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MgrB Mutations and Altered Cell Permeability in Colistin Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192995. [PMID: 36230959 PMCID: PMC9564205 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a resurgence in the clinical use of polymyxin antibiotics such as colistin due to the limited treatment options for infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE). However, this last-resort antibiotic is currently confronted with challenges which include the emergence of chromosomal and plasmid-borne colistin resistance. Colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae is commonly caused by the mutations in the chromosomal gene mgrB. MgrB spans the inner membrane and negatively regulates PhoP phosphorylation, which is essential for bacterial outer membrane lipid biosynthesis. The present review intends to draw attention to the role of mgrB chromosomal mutations in membrane permeability in K. pneumoniae that confer colistin resistance. With growing concern regarding the global emergence of colistin resistance, deciphering physical changes of the resistant membrane mediated by mgrB inactivation may provide new insights for the discovery of novel antimicrobials that are highly effective at membrane penetration, in addition to finding out how this can help in alleviating the resistance situation.
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Singh S, Wilksch JJ, Dunstan RA, Mularski A, Wang N, Hocking D, Jebeli L, Cao H, Clements A, Jenney AWJ, Lithgow T, Strugnell RA. LPS O Antigen Plays a Key Role in Klebsiella pneumoniae Capsule Retention. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0151721. [PMID: 35913154 PMCID: PMC9431683 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01517-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of encapsulation in bacterial pathogenesis, the biochemical mechanisms and forces that underpin retention of capsule by encapsulated bacteria are poorly understood. In Gram-negative bacteria, there may be interactions between lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core and capsule polymers, between capsule polymers with retained acyl carriers and the outer membrane, and in some bacteria, between the capsule polymers and Wzi, an outer membrane protein lectin. Our transposon studies in Klebsiella pneumoniae B5055 identified additional genes that, when insertionally inactivated, resulted in reduced encapsulation. Inactivation of the gene waaL, which encodes the ligase responsible for attaching the repeated O antigen of LPS to the LPS core, resulted in a significant reduction in capsule retention, measured by atomic force microscopy. This reduction in encapsulation was associated with increased sensitivity to human serum and decreased virulence in a murine model of respiratory infection and, paradoxically, with increased biofilm formation. The capsule in the WaaL mutant was physically smaller than that of the Wzi mutant of K. pneumoniae B5055. These results suggest that interactions between surface carbohydrate polymers may enhance encapsulation, a key phenotype in bacterial virulence, and provide another target for the development of antimicrobials that may avoid resistance issues associated with growth inhibition. IMPORTANCE Bacterial capsules, typically comprised of complex sugars, enable pathogens to avoid key host responses to infection, including phagocytosis. These capsules are synthesized within the bacteria, exported through the outer envelope, and then secured to the external surface of the organism by a force or forces that are incompletely described. This study shows that in the important hospital pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae, the polysaccharide capsule is retained by interactions with other surface sugars, especially the repeated sugar molecule of the LPS molecule in Gram-negative bacteria known as "O antigen." This O antigen is joined to the LPS molecule by ligation, and loss of the enzyme responsible for ligation, a protein called WaaL, results in reduced encapsulation. Since capsules are essential to the virulence of many pathogens, WaaL might provide a target for new antimicrobial development, critical to the control of pathogens like K. pneumoniae that have become highly drug resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan J. Wilksch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhys A. Dunstan
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Mularski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nancy Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dianna Hocking
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leila Jebeli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hanwei Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abigail Clements
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam W. J. Jenney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trevor Lithgow
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard A. Strugnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Rodríguez-Santiago J, Cornejo-Juárez P, Silva-Sánchez J, Garza-Ramos U. Polymyxin resistance in Enterobacterales: overview and epidemiology in the Americas. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021; 58:106426. [PMID: 34419579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide spread of carbapenem- and polymyxin-resistant Enterobacterales represents an urgent public-health threat. However, for most countries in the Americas, the available data are limited, although Latin America has been suggested as a silent spreading reservoir for isolates carrying plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance mechanisms. This work provides an overall update on polymyxin and polymyxin resistance and focuses on uses, availability and susceptibility testing. Moreover, a comprehensive review of the current polymyxin resistance epidemiology in the Americas is provided. We found that reports in the English and Spanish literature show widespread carbapenemase-producing and colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in the Americas determined by the clonal expansion of the pandemic clone ST258 and mgrB-mediated colistin resistance. In addition, widespread IncI2 and IncX4 plasmids carrying mcr-1 in Escherichia coli come mainly from human sources; however, plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in the Americas is underreported in the veterinary sector. These findings demonstrate the urgent need for the implementation of polymyxin resistance surveillance in Enterobacterales as well as appropriate regulatory measures for antimicrobial use in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rodríguez-Santiago
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas (CISEI), Laboratorio de Resistencia Bacteriana, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - P Cornejo-Juárez
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Ciudad de México, México
