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Garg L, Vaidya A, Kale A, Gopan A, Ansari A, Patra BR, Shukla A. Safety and efficacy of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in pediatric pancreatic and biliary disorders. Indian J Gastroenterol 2024:10.1007/s12664-023-01498-7. [PMID: 38367160 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-023-01498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is sparse data from India on indications, technical success, safety and outcomes of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) using standard adult duodenoscope in the pediatric population. METHODS Retrospective analysis of prospectively maintained electronic endoscopy and clinical database was performed to identify pediatric patients (age ≤ 18 years) who underwent ERCP between January 2017 and December 2022. Demographics and procedural details including indications, cholangio-pancreatogram findings, endotherapy type performed, technical and clinical success and complications were noted. RESULTS As many as 150 pediatric patients were included of whom 88 had pancreatic (mean age-13.7 years) and 62 had biliary disease (mean age- 14.9 years). Common pancreatic ERCP indications were chronic pancreatitis (n = 45 [51.1%]), pancreatic duct disruption fistula (n = 21 [23.9%]) and recurrent acute pancreatitis (n = 16 [18.2%]). Among biliary indications were choledocholithiasis (n = 29 [46.8%]), benign bile duct strictures (n = 13 [21%]), bile duct injury/leak and biliary stent removal (n = 7 [11.3%]) , choledochal cyst (n = 5 [8.1%]) and pancreatic mass causing biliary compression (n = 1 [1.6%]). Technical success in pancreatic and biliary ERCP was 94.3% and 95.2%, respectively, and clinical success was 84.1% and 93.5%, respectively. Most common complications following pancreatic ERCPs were acute pancreatitis (n = 9 [10.2%]) (mild = 5, moderate = 4) patients and post sphincterotomy bleed in one (1.1%). Among biliary ERCPs, post ERCP pancreatitis was seen in (n = 3 [4.8%]) (mild = 2, moderate = 1). CONCLUSION ERCP can be safely and effectively performed in children using standard duodenoscope. Chronic pancreatitis, choledocholithiasis and pancreatic divisum are common pediatric ERCP indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Love Garg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Arun Vaidya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Aditya Kale
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Amrit Gopan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Abu Ansari
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Biswa Ranjan Patra
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Akash Shukla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, 400 012, India.
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Choledochal Malformations: Surgical Implications of Radiologic Findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2018; 210:748-760. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.17.18402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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A prospective pilot study: can the biliary tree be visualized in children younger than 3 months on Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography? Pediatr Radiol 2014; 44:1077-84. [PMID: 24710862 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-014-2953-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) could aid in the diagnosis of biliary atresia, a hepatic pathology with thin, irregular or interrupted biliary ducts. There is little published evidence of MRCP appearances in normal neonates and young infants. OBJECTIVE To assess the use of MR cholangiopancreatography in visualizing the biliary tree in neonates and infants younger than 3 months with no hepatobiliary disorder, and to assess this visibility in relationship to the child's age, weight, and sedation and fasting states. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between December 2008 and October 2010 our department performed MRI of the brain, orbits and face on 16 full-term neonates and infants. Each child was younger than 3 months (90 days) and without any hepatobiliary disorders. The children were scanned with a respiratory-gated 0.54 × 0.51 × 0.4-mm(3) 3-D MRCP sequence. We used a reading grid to assess subjectively the visibility of the extrahepatic bile ducts along with extrahepatic bile duct confluence. The visibility of the extrahepatic bile duct confluence was assessed against age, weight, and sedation and fasting states. RESULTS The extrahepatic bile duct confluence was seen in 10 children out of 16 (62.5%). In the neonate sub-group (corrected age younger than 30 days), the MRCP was technically workable and the extrahepatic bile duct confluence was seen in four cases out of eight (50%). This visualization was up to 75% in the subgroup older than 30 days. However, statistically there was no significant difference in visibility of the extrahepatic bile duct confluence in relationship to age, weight or MRCP performance conditions (feeding, fasting or sedation). CONCLUSION The complete normal biliary system (extrahepatic bile duct confluence included) is not consistently visualized in infants younger than 3 months old on non-enhanced MRCP. Thus the use of MRCP to exclude a diagnosis of biliary atresia is compromised at optimal time of surgery.
