differentiate a bone and joint infection (BJI) from a vaso-occlusive crisis. This challenge is particularly prevalent in French Guiana, an overseas territory with the highest incidence of SCD in France. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of BJI in children with SCD in French Guiana. METHOD This was a retrospective multicentric descriptive study of SCD patients living in French Guiana aged under 18 and diagnosed with a BJI between 2010 and 2022. These BJI were divided into 2 groups: those with microbiological documentation (d-BJI) and those without microbiological identification (ud-BJI). RESULTS A total of 53 episodes of BJI in 42 patients (mean age 7.2 years) were reported. Clinical symptoms on arrival were comparable between the d-BJI and ud-BJI groups. Patients in the d-BJI group had longer average hospital stays (40.4 days vs. 16.8 days, P = 0.01) and Salmonella spp. were the most identified bacteria (n = 8/13). White blood cell count was greater in the d-BJI group (30.3 G/L vs. 18.G/L, P = 0.01) and a collection was more frequently identified on imaging (11/13 vs. 16/40, P = 0.01) in this group. Initial in-hospital antibiotic therapy was longer in the d-BJI group (17.2 days vs. 12.8, P = 0.02), as were infection-related complications (9/13 vs. 12/40 P = 0.01). CONCLUSION BJI in children with SCD is not sufficiently microbiologically documented. Progress must be made to improve the documentation of BJI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apolline Furgier
- From the Departement of Infectiology Pediatric in Robert Debre, AP-HP
| | - Juliette Goutines
- AP-HP, Department of Infectiology Pediatric in Robert Debre, University of Paris Cite, Paris
| | | | | | | | - Nadjia Aigoun
- Department of Pediatric in Saint Laurent Du Maroni Hospital
| | | | - Albert Faye
- AP-HP, Department of Infectiology Pediatric in Robert Debre, University of Paris Cite, Paris
| | - Narcisse Elenga
- Department of Pediatric in Cayenne Hospital, University of Antilles, French Guiana, France
| | - Lindsay Osei
- Department of Pediatric in Cayenne Hospital, University of Antilles, French Guiana, France
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Restrepo R, Park HJ, Karakas SP, Cervantes LF, Rodriguez-Ruiz FG, Zahrah AM, Inarejos-Clemente EJ, Laufer M, Shreiber VM. Bacterial osteomyelitis in pediatric patients: a comprehensive review. Skeletal Radiol 2024:10.1007/s00256-024-04639-x. [PMID: 38504031 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-024-04639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial osteomyelitis, an inflammatory response in the bone caused by microorganisms, typically affects the metaphysis in the skeletally immature. Bacterial osteomyelitis possesses a significant diagnostic challenge in pediatric patients due to its nonspecific clinical presentation. Because the metaphysis is the primary focus of infection in skeletally immature patients, understanding the normal physiologic, maturation process of bones throughout childhood allows to understand the pathophysiology of osteomyelitis. Timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial to initiate appropriate treatment, and prevent long-term sequelae and efforts must be made to isolate the causative organism. The potential causative organism changes according to the age of the patient and underlying medical conditions. Staphylococcus Aureus is the most common isolated bacteria in pediatric pyogenic osteomyelitis whereas Kingella Kingae is the most common causative agent in children aged 6 months to 4 years. Imaging plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis, characterization, evaluation of complications, and follow up of bacterial osteomyelitis. Imaging also plays a pivotal role in the evaluation of potential neoplastic and non-neoplastic mimickers of osteomyelitis. In children, MRI is currently the gold standard imaging modality when suspecting bacterial osteomyelitis, whereas surgical intervention may be required in order to isolate the microorganism, treat complications, and exclude mimickers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Restrepo
- Radiology Department, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, 3100 SW 62nd Ave, Miami, FL, 33155, USA.