| | - J Silva-Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas (CISEI), Laboratorio de Resistencia Bacteriana, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - U Garza-Ramos
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas (CISEI), Laboratorio de Resistencia Bacteriana, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
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Xiao Y, Cheng Y, He P, Wu X, Li Z. New insights into external layers of cyanobacteria and microalgae based on multiscale analysis of AFM force-distance curves. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 774:145680. [PMID: 33607435 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
External layers, the outermost structures around cells, perform essential eco-physiological functions to support cyanobacteria and microalgae in aquatic environments. These layers have been recognized as adaptations to turbulence, a ubiquitous and inherent physical process occurring in the environments of most cyanobacteria and microalgae. However, the underlying biophysical mechanism of these layers is still poorly understood. Force measurements were performed directly on the external layers of eight living cyanobacterial and green algal strains in situ using atomic force microscopy (AFM). We developed a wavelet analysis method based on a multiscale decomposition of derivative force-distance curves to quantify the elastic responses of various external layers upon mechanical deformation. Such analysis has the advantages of detecting singularities and distinguishing the biomechanical contributions of each external layer. The elastic modulus of the same type of external layer follows the same statistical distribution. However, the elastic response among different types of external layers is challenged by our method, indicating the heterogeneity of the mechanical properties of inner and outer layers in multilayer strains. This discrepancy was due to the thickness and texture of each external layer, especially the chemical presence of ribose, hydroxyproline and glutamic acid. This study highlights a new way to elucidate more precise information about external layers and provides a biophysical mechanistic explanation for the functioning of the various external layers to protect cyanobacterial and microalgal cells in a turbulent environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Reservoir Water Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Yuran Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Reservoir Water Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Pan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Reservoir Water Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Xinghua Wu
- China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Zhe Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Reservoir Water Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
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Zhang H, Wang H, Wilksch JJ, Strugnell RA, Gee ML, Feng XQ. Measurement of the interconnected turgor pressure and envelope elasticity of live bacterial cells. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:2042-2049. [PMID: 33592087 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02075c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Turgor pressure and envelope elasticity of bacterial cells are two mechanical parameters that play a dominant role in cellular deformation, division, and motility. However, a clear understanding of these two properties is lacking because of their strongly interconnected mechanisms. This study established a nanoindentation method to precisely measure the turgor pressure and envelope elasticity of live bacteria. The indentation force-depth curves of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria were recorded with atomic force microscopy. Through combination of dimensional analysis and numerical simulations, an explicit expression was derived to decouple the two properties of individual bacteria from the nanoindentation curves. We show that the Young's modulus of bacterial envelope is sensitive to the external osmotic environment, and the turgor pressure is significantly dependent on the external osmotic stress. This method can not only quantify the turgor pressure and envelope elasticity of bacteria, but also help resolve the mechanical behaviors of bacteria in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanxin Zhang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Huabin Wang
- Research Center of Applied Physics, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China. and Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China and Chongqing Engineering Research Center of High-Resolution and Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging Technology, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Jonathan J Wilksch
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Richard A Strugnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle L Gee
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Aviation, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Xi-Qiao Feng
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Ayoub Moubareck C. Polymyxins and Bacterial Membranes: A Review of Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms of Resistance. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10080181. [PMID: 32784516 PMCID: PMC7463838 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10080181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Following their initial discovery in the 1940s, polymyxin antibiotics fell into disfavor due to their potential clinical toxicity, especially nephrotoxicity. However, the dry antibiotic development pipeline, together with the rising global prevalence of infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria have both rejuvenated clinical interest in these polypeptide antibiotics. Parallel to the revival of their use, investigations into the mechanisms of action and resistance to polymyxins have intensified. With an initial known effect on biological membranes, research has uncovered the detailed molecular and chemical interactions that polymyxins have with Gram-negative outer membranes and lipopolysaccharide structure. In addition, genetic and epidemiological studies have revealed the basis of resistance to these agents. Nowadays, resistance to polymyxins in MDR Gram-negative pathogens is well elucidated, with chromosomal as well as plasmid-encoded, transferrable pathways. The aims of the current review are to highlight the important chemical, microbiological, and pharmacological properties of polymyxins, to discuss their mechanistic effects on bacterial membranes, and to revise the current knowledge about Gram-negative acquired resistance to these agents. Finally, recent research, directed towards new perspectives for improving these old agents utilized in the 21st century, to combat drug-resistant pathogens, is summarized.