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Agarwal J, Nageshwar Reddy D, Talukdar R, Lakhtakia S, Ramchandani M, Tandan M, Gupta R, Pratap N, Rao GV. ERCP in the management of pancreatic diseases in children. Gastrointest Endosc 2014; 79:271-8. [PMID: 24060520 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2013.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ERCP experience in pancreatic disorders in children is limited. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the utility and efficacy of ERCP in children with pancreatic diseases at a tertiary care referral center. PATIENTS AND SETTINGS Consecutive patients 18 years of age and younger who underwent ERCP for pancreatic diseases from January 2010 to June 2011 were identified. Indications, findings, interventions, adverse events, and outcomes were recorded. RESULTS A total of 221 ERCPs were performed in 172 children (102 boys, mean ± standard deviation age 13.8 ± 3.2 years, 157 therapeutic). A total of 143 children (83.1%) had chronic pancreatitis (CP), 19 (11%) had recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP), and 10 (5.8%) had acute pancreatitis (AP). Indications included pain (153, 89.4%), pancreatic fistula (11, 6.3%), symptomatic pseudocyst (4, 2.3%), and jaundice (3, 1.7%). In chronic pancreatitis patients, findings included a dilated and irregular main pancreatic duct (92, 64.3%), pancreatic duct (PD) calculi (76, 53%), dominant PD stricture (23, 16%), PD leak (7, 4.9%), pancreas divisum (35, 24.5%), and common bile duct (CBD) stricture (3, 2%). Therapeutic procedures included major papilla sphincterotomy (93, 65%), minor papilla sphincterotomy (32, 22.3%), PD stenting (77, 53.8%), and CBD stenting (3, 2.2%). PD stones larger than 5 mm were retrieved endoscopically after 57 extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy sessions in 50 patients (34.9%). In patients with RAP, 6 (31.5%) had complete and 1 partial pancreas divisum. All underwent minor papillotomy. In patients with AP, 4 (40%) had stenting for PD leak, 2 (20%) underwent CBD clearance for biliary pancreatitis, and 4 (40%) had transpapillary pseudocyst drainage. During 13 ± 4.7 months (range 6-22 months) of follow-up, improvement of symptoms was seen in 143 of 172 (83%) patients. Procedure-related adverse events were seen in 8 (4.7%) patients. LIMITATIONS Retrospective study. CONCLUSION ERCP is a safe therapeutic option for pancreatic disorders in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Agarwal
- Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Manu Tandan
- Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajesh Gupta
- Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nitesh Pratap
- Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - G V Rao
- Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
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Imaging of biliary disorders in children. Pediatr Radiol 2011; 41:208-20. [PMID: 20865413 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-010-1829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biliary atresia and related disorders of the biliary tree, such as choledochal cyst, must be considered in the differential diagnosis of prolonged conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in infants and children. Pediatric biliary tract diseases include a variety of entities with a wide range of clinical presentations. Radiology plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of these pathologies. Unrecognized causes of biliary disease, like biliary atresia, can lead to liver transplantation during the first year of life. The aim of this article is to review the imaging of pediatric biliary disorders, including the implications of interventional radiology in some biliary diseases.
