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Raya JG, Duarte A, Wang N, Mazzoli V, Jaramillo D, Blamire AM, Dietrich O. Applications of Diffusion-Weighted MRI to the Musculoskeletal System. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024; 59:376-396. [PMID: 37477576 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is an established MRI technique that can investigate tissue microstructure at the scale of a few micrometers. Musculoskeletal tissues typically have a highly ordered structure to fulfill their functions and therefore represent an optimal application of DWI. Even more since disruption of tissue organization affects its biomechanical properties and may indicate irreversible damage. The application of DWI to the musculoskeletal system faces application-specific challenges on data acquisition including susceptibility effects, the low T2 relaxation time of most musculoskeletal tissues (2-70 msec) and the need for sub-millimetric resolution. Thus, musculoskeletal applications have been an area of development of new DWI methods. In this review, we provide an overview of the technical aspects of DWI acquisition including diffusion-weighting, MRI pulse sequences and different diffusion regimes to study tissue microstructure. For each tissue type (growth plate, articular cartilage, muscle, bone marrow, intervertebral discs, ligaments, tendons, menisci, and synovium), the rationale for the use of DWI and clinical studies in support of its use as a biomarker are presented. The review describes studies showing that DTI of the growth plate has predictive value for child growth and that DTI of articular cartilage has potential to predict the radiographic progression of joint damage in early stages of osteoarthritis. DTI has been used extensively in skeletal muscle where it has shown potential to detect microstructural and functional changes in a wide range of muscle pathologies. DWI of bone marrow showed to be a valuable tool for the diagnosis of benign and malignant acute vertebral fractures and bone metastases. DTI and diffusion kurtosis have been investigated as markers of early intervertebral disc degeneration and lower back pain. Finally, promising new applications of DTI to anterior cruciate ligament grafts and synovium are presented. The review ends with an overview of the use of DWI in clinical routine. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Raya
- Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alejandra Duarte
- Division of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Valentina Mazzoli
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Diego Jaramillo
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew M Blamire
- Magnetic Resonance Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Olaf Dietrich
- Department of Radiology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Mostert JM, Dur NB, Li X, Ellermann JM, Hemke R, Hales L, Mazzoli V, Kogan F, Griffith JF, Oei EH, van der Heijden RA. Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of the Painful Knee. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2023; 27:618-631. [PMID: 37935208 PMCID: PMC10629992 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1775741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic knee pain is a common condition. Causes of knee pain include trauma, inflammation, and degeneration, but in many patients the pathophysiology remains unknown. Recent developments in advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques and molecular imaging facilitate more in-depth research focused on the pathophysiology of chronic musculoskeletal pain and more specifically inflammation. The forthcoming new insights can help develop better targeted treatment, and some imaging techniques may even serve as imaging biomarkers for predicting and assessing treatment response in the future. This review highlights the latest developments in perfusion MRI, diffusion MRI, and molecular imaging with positron emission tomography/MRI and their application in the painful knee. The primary focus is synovial inflammation, also known as synovitis. Bone perfusion and bone metabolism are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. Mostert
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels B.J. Dur
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiufeng Li
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jutta M. Ellermann
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Robert Hemke
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurel Hales
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Feliks Kogan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - James F. Griffith
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Edwin H.G. Oei
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne A. van der Heijden
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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3
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Huch B, Stumpf K, Bracher AK, Rasche V, Vogele D, Schütz C, Janda A, Beer M, Neubauer H. Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) MRI in pediatric patients with synovitis of the knee joint: a prospective pilot study. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2022; 20:99. [PMID: 36384772 PMCID: PMC9670529 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-022-00756-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosing synovial inflammation by administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents is limited by invasiveness and possible side effects, especially in children and adolescents. PURPOSE We investigated diagnostic accuracy of diffusion-weighted (DWI) MRI with intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) imaging compared to contrast-enhanced MRI for detecting synovitis of the knee in a population of pediatrics and young adults. In addition we compared quantitative measures of synovial diffusion and perfusion to a group of healthy volunteers. METHODS In this prospective study, 8 pediatric patients with 10 symptomatic knees (6 girls and 2 boys, mean age 13 years) with known or suspected synovitis underwent pre- and post-contrast 3.0 T MRI of the knee joint and additional DWI sequences between October 2016 and July 2019. For comparison we enrolled 5 healthy young adults (2 women and 3 men, median age 27 years) with contrast-free MRI of both knees. Post-contrast T1w images and DWI images at b = 1000s/mm2 with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps of patients were separately rated by two independent and blinded readers with different levels of experience for the presence or absence and degree of synovitis along with the level of confidence. We measured signal intensity on DWI of synovium, joint effusion and muscle with regions of interests and calculated the IVIM-parameters tissue diffusion coefficient (D) and perfusion fraction (f) for patients and volunteers. RESULTS All patients showed at least some synovial contrast enhancement, 8 (80%) children knees were diagnosed with synovitis on contrast-enhanced (= ce)-T1w, the diagnostic standard. Ratings by the first and second reader on ce-T1w and DWI showed full agreement (kappa = 1) in diagnosing synovitis and substantial agreement (k = 0,655) for the degree of synovial enhancement. Interobserver agreement on DWI showed fair agreement (k = 0,220) between both readers. Diagnostic confidence was lower on DWI. Mean D- and f-values of muscle was comparable between patients and volunteers. Effusion mean D was higher, mean f was lower, synovial mean D was lower, mean f higher in patients than in volunteers. All differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Diffusion-weighted MRI with IVIM imaging remains a promising, though reader-dependent alternative to i.v. contrast-enhanced imaging in pediatric patients to reliably diagnose, or rule out, synovitis of the knee joint. We detected significantly restricted synovial diffusion and increased perfusion in patients compared to healthy volunteers. TRIAL REGISTRATION Ethical Comitee University Hospital Ulm, Nr. 320/16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Huch
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Kilian Stumpf
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Internal Medicine II, Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna-Katinka Bracher
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Volker Rasche
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Internal Medicine II, Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Vogele
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Catharina Schütz
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aleš Janda
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Eythstrasse 24, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Meinrad Beer
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Henning Neubauer
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany ,SRH Clinic of Radiology, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 2, 98527 Suhl, Germany
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Sudoł-Szopińska I, Herregods N, Doria AS, Taljanovic MS, Gietka P, Tzaribachev N, Klauser AS. Advances in Musculoskeletal Imaging in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102417. [PMID: 36289680 PMCID: PMC9598961 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, imaging of inflammatory arthritis in juvenile arthropathies has significantly advanced due to technological improvements in the imaging modalities and elaboration of imaging recommendations and protocols through systematic international collaboration. This review presents the latest developments in ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the peripheral and axial joints in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. In the field of US, the ultra-wideband and ultra-high-frequency transducers provide outstanding spatial resolution. The more sensitive Doppler options further improve the assessment and quantification of the vascularization of inflamed tissues, and shear wave elastography enables the diagnosis of tissue stiffness. Concerning MRI, substantial progress has been achieved due to technological improvements in combination with the development of semiquantitative scoring systems for the assessment of inflammation and the introduction of new definitions addressing the pediatric population. New solutions, such as superb microflow imaging, shear wave elastography, volume-interpolated breath-hold examination, and MRI-based synthetic computed tomography open new diagnostic possibilities and, at the same time, pose new challenges in terms of clinical applications and the interpretation of findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Sudoł-Szopińska
- Department of Radiology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Nele Herregods
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrea S. Doria
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Mihra S. Taljanovic
- Department of Medical Imaging and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Piotr Gietka
- Clinic of Paediatric Rheumatology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nikolay Tzaribachev
- Pediatric Rheumatology Research Institute, Achtern Dieck 7, 24576 Bad Bramstedt, Germany
| | - Andrea Sabine Klauser