| | - Halley J Park
- Radiology Department, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, 3100 SW 62nd Ave, Miami, FL, 33155, USA
| | - S Pinar Karakas
- Radiology Department, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, 3100 SW 62nd Ave, Miami, FL, 33155, USA
| | - Luisa F Cervantes
- Radiology Department, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, 3100 SW 62nd Ave, Miami, FL, 33155, USA
| | | | - Anna Maria Zahrah
- Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Marcelo Laufer
- Infectious Disease Department, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, USA
| | - Verena M Shreiber
- Orthopedic, Sports Medicine, and Spine Institute, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, USA
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Shet NS, Iyer RS, Chan SS, Baldwin K, Chandra T, Chen J, Cooper ML, Creech CB, Gill AE, Levin TL, Moore MM, Nadel HR, Saidinejad M, Schooler GR, Squires JH, Swenson DW, Rigsby CK. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis-Child (Excluding Axial Skeleton). J Am Coll Radiol 2022; 19:S121-S136. [PMID: 35550797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2022.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Imaging plays an integral role in the evaluation of suspected musculoskeletal infections in children, not only in the accurate identification of infection such as osteomyelitis or septic arthritis, but also in guiding management. Various diagnostic modalities serve different purposes in the assessment of suspected pediatric musculoskeletal infections. The purpose of this document is to provide imaging guidance in the most frequently encountered clinical scenarios in which osteomyelitis and/or septic arthritis are suspected, outside of the axial skeleton. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra S Shet
- Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia.
| | - Ramesh S Iyer
- Panel Chair, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington; and Chair, SPCC (CoPLL)
| | - Sherwin S Chan
- Panel Vice-Chair, Vice Chair of Radiology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Keith Baldwin
- Associate Professor, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
| | - Tushar Chandra
- Magnetic Resonance Medical Director, Chief of Research, Chief of Medical Education, Co-director of 3D and Advanced Imaging Lab, Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jimmy Chen
- University of Florida College of Medicine Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida; American Academy of Pediatrics
| | - Matthew L Cooper
- Pediatric Radiology Division Chief, Radiology Medical Director, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - C Buddy Creech
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Infectious Diseases Society of America; and President, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society
| | - Anne E Gill
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Terry L Levin
- The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Chair ACR Pediatric Practice Parameters
| | - Michael M Moore
- Co-director, Division of Radiology Innovation and Value Enhancement (DRIVE), Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Helen R Nadel
- Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford, Stanford, California; Member Committee on Practice Parameters-Pediatric ACR; and Alternate to Senate Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Mohsen Saidinejad
- UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; American College of Emergency Physicians; and Director, Institute for Health Services and Outcomes Research-The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor UCLA
| | | | - Judy H Squires
- Chief of Ultrasound; Associate Program Director for Diagnostic Radiology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David W Swenson
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Cynthia K Rigsby
- Specialty Chair, Department of Medical Imaging, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Salman R, Mcgraw M, Naffaa L. Chronic Osteomyelitis of Long Bones: Imaging Pearls and Pitfalls in Pediatrics. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2022; 43:88-96. [PMID: 35164913 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic bacterial osteomyelitis is characterized by progressive inflammatory bone destruction and apposition of new bone most often caused by pyogenic bacteria. Clinical findings are nonspecific, and serum inflammatory markers can be normal. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential. Left untreated, chronic infection can lead to high morbidity and mortality. Imaging's major role is to suggest the correct diagnosis, exclude other diagnoses that can mimic osteomyelitis, document extent of disease, and guide interventions such as image-guided biopsy or surgical debridement. Several conditions can mimic chronic osteomyelitis clinically and radiographically. The main differential diagnoses include an oncologic process, chronic nonbacterial or chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, bone infarct in sickle cell disease, osteoid osteoma, and stress reaction/fracture. The oncologic process to consider includes metastatic neuroblastoma and Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a child younger than five years or leukemia, Ewing sarcoma, and osteosarcoma in the older age group. However, these lesions can typically be excluded based on radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Therefore, radiologist familiarity with imaging findings and mimickers is essential. In this article, we briefly review the epidemiologic, clinical, and histopathologic features of chronic bacterial osteomyelitis and emphasize imaging pearls and pitfalls, with discussion of the most common differential diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rida Salman
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Marty Mcgraw
- Radiology Department, Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, FL
| | - Lena Naffaa
- University of Central Florida, Radiology Department, Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, FL.
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Abstract
The Society of Skeletal Radiology (SSR) Practice Guidelines and Technical Standards Committee identified musculoskeletal infection as a White Paper topic, and selected a Committee, tasked with developing a consensus on nomenclature for MRI of musculoskeletal infection outside the spine. The objective of the White Paper was to critically assess the literature and propose standardized terminology for imaging findings of infection on MRI, in order to improve both communication with clinical colleagues and patient care.A definition was proposed for each term; debate followed, and the committee reached consensus. Potential controversies were raised, with formulated recommendations. The committee arrived at consensus definitions for cellulitis, soft tissue abscess, and necrotizing infection, while discouraging the nonspecific term phlegmon. For bone infection, the term osteitis is not useful; the panel recommends using terms that describe the likelihood of osteomyelitis in cases where definitive signal changes are lacking. The work was presented virtually to SSR members, who had the opportunity for review and modification prior to submission for publication.