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Comparison of different diagnostic methods for differentiating biliary atresia from idiopathic neonatal hepatitis. Clin Imaging 2010; 33:439-46. [PMID: 19857804 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To retrospectively analyze different methods in differentiating biliary atresia from idiopathic neonatal hepatitis. METHODS Sixty-nine infants with cholestatic jaundice and final diagnosis of idiopathic neonatal hepatitis (INH) and biliary atresia (BA) were studied retroprospectively from January 2004 to December 2006. A thorough history and physical examination were undertaken. All cases underwent abdominal magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRCP), ultrasonography (US), hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HBS), HBS single-photon emission computer tomography (HBS SPECT), and operation or percutaneous liver biopsy. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of these various methods were compared. RESULTS There were 39 girls and 30 boys, among whom 35 had INH (age, 61+/-17 days) and 34 had BA (age, 64+/-18 days). The mean age at onset of jaundice was significantly lower in cases of BA when compared to INH cases (9+/-13 vs. 20+/-21 days; P=.032). The diagnostic accuracy of different methods was as follows: liver biopsy, 97.1%; HBS SPECT, 91.30%; MRCP, 71.01%; HBS, 66.67%; US, 65.22%. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that biopsy of the liver is considered as the most reliable method to differentiate INH from BA. The accuracy of HBS SPECT is higher than that of MRCP, HBS, and US. There was no significant difference in diagnostic accuracy among MRCP, HBS, and US.
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Chavhan GB, Babyn PS, Manson D, Vidarsson L. Pediatric MR cholangiopancreatography: principles, technique, and clinical applications. Radiographics 2009; 28:1951-62. [PMID: 19001651 DOI: 10.1148/rg.287085031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High-quality magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiopancreatographic images are difficult to obtain in children due to the small caliber of the pediatric bile ducts and to motion artifacts. However, there has been ongoing improvement in image quality, thanks to better coil technology, increased speed of acquisition, refinement in respiratory compensation techniques, and newer sequences. Heavily T2-weighted fast spin-echo (FSE) and single-shot FSE MR imaging sequences with long echo times are used to image the biliary and pancreatic ducts. Secretin has been shown to improve the visualization of the pancreatic duct and pancreaticobiliary junction. Factors that affect image quality in pediatric MR cholangiopancreatography include sedation, negative oral contrast material, radiofrequency coil selection, respiratory compensation techniques, echo time, echo train length, section-slab thickness, planes of scanning, field of view, and number of signals acquired. However, giving proper attention to these factors and tailoring the study to the body size of the patient (which varies considerably) can lead to high-quality diagnostic MR cholangiopancreatographic images. Use of MR cholangiopancreatography in children is limited by the need for sedation or anesthesia, high cost, limited availability, and long scanning times. Nonetheless, this modality can be a viable alternative to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the evaluation of various entities such as choledochal cyst, recurrent pancreatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and a transplanted liver, and may obviate ERCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govind B Chavhan
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital For Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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N/A, 李 子, 张 中, 范 淼, 许 达, 刘 钧. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:1240-1243. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i10.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
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Lee HJ, Lee SM, Park WH, Choi SO. Objective Criteria of Triangular Cord Sign in Biliary Atresia on US Scans. Radiology 2003; 229:395-400. [PMID: 14595143 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.292020472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop objective criteria for the ultrasonographic (US) appearance of the triangular cord (TC) sign for the diagnosis of biliary atresia. MATERIALS AND METHODS US was performed in 86 infants with jaundice. Biliary atresia (n = 20) was confirmed with hepatoportoenterostomy. Neonatal hepatitis (n = 66) was diagnosed with needle biopsy (n = 5), cholescintigraphy (n = 19), or clinical findings (n = 42). Thickness of the echogenic anterior wall of the right portal vein (EARPV) was measured. The TC sign was defined as thickness of the EARPV of more than 4 mm on a longitudinal scan. Biliary atresia was diagnosed when the TC sign was present. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the thickness of the EARPV between patients with biliary atresia and those with neonatal hepatitis and to test the significance of a 4-mm thickness as the criterion for the TC sign in the differentiation of biliary atresia from neonatal hepatitis (P <.05). RESULTS The TC sign was present in 16 (80%) of 20 patients with biliary atresia and in one of 66 patients with neonatal hepatitis. Mean thickness of the EARPV was significantly greater in patients with biliary atresia (5.39 mm) than in patients with neonatal hepatitis (2.17 mm) (P <.05). Use of 4-mm thickness as the criterion for TC sign was statistically significant (P <.05), resulting in a sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 98%, and positive and negative predictive values of 94% for the diagnosis of biliary atresia. CONCLUSION An objective criterion of the TC sign is an EARPV thicker than 4 mm on a longitudinal scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jung Lee
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, School of Medicine & Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, 196 Dongsandong, Chunggu, Taegu 700-310, Korea.