- Rheumatology and Sports Imaging, Department of Radiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Englund EK, Reiter DA, Shahidi B, Sigmund EE. Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Skeletal Muscle: Review and Future Directions. J Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 55:988-1012. [PMID: 34390617 PMCID: PMC8841570 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the body, muscle structure and function can be interrogated using a variety of noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods. Recently, intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) MRI has gained momentum as a method to evaluate components of blood flow and tissue diffusion simultaneously. Much of the prior research has focused on highly vascularized organs, including the brain, kidney, and liver. Unique aspects of skeletal muscle, including the relatively low perfusion at rest and large dynamic range of perfusion between resting and maximal hyperemic states, may influence the acquisition, postprocessing, and interpretation of IVIM data. Here, we introduce several of those unique features of skeletal muscle; review existing studies of IVIM in skeletal muscle at rest, in response to exercise, and in disease states; and consider possible confounds that should be addressed for muscle-specific evaluations. Most studies used segmented nonlinear least squares fitting with a b-value threshold of 200 sec/mm2 to obtain IVIM parameters of perfusion fraction (f), pseudo-diffusion coefficient (D*), and diffusion coefficient (D). In healthy individuals, across all muscles, the average ± standard deviation of D was 1.46 ± 0.30 × 10-3 mm2 /sec, D* was 29.7 ± 38.1 × 10-3 mm2 /sec, and f was 11.1 ± 6.7%. Comparisons of reported IVIM parameters in muscles of the back, thigh, and leg of healthy individuals showed no significant difference between anatomic locations. Throughout the body, exercise elicited a positive change of all IVIM parameters. Future directions including advanced postprocessing models and potential sequence modifications are discussed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. Englund
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | | | | | - Eric E. Sigmund
- Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health
- Center for Advanced Imaging and Innovation (CAIR), Bernard and Irene Schwarz Center for Biomedical Imaging (CBI), NYU Langone Health
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6
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Chaturvedi A. Pediatric skeletal diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, part 2: current and emerging applications. Pediatr Radiol 2021; 51:1575-1588. [PMID: 34018037 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-021-05028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) complements the more established T1, fluid-sensitive and gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance pulse sequences used to assess several pediatric skeletal pathologies. There is optimism that the technique might not just be complementary but could serve as an alternative to gadolinium and radiopharmaceuticals for several indications. As a non-contrast, free-breathing and noninvasive technique, DWI is especially valuable in children and is readily incorporated into existing MRI protocols. The indications for skeletal DWI in children include distinguishing between benign and malignant skeletal processes, initial assessment and treatment response assessment for osseous sarcomas, and assessment of inflammatory arthropathies and femoral head ischemia, among others. A notable challenge of diffusion MRI is the dynamic nature of the growing pediatric skeleton. It is important to consider the child's age when placing DWI findings in context with potential marrow pathology. This review article summarizes the current and evolving applications of DWI for assessing the pediatric skeleton, rounding off the discussion with evolving directions for further research in this realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apeksha Chaturvedi
- Division of Pediatric Radiology, Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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7
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Evaluation of Synovitis of Hand in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Using Diffusion Kurtosis Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Initial Findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2021; 45:557-563. [PMID: 34176880 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000001176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of diffusion kurtosis magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the noninvasive identification of synovitis in hand arthritis. METHODS A total of 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 10 patients suspected of RA were enrolled in the prospective study. A 3.0-T MR imaging including the diffusion kurtosis MR imaging sequence (b = 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 s·mm2) was performed. A total of 210 regions of interest were confirmed and diffusion kurtosis MR imaging parameters were generated. The suspected synovitis or effusion was scored on a scale of 0 (effusion) to 3 (mild, moderate, severe synovitis), according to RA-MR imaging scoring system. The performance of diffusion kurtosis MR imaging parameters (the apparent diffusion coefficient [ADC], diffusion coefficient [D], and kurtosis [K]) in distinguishing different synovitis scores was evaluated. RESULTS There were significant differences in ADC, D, and K values among different synovitis scores (all P < 0.001). Synovitis scores were negatively correlated with the ADC and D values significantly (r = -0.725, -0.757, respectively, all P < 0.001), but positively correlated with the K values significantly (r = 0.429, P < 0.001). The area under the curve values of D, ADC, and K values were 0.884, 0.874, and 0.728 for differentiating score 1-3 from score 0, respectively. Diffusion coefficient and ADC had similar diagnostic performance, and both were higher than K in detecting synovitis. No significant difference was found between the ADC and D values in detecting synovitis. CONCLUSIONS The diffusion kurtosis MR imaging may be feasible as a noninvasive method for the diagnosis and grading of synovitis in the hands of RA patients, and the D and ADC values showed similar diagnostic performance, both of which were higher than K values.