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Acquired Resistance to Colistin via Chromosomal And Plasmid-Mediated Mechanisms in Klebsiella pneumoniae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/im9.0000000000000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lanne ABM, Goode A, Prattley C, Kumari D, Drasbek MR, Williams P, Conde-Álvarez R, Moriyón I, Bonev BB. Molecular recognition of lipopolysaccharide by the lantibiotic nisin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1861:83-92. [PMID: 30296414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nisin is a lanthionine antimicrobial effective against diverse Gram-positive bacteria and is used as a food preservative worldwide. Its action is mediated by pyrophosphate recognition of the bacterial cell wall receptors lipid II and undecaprenyl pyrophosphate. Nisin/receptor complexes disrupt cytoplasmic membranes, inhibit cell wall synthesis and dysregulate bacterial cell division. Gram-negative bacteria are much more tolerant to antimicrobials including nisin. In contrast to Gram-positives, Gram-negative bacteria possess an outer membrane, the major constituent of which is lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This contains surface exposed phosphate and pyrophosphate groups and hence can be targeted by nisin. Here we describe the impact of LPS on membrane stability in response to nisin and the molecular interactions occurring between nisin and membrane-embedded LPS from different Gram-negative bacteria. Dye release from liposomes shows enhanced susceptibility to nisin in the presence of LPS, particularly rough LPS chemotypes that lack an O-antigen whereas LPS from microorganisms sharing similar ecological niches with antimicrobial producers provides only modest enhancement. Increased susceptibility was observed with LPS from pathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae compared to LPS from enteropathogenic Salmonella enterica and gut commensal Escherichia coli. LPS from Brucella melitensis, an intra-cellular pathogen which is adapted to invade professional and non-professional phagocytes, appears to be refractory to nisin. Molecular complex formation between nisin and LPS was studied by solid state MAS NMR and revealed complex formation between nisin and LPS from most organisms investigated except B. melitensis. LPS/nisin complex formation was confirmed in outer membrane extracts from E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice B M Lanne
- School of Life Sciences, QMC, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alice Goode
- School of Life Sciences, QMC, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Charlotte Prattley
- School of Life Sciences, QMC, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Divya Kumari
- School of Life Sciences, QMC, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Mette Ryun Drasbek
- DuPont Nutrition Biosciences ApS, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark
| | - Paul Williams
- School of Life Sciences, CBS, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Raquel Conde-Álvarez
- Instituto de Salud Tropical, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, and Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Moriyón
- Instituto de Salud Tropical, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, and Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Boyan B Bonev
- School of Life Sciences, QMC, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Formosa-Dague C, Duval RE, Dague E. Cell biology of microbes and pharmacology of antimicrobial drugs explored by Atomic Force Microscopy. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 73:165-176. [PMID: 28668355 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial molecules have been used for more than 50 years now and are the basis of modern medicine. No surgery can nowdays be imagined to be performed without antibiotics; dreadful diseases like tuberculosis, leprosis, siphilys, and more broadly all microbial induced diseases, can be cured only through the use of antimicrobial treatments. However, the situation is becoming more and more complex because of the ability of microbes to adapt, develop, acquire, and share mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobial agents. We choose to introduce this review by briefly drawing the panorama of antimicrobial discovery and development, but also of the emergence of microbial resistance. Then we describe how Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) can be used to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of these drugs at the nanoscale level on microbial interfaces. In this section, we will address these questions: (1) how does drug treatment affect the morphology of single microbes?; (2) do antimicrobial molecules modify the nanomechanical properties of microbes, or do the nanomechanical properties of microbes play a role in antimicrobial activity and efficiency?; and (3) how are the adhesive abilitites of microbes affected by antimicrobial drugs treatment? Finally, in a second part of this review we focus on recent studies aimed at changing the paradigm of the single molecule/cell technology that AFM typically represents. Recent work dealing with the creation of a microbe array which can be explored by AFM will be presented, as these developments constitute the first steps toward transforming AFM into a higher throughput technology. We also discuss papers using AFM as NanoMechnanicalSensors (NEMS), and demonstrate the interest of such approaches in clinical microbiology to detect quickly and with high accuracy microbial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Formosa-Dague
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France; CNRS, UMR 7565, SRSMC, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, UMR 7565, SRSMC, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-54001 Nancy, France.
| | - Raphaël Emmanuel Duval
- CNRS, UMR 7565, SRSMC, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, UMR 7565, SRSMC, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-54001 Nancy, France; ABC Platform(®), F-54001 Nancy, France
| | - Etienne Dague
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
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