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Kaye RD, Towbin RB. Imaging and intervention in the gastrointestinal tract in children. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2002; 31:897-923, viii. [PMID: 12481737 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8553(02)00024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Vascular and interventional techniques have become an integral component of modern pediatric healthcare. Minimally invasive procedures of the gastrointestinal tract now comprise a large part of any active pediatric interventional practice. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography offers a reliable, non-invasive means to evaluate patients with possible pancreatic or biliary pathology. This article reviews treatment of esophageal strictures and placement of gastronomy and gastrojejunostomy tubes and discusses new developments. Placement of percutaneous cecostomy tubes is a relatively new procedure that creatively uses the techniques developed for placement of percutaneous gastronomy tubes. This procedure offers significant benefits and lasting positive lifestyle changes for patients suffering from fecal incontinence. Liver biopsy in high-risk patients can be performed safely using measures designed to significantly decrease the risk of post-biopsy hemorrhage, such as track embolization or the transjugular approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D Kaye
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Radiology, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Kim MJ, Han SJ, Yoon CS, Kim JH, Oh JT, Chung KS, Yoo HS. Using MR cholangiopancreatography to reveal anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union in infants and children with choledochal cysts. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002; 179:209-14. [PMID: 12076938 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.179.1.1790209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether MR cholangiopancreatography can accurately depict anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union in children with choledochal cysts. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Twenty children (age range, 1 month-13 years; mean age, 4.6 years; all girls) who were diagnosed with choledochal cyst by sonography underwent MR cholangiopancreatography with a single-shot fast spin-echo sequence. The type of choledochal cyst and anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union were characterized on the basis of MR cholangiopancreatographic findings and were compared with the finding of intraoperative cholangiography. RESULTS The type of choledochal cyst (type Ia, n = 4; type Ic, n = 7; type IVa, n = 7; type IVb, n = 2) determined on MR cholangiopancreatography correlated with that identified on intraoperative cholangiography in each patient. Anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union was detected by MR cholangiopancreatography and intraoperative cholangiography in 12 (60%) and 16 (80%) of 20 patients, respectively. The types of anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union as determined on MR cholangiopancreatography (type A, n = 2; type B, n = 7; type C, n = 3) were concordant with those of intraoperative cholangiography in 11 of 12 patients. In five of eight patients with choledochal cyst (type Ia, n = 1; type IVa, n = 5; type IVb, n = 2) in whom MR cholangiopancreatography could not depict anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union, anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union was documented on intraoperative cholangiography that was performed after choledochal cyst resection. CONCLUSION MR cholangiopancreatography provides diagnostic information about anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union in children with choledochal cyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Joon Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-ku, Seoul, 120-752 Korea
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Suzuki R, Shimizu T, Suzuki M, Yamashiro Y. Detection of abnormal union of pancreaticobiliary junction by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in a girl with acute pancreatitis. Pediatr Int 2002; 44:183-5. [PMID: 11896881 DOI: 10.1046/j.1328-8067.2001.01521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuyo Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Norton KI, Glass RB, Kogan D, Lee JS, Emre S, Shneider BL. MR cholangiography in the evaluation of neonatal cholestasis: initial results. Radiology 2002; 222:687-91. [PMID: 11867786 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2223010969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To retrospectively analyze prospective magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiographic interpretations of findings and compare them with clinical outcome and to determine the accuracy of MR cholangiography in depicting extrahepatic biliary atresia and helping to distinguish it from other causes of neonatal jaundice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-six infants (15 male, 11 female; median age, 2 months) underwent MR cholangiography with a 1.5-T MR imaging unit. Original interpretations were compared with clinical outcome. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the accuracy of MR cholangiography in depicting extrahepatic biliary atresia. Equivocal cases and any cases lost to follow-up were excluded. RESULTS Findings in six of 26 infants were interpreted as normal, and none of five patients (one lost to follow-up) had biliary atresia or other surgical lesions; two were abnormal but not suggestive of biliary atresia (one false-negative finding); 12 were consistent with biliary atresia (three false-positive findings); four demonstrated a choledochal cyst; and two were equivocal. MR cholangiography accuracy was 82% (19 of 23); sensitivity, 90% (nine of 10); and specificity, 77% (10 of 13) for the detection of extrahepatic biliary atresia, with a positive predictive value of 75% (nine of 12) and a negative predictive value of 91% (10 of 11). CONCLUSION Results of this study found that MR cholangiography is 82% accurate, 90% sensitive, and 77% specific for depicting extrahepatic biliary atresia. Contrary to previous reports, false-positive and false-negative findings occur at MR cholangiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen I Norton
- Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L Levy Pl, Box 1234, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Shimizu T, Suzuki R, Yamashiro Y, Segawa O, Yamataka A, Kuwatsuru R. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in assessing the cause of acute pancreatitis in children. Pancreas 2001; 22:196-9. [PMID: 11249076 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200103000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a new noninvasive method of obtaining images of the pancreaticobiliary tract. Recent advances in MR technology and image quality have made it easy to diagnose structural abnormalities of the pancreaticobiliary tract (SAPBT) in children. To examine the usefulness of MRCP in assessing the cause of acute pancreatitis in children, we performed MRCP in 16 patients with acute pancreatitis. The study population was divided into two groups according to the cause of acute pancreatitis as follows: group 1 consisted of seven patients sonographically diagnosed with choledochal cysts; and group 2 consisted of nine patients with no obvious cause of acute pancreatitis. Non-breath-hold MRCP using the half-Fourier, single-shot, fast spin-echo imaging method was performed within 7 days after the onset of pancreatitis. Abnormal union of the pancreaticobiliary junction was detected in six of seven group 1 patients and in one of nine group 2 patients. Pancreatic divisum was detected in one patient of group 1, but could not be confirmed in one patient of group 2. Dilatation of the main pancreatic duct was detected in one patient of group 1 and in three patients of group 2. Our results suggest that MRCP is a useful, noninvasive method of identifying and ruling out SAPBT as a cause of acute pancreatitis in children with early-stage pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
We describe a case of Caroli's disease associated with a choledochal cyst and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease in a child whose diagnosis was confirmed with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), after initial abnormalities were seen by ultrasonography. Invasive procedures such as liver biopsy or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were, therefore, not necessary. Recent radiological advances in the diagnosis of Caroli's disease with particular emphasis on MRCP are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Z Hussain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48201-2196, USA
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Kim MJ, Park YN, Han SJ, Yoon CS, Yoo HS, Hwang EH, Chung KS. Biliary atresia in neonates and infants: triangular area of high signal intensity in the porta hepatis at T2-weighted MR cholangiography with US and histopathologic correlation. Radiology 2000; 215:395-401. [PMID: 10796915 DOI: 10.1148/radiology.215.2.r00ma04395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To correlate a triangular area of high signal intensity in the porta hepatis on T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiograms of biliary atresia with ultrasonographic (US) and histopathologic findings in a portal mass observed during a Kasai procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-one consecutive neonates and infants (age range, 13-88 days; mean age, 59 days) with cholestasis underwent US and single-shot MR cholangiography. In 12 patients with biliary atresia diagnosed at histopathologic examination, MR cholangiographic findings in the porta hepatis were correlated with US and histopathologic findings in the portal mass. RESULTS At US, eight of the 12 patients had round, linear, or tubular hypoechoic portions within a triangular cord; MR cholangiography revealed a triangular area of high signal intensity confined to the porta hepatis. Histopathologic examination of the portal mass revealed a cystic or cleftlike lesion surrounded by loose myxoid mesenchyme and platelike fetal bile ducts. Neither the large cystic lesion without ductal epithelium nor the small cleftlike lesion with scanty epithelium demonstrated bile staining. Similar areas of high signal intensity were not seen on T2-weighted images in the remaining patients (four with biliary atresia and nine with neonatal hepatitis). CONCLUSION In biliary atresia, T2-weighted single-shot MR cholangiography can show a triangular area of high signal intensity in the porta hepatis that may represent cystic dilatation of the fetal bile duct.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-ku, Seoul, South Korea.