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Management of Osteomyelitis in Sickle Cell Disease: Review Article. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGEONS GLOBAL RESEARCH AND REVIEWS 2020; 4:e20.00002-10. [PMID: 32890008 PMCID: PMC7470010 DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-20-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized by abnormal “sickle-shaped” erythrocytes. Because of their shape, these erythrocytes are more likely to become trapped in small slow-flowing vessels, leading to vaso-occlusion. Because this commonly happens in the bones, patients with SCD are at an increased risk for orthopaedic manifestations such as osteomyelitis, septic joint, or osteonecrosis. Osteomyelitis is a serious and potentially disabling condition but can be difficult to differentiate from benign conditions of SCD, such as vaso-occlusive crisis. Diagnosis of osteomyelitis requires careful evaluation of the clinical presentation, laboratory testing, and imaging. Treatment of osteomyelitis in patients with SCD may be medical or surgical, but considerations in antibiotic selection and management preoperatively and postoperatively must be taken to ensure optimal outcomes.
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Weisman JK, Nickel RS, Darbari DS, Hanisch BR, Diab YA. Characteristics and outcomes of osteomyelitis in children with sickle cell disease: A 10-year single-center experience. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28225. [PMID: 32065511 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at increased risk for osteomyelitis (OM). Diagnosis of OM in SCD is challenging as the clinical presentation is similar to a vasoocclusive crisis (VOC) with no diagnostic gold standard. We report characteristics and outcomes of OM in SCD patients treated at our center over 10-year period. DESIGN/METHOD We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with SCD who were treated for OM at our center over a 10-year period (2006-2016). Cases were identified utilizing radiology data mining software. Radiology reports and medical charts of potential OM cases were reviewed. RESULTS Twenty-eight children with SCD were treated for OM at our institution. Patients treated for OM were largely similar to patients treated for a VOC. However, patients treated for OM had significantly higher C-reactive protein (10 mg/dL vs 5.58 mg/dL, P = 0.03) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (60 mm/h vs 47 mm/h, P = 0.02). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were consistent with OM in 18 (64%) patients and indeterminate in the remaining. Based on clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings, the diagnosis of OM was considered confirmed in 3 patients, probable in 6 patients, and presumed in 19 patients. Nontyphoidal Salmonella was isolated from cultures in 9 (32%) patients, while no organism was identified in 19 (67%) patients. All patients were treated with antibiotics. Six patients (21%) required surgical interventions. CONCLUSIONS OM continues to pose diagnostic challenges. Most patients are treated for OM without definitive confirmation. Nontyphoidal Salmonella was the only organism identified in our cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Weisman
- Division of Hematology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Robert Sheppard Nickel
- Division of Hematology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC.,The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Deepika S Darbari
- Division of Hematology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Benjamin R Hanisch
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC.,Division of Infectious Disease, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Yaser A Diab
- Division of Hematology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC.,The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
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T2-blackout effect on DWI as a sign of early bone infarct and sequestration in a patient with sickle cell disease. Clin Imaging 2018; 54:15-20. [PMID: 30500454 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of bone infarct from osteomyelitis is one of the most challenging issues in the evaluation of acute bone pain in sickle cell patients. The imaging modalities that are currently being used for assessment of bone marrow in this population have several limitations. We present a case of an 18-year-old male with a history of sickle cell disease, who was transferred to our emergency department with progressively severe headache and jaw pain for one-week. Initial evaluation was concerning for osteomyelitis and epidural abscess formation. Due to the lack of response to the current antibiotic treatment, he was transferred to our institution. On further review of the images, atypical DWI findings that were identified in the early phase of presentation helped to differentiate bone infarct from osteomyelitis. Radiologists should be aware of this phenomenon, as it can help in the differentiation between these two pathologies and can affect the patient's management overall.
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A Review of Adverse Events Related to Prostatic Artery Embolization for Treatment of Bladder Outlet Obstruction Due to BPH. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2017; 40:1490-1500. [DOI: 10.1007/s00270-017-1765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Jaramillo D, Dormans JP, Delgado J, Laor T, St Geme JW. Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Infants and Children: Imaging of a Changing Disease. Radiology 2017; 283:629-643. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2017151929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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