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8
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Hemke R, Herregods N, Jaremko JL, Åström G, Avenarius D, Becce F, Bielecki DK, Boesen M, Dalili D, Giraudo C, Hermann KG, Humphries P, Isaac A, Jurik AG, Klauser AS, Kvist O, Laloo F, Maas M, Mester A, Oei E, Offiah AC, Omoumi P, Papakonstantinou O, Plagou A, Shelmerdine S, Simoni P, Sudoł-Szopińska I, Tanturri de Horatio L, Teh J, Jans L, Rosendahl K. Imaging assessment of children presenting with suspected or known juvenile idiopathic arthritis: ESSR-ESPR points to consider. Eur Radiol 2020; 30:5237-5249. [PMID: 32399709 PMCID: PMC7476913 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-020-06807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common paediatric rheumatic disease. It represents a group of heterogenous inflammatory disorders with unknown origin and is a diagnosis of exclusion in which imaging plays an important role. JIA is defined as arthritis of one or more joints that begins before the age of 16 years, persists for more than 6 weeks and is of unknown aetiology and pathophysiology. The clinical goal is early suppression of inflammation to prevent irreversible joint damage which has shifted the emphasis from detecting established joint damage to proactively detecting inflammatory change. This drives the need for imaging techniques that are more sensitive than conventional radiography in the evaluation of inflammatory processes as well as early osteochondral change. Physical examination has limited reliability, even if performed by an experienced clinician, emphasising the importance of imaging to aid in clinical decision-making. On behalf of the European Society of Musculoskeletal Radiology (ESSR) arthritis subcommittee and the European Society of Paediatric Radiology (ESPR) musculoskeletal imaging taskforce, based on literature review and/or expert opinion, we discuss paediatric-specific imaging characteristics of the most commonly involved, in literature best documented and clinically important joints in JIA, namely the temporomandibular joints (TMJs), spine, sacroiliac (SI) joints, wrists, hips and knees, followed by a clinically applicable point to consider for each joint. We will also touch upon controversies in the current literature that remain to be resolved with ongoing research. KEY POINTS: • Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic paediatric rheumatic disease and, in JIA imaging, is increasingly important to aid in clinical decision-making. • Conventional radiographs have a lower sensitivity and specificity for detection of disease activity and early destructive change, as compared to MRI or ultrasound. Nonetheless, radiography remains important, particularly in narrowing the differential diagnosis and evaluating growth disturbances. • Mainly in peripheral joints, ultrasound can be helpful for assessment of inflammation and guiding joint injections. In JIA, MRI is the most validated technique. MRI should be considered as the modality of choice to assess the axial skeleton or where the clinical presentation overlaps with JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hemke
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nele Herregods
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacob L Jaremko
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Gunnar Åström
- Department of Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Derk Avenarius
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Fabio Becce
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dennis K Bielecki
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mikael Boesen
- Department of Radiology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Danoob Dalili
- Department of Radiology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Chiara Giraudo
- Radiology Institute, Department of Medicine - DIMED, Padova University, Padua, Italy
| | - Kay-Geert Hermann
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Humphries
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Amanda Isaac
- Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Anne Grethe Jurik
- Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andrea S Klauser
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ola Kvist
- Department of Paediatric Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frederiek Laloo
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mario Maas
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Mester
- Department of Radiology, National Institute of Rheumatology and Physiotherapy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edwin Oei
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center (Erasmus MC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amaka C Offiah
