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Uto S, Hikita A, Mori D, Sakamoto T, Yano F, Ohba S, Saito T, Takato T, Hoshi K. Subcutaneously Transplanted Fresh Cartilage in Allogeneic and Xenogeneic Immunocompetent Mouse. Tissue Eng Part A 2023; 29:541-556. [PMID: 37548556 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2023.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage is considered to be immune privileged in general. Clinically, live cells are removed from subcutaneously transplanted allogeneic cartilage mainly for preservation and for infection control. However, because maintaining cartilage feature requires live chondrocyte, it would be beneficial to subcutaneously transplant cartilage with live chondrocyte even if it was allogeneic. We harvested femoral head from 3-week-old male C57BL/6 mice, subcutaneously transplanted to 6-week-old male mice, BALB/c, BALB/c nu/nu, or C57BL/6-Tg (enhanced green fluorescent protein [EGFP] under the control of the CMV-IE enhancer, chicken beta-actin promoter, rabbit beta-globin genomic DNA [CAG promoter]), as allogeneic, allogeneic immunodeficient control, or syngeneic transplantation. We also transplanted cartilaginous particles from human induced pluripotent stem cells derived from human leukocyte antigen homozygous donor to 6-week-old male mice either BALB/c and BALB/c nu/nu as xenogeneic or xenogeneic immunodeficient control. The transplantation periods were 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks. As the result, we did not observe exposure of the transplant or apparent macroscopic inflammatory in all samples. Histological analysis suggested that the femoral head showed focal ossification and thinning in syngeneic transplantation. In allogeneic transplantation, slight invasion of CD3 (+) T cell and the denaturation of the cartilage were observed, suggesting immune reaction against allogeneic cartilage. In xenogeneic transplantation, slight invasion of CD3 (+) cell and CD4 (+) cell and the structure of the perichondrium-like tissue got unclear, suggesting slight immune reaction against xenogeneic cartilage. Our findings suggest that we should carefully investigate for appropriate procedure to control immune reaction against allogeneic cartilage with live chondrocyte and to maintain its cartilage feature for long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Uto
- Department of Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Tissue Engineering, Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Dentistry and Orthodontics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hikita
- Division of Tissue Engineering, Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Dentistry and Orthodontics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mori
- Department of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Sakamoto
- Division of Tissue Engineering, Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Dentistry and Orthodontics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiko Yano
- Department of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Division of Clinical Biotechnology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Department of Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takato
- Department of Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- JR Tokyo General Hospital, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Hoshi
- Department of Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Tissue Engineering, Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Dentistry and Orthodontics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Augusto ACDL, Goes PCK, Flores DV, Costa MAF, Takahashi MS, Rodrigues ACO, Padula LC, Gasparetto TD, Nogueira-Barbosa MH, Aihara AY. Imaging Review of Normal and Abnormal Skeletal Maturation. Radiographics 2022; 42:861-879. [PMID: 35213260 DOI: 10.1148/rg.210088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The growing skeleton undergoes well-described and predictable normal developmental changes, which may be misinterpreted a as pathologic condition at imaging. Primary and secondary ossification centers (SOCs), which form the diaphysis and the epiphysis of long bones, respectively, are formed by endochondral and intramembranous ossification processes. During skeletal maturation, the SOCs may appear irregular and fragmented, which should not be confused with fractures, osteochondritis dissecans, and osteochondrosis. These normal irregularities are generally symmetric with a smooth, round, and sclerotic appearance, which are aspects that help in the differentiation. The metaphysis, epiphysis, and growth plates or physes are common sites of injuries and normal variants in the pediatric skeleton. The metaphysis contains the newly formed bone from endochondral ossification and is highly vascularized. It is predisposed to easy spread of infections and bone tumors. The physis is the weakest structure of the immature skeleton. Injuries to this location may disrupt endochondral ossification and lead to growth disturbances. Pathologic conditions of the epiphyses may extend into the articular surface and lead to articular damage. At MRI, small and localized foci of bone marrow changes within the epiphysis and metaphysis are also a common finding. These can be related to residual red marrow (especially in the metaphysis of long bones and hindfoot), focal periphyseal edema (associated with the process of physeal closure), and ultimately to a normal ossification process. The authors review the imaging appearance of normal skeletal maturation and discuss common maturation disorders on the basis of developmental stage and location. ©RSNA, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina de Lima Augusto
- From the Divisions of Musculoskeletal Radiology (A.C.d.L.A., P.C.K.G., M.A.F.C., A.C.O.R., L.C.P., A.Y.A.) and Pediatric Radiology (M.S.T., T.D.G.), Laboratório Delboni Auriemo, DASA, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil (A.C.d.L.A., A.Y.A.); Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (D.V.F.); Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Clinical Oncology Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP Ribeirão Preto, Brazil (M.H.N.B.); and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Missouri Health Care, Columbia, Mo (M.H.N.B.)