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Hsu RK, Draganov P, Leung JW, Tarnasky PR, Yu AS, Hawes RH, Cunningham JT, Cotton PB. Therapeutic ERCP in the management of pancreatitis in children. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 51:396-400. [PMID: 10744808 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107(00)70437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is increasing in the management of pancreatobiliary diseases in children. METHODS Over a 32-month period, we performed 34 ERCP procedures for the treatment of pancreatitis in 22 children at two university hospitals. Demographics and clinical data and ERCP findings were documented. Clinical status was assessed 6 months before the first ERCP and 6 months after the last ERCP, according to general condition, severity and frequency of pain, and health care encounters (emergency department visits, clinic visits, and hospital admissions related to the pancreatitis). RESULTS Mean age of the patients was 10.7 years (range 1.5 to 17 years). Abdominal pain was the main presenting symptoms with hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia. Clinical diagnoses included acute pancreatitis (6), recurrent pancreatitis (5), and chronic pancreatitis (11). The mean follow-up was 16.4 months. Nine patients had sphincter manometry, with abnormal results leading to biliary sphincterotomy in 4. Fifteen patients underwent a total of 23 therapeutic ERCP procedures unrelated to sphincter dysfunction. There were 2 complications of 34 procedures (6%), both being mild pancreatitis after sphincter manometry. There were no deaths. There was a significant reduction in frequency (p < 0.01) and severity of pain (p < 0.01) after intervention. Patients without pancreatographic changes of chronic pancreatitis had the most marked clinical improvement (p < 0.05). In those with ductal changes of chronic pancreatitis, clinical improvement was not predicted by the extent of ductal changes. There was a significant decrease in health care encounters (p < 0.05) and improvement in general condition (p < 0.01) after endoscopic therapy, especially in those with a normal pancreatogram. CONCLUSIONS Therapeutic ERCP is safe in pediatric patients with pancreatitis. Significant clinical improvement is achieved in patients with biliary or pancreatic stone disease. Prospective studies with long-term follow-up are needed to determine the impact of endoscopic therapy in patients with chronic pancreatitis and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Hsu
- University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California 95817, USA.
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Shimizu T, Suzuki R, Yamashiro Y, Segawa O, Yamataka A, Miyano T. Progressive dilatation of the main pancreatic duct using magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in a boy with chronic pancreatitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 30:102-4. [PMID: 10630449 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-200001000-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Chan YL. New approach in diagnosis of bile duct disease with ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 13:S278-S283. [PMID: 28976650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1998.tb01893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Advances in technology have made possible the clinical application of magnetic resonance cholangiography, endoscopic, intra-operative and laparoscopic ultrasound in the study of the biliary tree, in addition to conventional magnetic resonance imaging and transabdominal ultrasound. The role of the conventional, as well as the newer techniques, in the diagnosis of bile duct disease and the limitations and pros and cons of each technique, will be the subject of the present discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Leung Chan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Organ Imaging, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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