- Academic Unit of Child Health, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Patrick Omoumi
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Simoni
- Department of Radiology, Reine Fabiola Children's University Hospital of Bruxelles, University of Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Iwona Sudoł-Szopińska
- Department of Radiology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation and Department of Medical Imaging, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - James Teh
- Department of Radiology, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Lennart Jans
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karen Rosendahl
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Giraudo C, Kainberger F, Boesen M, Trattnig S. Quantitative Imaging in Inflammatory Arthritis: Between Tradition and Innovation. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2020; 24:337-354. [PMID: 32992363 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Radiologic imaging is crucial for diagnosing and monitoring rheumatic inflammatory diseases. Particularly the emerging approach of precision medicine has increased the interest in quantitative imaging. Extensive research has shown that ultrasound allows a quantification of direct signs such as bone erosions and synovial thickness. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (CT) contribute to the quantitative assessment of secondary signs such as osteoporosis or lean mass loss. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), using different techniques and sequences, permits in-depth evaluations. For instance, the perfusion of the inflamed synovium can be quantified by dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging or diffusion-weighted imaging, and cartilage injury can be assessed by mapping (T1ρ, T2). Furthermore, the increased metabolic activity characterizing the inflammatory response can be reliably assessed by hybrid imaging (positron emission tomography [PET]/CT, PET/MRI). Finally, advances in intelligent systems are pushing forward quantitative imaging. Complex mathematical algorithms of lesions' segmentation and advanced pattern recognition are showing promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giraudo
- Department of Medicine, DIMED, Radiology Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Franz Kainberger
- Division of Neuro- and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mikael Boesen
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, High-Field MR Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Diagnostic value of diffusion-weighted MRI for imaging synovitis in pediatric patients with inflammatory conditions of the knee joint. World J Pediatr 2020; 16:60-67. [PMID: 30729445 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-019-00232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of synovitis has been suggested as a possible non-invasive alternative to contrast-enhanced T1w imaging (ce-T1w). We aimed to study DWI for diagnosing synovitis in the knee joint of pediatric patients, to quantify inter-observer agreement on DWI and ce-T1w and to calculate quantitative measures of synovial diffusivity and conspicuity. METHODS Forty consecutive patients with known or suspected arthritis of the knee (25 girls, median age 12 years) underwent routine 1.5T MRI with ce-T1w and transverse DWI with b values 50 and 800 s/mm2. Mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and signal intensity of inflamed synovium, joint effusion and muscle were measured with regions of interest retrospectively. Post-contrast T1w images (diagnostic standard) and diffusion-weighted images at b = 800 s/mm2 with ADC map were separately rated by three independent and blinded readers with different levels of expertise for the presence and degree of synovitis along with the level of diagnostic confidence. RESULTS Thirty-one (78%) patients showed at least some synovial contrast enhancement, 17 (43%) children were diagnosed with synovitis on ce-T1w. Ratings by the 1st reader on ce-T1w and on DWI for synovitis showed very good agreement (kappa = 0.90). Inter-observer agreement on DWI ranged from moderate to substantial with kappa values between 0.68 and 0.79 (all P < 0.001). Agreement and diagnostic confidence were generally lower in patients with mild and without synovial enhancement, compared to patients with synovitis. DWI yielded higher signal of inflamed synovium vs. muscle tissue, but lower signal vs. joint effusion, compared to ce-T1w (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Diffusion-weighted imaging is a promising, though reader-dependent alternative to contrast-enhanced imaging in patients with arthritis of the knee, based on our preliminary findings. It holds potential for increasing patient safety and comfort.