| | - Paola Cecy Kuenzer Goes
- From the Divisions of Musculoskeletal Radiology (A.C.d.L.A., P.C.K.G., M.A.F.C., A.C.O.R., L.C.P., A.Y.A.) and Pediatric Radiology (M.S.T., T.D.G.), Laboratório Delboni Auriemo, DASA, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil (A.C.d.L.A., A.Y.A.); Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (D.V.F.); Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Clinical Oncology Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP Ribeirão Preto, Brazil (M.H.N.B.); and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Missouri Health Care, Columbia, Mo (M.H.N.B.)
| | - Dyan V Flores
- From the Divisions of Musculoskeletal Radiology (A.C.d.L.A., P.C.K.G., M.A.F.C., A.C.O.R., L.C.P., A.Y.A.) and Pediatric Radiology (M.S.T., T.D.G.), Laboratório Delboni Auriemo, DASA, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil (A.C.d.L.A., A.Y.A.); Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (D.V.F.); Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Clinical Oncology Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP Ribeirão Preto, Brazil (M.H.N.B.); and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Missouri Health Care, Columbia, Mo (M.H.N.B.)
| | - Maria Alice F Costa
- From the Divisions of Musculoskeletal Radiology (A.C.d.L.A., P.C.K.G., M.A.F.C., A.C.O.R., L.C.P., A.Y.A.) and Pediatric Radiology (M.S.T., T.D.G.), Laboratório Delboni Auriemo, DASA, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil (A.C.d.L.A., A.Y.A.); Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (D.V.F.); Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Clinical Oncology Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP Ribeirão Preto, Brazil (M.H.N.B.); and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Missouri Health Care, Columbia, Mo (M.H.N.B.)
| | - Marcelo Straus Takahashi
- From the Divisions of Musculoskeletal Radiology (A.C.d.L.A., P.C.K.G., M.A.F.C., A.C.O.R., L.C.P., A.Y.A.) and Pediatric Radiology (M.S.T., T.D.G.), Laboratório Delboni Auriemo, DASA, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil (A.C.d.L.A., A.Y.A.); Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (D.V.F.); Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Clinical Oncology Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP Ribeirão Preto, Brazil (M.H.N.B.); and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Missouri Health Care, Columbia, Mo (M.H.N.B.)
| | - André C O Rodrigues
- From the Divisions of Musculoskeletal Radiology (A.C.d.L.A., P.C.K.G., M.A.F.C., A.C.O.R., L.C.P., A.Y.A.) and Pediatric Radiology (M.S.T., T.D.G.), Laboratório Delboni Auriemo, DASA, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil (A.C.d.L.A., A.Y.A.); Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (D.V.F.); Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Clinical Oncology Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP Ribeirão Preto, Brazil (M.H.N.B.); and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Missouri Health Care, Columbia, Mo (M.H.N.B.)
| | - Luiz C Padula
- From the Divisions of Musculoskeletal Radiology (A.C.d.L.A., P.C.K.G., M.A.F.C., A.C.O.R., L.C.P., A.Y.A.) and Pediatric Radiology (M.S.T., T.D.G.), Laboratório Delboni Auriemo, DASA, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil (A.C.d.L.A., A.Y.A.); Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (D.V.F.); Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Clinical Oncology Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP Ribeirão Preto, Brazil (M.H.N.B.); and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Missouri Health Care, Columbia, Mo (M.H.N.B.)
| | - Taisa Davaus Gasparetto
- From the Divisions of Musculoskeletal Radiology (A.C.d.L.A., P.C.K.G., M.A.F.C., A.C.O.R., L.C.P., A.Y.A.) and Pediatric Radiology (M.S.T., T.D.G.), Laboratório Delboni Auriemo, DASA, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil (A.C.d.L.A., A.Y.A.); Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (D.V.F.); Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Clinical Oncology Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP Ribeirão Preto, Brazil (M.H.N.B.); and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Missouri Health Care, Columbia, Mo (M.H.N.B.)
| | - Marcello H Nogueira-Barbosa
- From the Divisions of Musculoskeletal Radiology (A.C.d.L.A., P.C.K.G., M.A.F.C., A.C.O.R., L.C.P., A.Y.A.) and Pediatric Radiology (M.S.T., T.D.G.), Laboratório Delboni Auriemo, DASA, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil (A.C.d.L.A., A.Y.A.); Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (D.V.F.); Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Clinical Oncology Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP Ribeirão Preto, Brazil (M.H.N.B.); and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Missouri Health Care, Columbia, Mo (M.H.N.B.)
| | - André Yui Aihara
- From the Divisions of Musculoskeletal Radiology (A.C.d.L.A., P.C.K.G., M.A.F.C., A.C.O.R., L.C.P., A.Y.A.) and Pediatric Radiology (M.S.T., T.D.G.), Laboratório Delboni Auriemo, DASA, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil (A.C.d.L.A., A.Y.A.); Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (D.V.F.); Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Clinical Oncology Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP Ribeirão Preto, Brazil (M.H.N.B.); and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Missouri Health Care, Columbia, Mo (M.H.N.B.)
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Walter WR, Goldman LH, Rosenberg ZS. Pitfalls in MRI of the Developing Pediatric Ankle. Radiographics 2020; 41:210-223. [PMID: 33216674 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2021200088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Normal skeletal development in the pediatric ankle is dynamic and often produces variable imaging appearances that are subject to misinterpretation. Radiologists must understand the underlying developmental phenomena, such as endochondral and membranous ossification and physeal fusion, and be familiar with their common and uncommon imaging manifestations unique to the pediatric ankle. This is especially true as the use of MRI in the evaluation of musculoskeletal trauma expands among younger populations. The authors focus on MRI evaluation of the skeletally maturing pediatric ankle and present pearls for accurately distinguishing normal findings and imaging pitfalls from true pathologic findings. The normal but often variable imaging findings of preossification, secondary ossification, and multiple ossification centers, as well as the range of bone marrow signal intensities that can be visualized within ossification centers, are described, along with tips to help differentiate these from true pathologic findings such as contusion, fracture, or tumor. The authors also review dynamic periosteal and physeal contributions to bone growth to highlight helpful distinguishing features and avoid misdiagnosis of common subperiosteal and periphyseal abnormalities. For example, the normal trilaminar appearance of the immature cortex and periosteum should not be mistaken for periosteal reaction, traumatic stripping, or subperiosteal hematoma. In addition, the physis can have several confusing but normal appearances, including normal physeal undulations (eg, Kump bump) or focal periphyseal edema, which should not be mistaken for pathologic findings such as physeal fracture, infection, or bar. ©RSNA, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Walter
- From the Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, 301 E 17th St, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10003
| | - Lauren H Goldman
- From the Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, 301 E 17th St, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10003
| | - Zehava S Rosenberg
- From the Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, 301 E 17th St, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10003
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