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Emerging quantitative MR imaging biomarkers in inflammatory arthritides. Eur J Radiol 2019; 121:108707. [PMID: 31707169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2019.108707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) methods for imaging inflammation in connective tissues and the skeleton in inflammatory arthritis. This review is designed for a broad audience including radiologists, imaging technologists, rheumatologists and other healthcare professionals. METHODS We discuss the use of qMRI for imaging skeletal inflammation from both technical and clinical perspectives. We consider how qMRI can be targeted to specific aspects of the pathological process in synovium, cartilage, bone, tendons and entheses. Evidence for the various techniques from studies of both adults and children with inflammatory arthritis is reviewed and critically appraised. RESULTS qMRI has the potential to objectively identify, characterize and quantify inflammation of the connective tissues and skeleton in both adult and pediatric patients. Measurements of tissue properties derived using qMRI methods can serve as imaging biomarkers, which are potentially more reproducible and informative than conventional MRI methods. Several qMRI methods are nearing transition into clinical practice and may inform diagnosis and treatment decisions, with the potential to improve patient outcomes. CONCLUSIONS qMRI enables specific assessment of inflammation in synovium, cartilage, bone, tendons and entheses, and can facilitate a more consistent, personalized approach to diagnosis, characterisation and monitoring of disease.
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Fujimori M, Murakami K, Sugimori H, Lu Y, Sutherland K, Oki N, Aoki T, Kamishima T. Intravoxel incoherent motion MRI for discrimination of synovial proliferation in the hand arthritis: A prospective proof‐of‐concept study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 50:1199-1206. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Motoshi Fujimori
- Graduate School of Health SciencesHokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | | | | | - Yutong Lu
- Faculty of Health SciencesHokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Kenneth Sutherland
- Global Station for Medical Science and Engineering, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI‐CoRE)Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Nozomi Oki
- Department of Radiological SciencesNagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki Japan
| | - Takatoshi Aoki
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine Kitakyushu Japan
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Abstract
In juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), imaging is increasingly used in clinical practice. In this paper we discuss imaging of the knee, the clinically most commonly affected joint in JIA. In the last decade, a number of important steps have been made in the development of imaging outcome measures in children with JIA knee involvement. Ultrasound is undergoing a fast validation process, which should be accomplished within the next few years. The validation processes of MRI as an imaging biomarker for clinical trials in the JIA knee are at an advanced stage, with important data available on the feasibility, reliability and validity of the Juvenile Arthritis MRI Scoring system. Moreover, both US and MRI data are emerging on the normal appearance of the growing knee joint.
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Sauer A, Li M, Holl-Wieden A, Pabst T, Neubauer H. Readout-segmented multi-shot diffusion-weighted MRI of the knee joint in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2017; 15:73. [PMID: 29025422 PMCID: PMC5639756 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-017-0203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffusion-weighted MRI has been proposed as a new technique for imaging synovitis without intravenous contrast application. We investigated diagnostic utility of multi-shot readout-segmented diffusion-weighted MRI (multi-shot DWI) for synovial imaging of the knee joint in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). METHODS Thirty-two consecutive patients with confirmed or suspected JIA (21 girls, median age 13 years) underwent routine 1.5 T MRI with contrast-enhanced T1w imaging (contrast-enhanced MRI) and with multi-shot DWI (RESOLVE, b-values 0-50 and 800 s/mm2). Contrast-enhanced MRI, representing the diagnostic standard, and diffusion-weighted images at b = 800 s/mm2 were separately rated by three independent blinded readers at different levels of expertise for the presence and the degree of synovitis on a modified 5-item Likert scale along with the level of subjective diagnostic confidence. RESULTS Fourteen (44%) patients had active synovitis and joint effusion, nine (28%) patients showed mild synovial enhancement not qualifying for arthritis and another nine (28%) patients had no synovial signal alterations on contrast-enhanced imaging. Ratings by the 1st reader on contrast-enhanced MRI and on DWI showed substantial agreement (κ = 0.74). Inter-observer-agreement was high for diagnosing, or ruling out, active arthritis of the knee joint on contrast-enhanced MRI and on DWI, showing full agreement between 1st and 2nd reader and disagreement in one case (3%) between 1st and 3rd reader. In contrast, ratings in cases of absent vs. little synovial inflammation were markedly inconsistent on DWI. Diagnostic confidence was lower on DWI, compared to contrast-enhanced imaging. CONCLUSION Multi-shot DWI of the knee joint is feasible in routine imaging and reliably diagnoses, or rules out, active arthritis of the knee joint in paediatric patients without the need of gadolinium-based i.v. contrast injection. Possibly due to "T2w shine-through" artifacts, DWI does not reliably differentiate non-inflamed joints from knee joints with mild synovial irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sauer
- 0000 0001 1378 7891grid.411760.5Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mengxia Li
- 0000 0001 1378 7891grid.411760.5Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Annette Holl-Wieden
- 0000 0001 1378 7891grid.411760.5Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pabst
- 0000 0001 1378 7891grid.411760.5Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Henning Neubauer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany. .,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm, 89081, Germany. .,SRH Clinic of Radiology, 98527, Suhl, Germany.
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Hemke R, van den Berg JM, Nusman CM, van Gulik EC, Barendregt AM, Schonenberg-Meinema D, Dolman KM, Kuijpers TW, Maas M. Contrast-enhanced MRI findings of the knee in healthy children; establishing normal values. Eur Radiol 2017; 28:1167-1174. [PMID: 28986634 PMCID: PMC5811591 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-5067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To define normative standards for the knee in healthy children using contrast-enhanced MRI, focusing on normal synovial membrane thickness. Secondly, presence of joint fluid and bone marrow oedema was evaluated. METHODS For this study, children without disorders potentially resulting in (accompanying) arthritis were included. Patients underwent clinical assessments, followed by contrast-enhanced MRI. MRI features were evaluated in consensus using the Juvenile Arthritis MRI Scoring (JAMRIS) system. Additionally, the presence of joint fluid was evaluated. No cartilage lesions or bone abnormalities were observed. RESULTS We included 57 healthy children. The overall mean thickness of the normal synovial membrane was 0.4 mm (min-max; 0.0-1.8mm). The synovium was thickest around the cruciate ligaments and retropatellar and suprapatellar regions. The mean overall diameter of the largest pocket of joint fluid was 2.8 mm (min-max; 0.9-8.0mm). Bone marrow changes were observed in three children (all in the apex patellae). CONCLUSIONS The normal synovial membrane was maximally 1.8 mm thick, indicating that the JAMRIS cut-off value of 2 mm can be considered a valid measure for evaluating synovial hypertrophy. Some joint fluid and bone marrow changes suggestive of bone marrow oedema in the apex patellae can be seen in healthy children. KEY POINTS • Knowledge on the normal synovial appearance using contrast-enhanced MR is lacking. • In healthy children, normal synovial membrane is maximally 1.8 mm thick. • Normal synovium is thickest around the cruciate ligaments, retropatellar and suprapatellar. • Bone marrow oedema in the apex patellae is seen in healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hemke
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J Merlijn van den Berg
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte M Nusman
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (OLVG), Jan Tooropstraat 164, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Charlotte van Gulik
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk M Barendregt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dieneke Schonenberg-Meinema
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koert M Dolman
- Department of Pediatrics, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (OLVG), Jan Tooropstraat 164, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Reade, Dr. Jan van Breemenstraat 2, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Maas
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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