1
|
Collin R, Balmer L, Morahan G, Lesage S. Common Heritable Immunological Variations Revealed in Genetically Diverse Inbred Mouse Strains of the Collaborative Cross. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:777-786. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
2
|
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is characterized histologically by the presence of chronic non-suppurative destructive cholangitis of the small interlobular bile duct, leading to chronic progressive cholestasis. Most PBC patients are asymptomatic and have a reasonable prognosis, but a few develop esophageal varices or jaundice, rapidly leading to liver failure within a short period. As multiple factors appear to be involved in the onset of PBC, its clinical course may be complicated. Therefore, the use of an animal model would be valuable for clarifying the pathogenesis of PBC. Here, we review recent data of selected PBC models, particularly spontaneous models, xenobiotic immunized models, and infection-triggered models. There are a number of spontaneous models: the NOD.c3c4, dominant-negative TGF-β receptor II, IL-2Rα-/-, Scurfy, and Ae2a,b-/- mice. These animal models manifest distinct clinical and immunological features similar, but also often different, from those of human PBC. It is clear that a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and immunological dysfunction contribute to the pathogenesis of PBC. The diverse clinical course and complexity of the immunological mechanisms of PBC cannot be fully recapitulated solely any single animal model. The challenge remains to develop a progressive PBC disease model that exhibits fibrosis, and ultimately hepatic failure.
Collapse
|
3
|
Phillippi J, Xie Y, Miller DR, Bell TA, Zhang Z, Lenarcic AB, Aylor DL, Krovi SH, Threadgill DW, de Villena FPM, Wang W, Valdar W, Frelinger JA. Using the emerging Collaborative Cross to probe the immune system. Genes Immun 2013; 15:38-46. [PMID: 24195963 PMCID: PMC4004367 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Collaborative Cross (CC) is an emerging panel of recombinant inbred (RI) mouse strains. Each strain is genetically distinct but all descended from the same eight inbred founders. In 66 strains from incipient lines of the CC (pre-CC), as well as the 8 CC founders and some of their F1 offspring, we examined subsets of lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. We found significant variation among the founders, with even greater diversity in the pre-CC. Genome-wide association using inferred haplotypes detected highly significant loci controlling B-to-T cell ratio, CD8 T-cell numbers, CD11c and CD23 expression. Comparison of overall strain effects in the CC founders with strain effects at QTL in the pre-CC revealed sharp contrasts in the genetic architecture of two traits with significant loci: variation in CD23 can be explained largely by additive genetics at one locus, whereas variation in B-to-T ratio has a more complex etiology. For CD23, we found a strong QTL whose confidence interval contained the CD23 structural gene Fcer2a. Our data on the pre-CC demonstrate the utility of the CC for studying immunophenotypes and the value of integrating founder, CC and F1 data. The extreme immunophenotypes observed could have pleiotropic effects in other CC experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Phillippi
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Y Xie
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D R Miller
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - T A Bell
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A B Lenarcic
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D L Aylor
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S H Krovi
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - D W Threadgill
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - F Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - W Wang
- Department of Computer Science, and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - W Valdar
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J A Frelinger
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Leung PSC, Yang GX, Dhirapong A, Tsuneyama K, Ridgway WM, Gershwin ME. Animal models of primary biliary cirrhosis: materials and methods. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 900:291-316. [PMID: 22933075 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-720-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a female-predominant autoimmune disease of the liver characterized by immune-mediated destruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts and the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs). There have been limited advances in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of the disease because of the difficulty in accessing human tissues and the absence of appropriate animal models. Recently, several unique murine models that manifest the serological, biochemical, and histological features similar to human PBC have been described. In this article, we discuss the current data on three spontaneous and two induced murine models of PBC. The spontaneous models are: (a) NOD.c3c4, (b) dominant negative TGF-β receptor II (dnTGFβRII), and (c) IL-2Rα(-/-) mouse line models. The two induced models are: (a) xenobiotic and (b) Novosphingobium aromaticivorans immunized mice. These animal models provide various important platforms to further investigate the etiology and mechanisms of pathogenesis in PBC. Laboratory methodologies and the protocols that are used in evaluating these animal models are described. Finally, we stress the importance of realizing the strengths and limitations of the animal models are essential in data analysis and their application in therapeutic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S C Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ridgway WM. Dissecting genetic control of autoimmunity in NOD congenic mice. Immunol Res 2007; 36:189-95. [PMID: 17337779 PMCID: PMC3505680 DOI: 10.1385/ir:36:1:189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
My lab investigates genetic control of autoimmune disease and autoimmune phenotypes using a series of nonobese diabetic (NOD) congenic mice. NOD congenic mice have regions from B6/B10 introgressed onto the NOD genetic background, which reduces the severity/incidence of autoimmune diabetes. We have demonstrated, however, that while diabetes is reduced, other autoimmune phenotypes and diseases arise in NOD congenic mice. Mapping the genomic regions responsible for these phenotypes has produced novel insights into genetic control of autoimmunity. This review will illustrate some of the genetically controlled phenotypes we have investigated, which shed light upon autoimmune features relevant to human type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and primary biliary cirrhosis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wilson KHS, McIndoe RA, Eckenrode S, Morel L, Agarwal A, Croker BP, She JX. Alterations of renal phenotype and gene expression profiles due to protein overload in NOD-related mouse strains. BMC Nephrol 2005; 6:17. [PMID: 16371158 PMCID: PMC1334202 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-6-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite multiple causes, Chronic Kidney Disease is commonly associated with proteinuria. A previous study on Non Obese Diabetic mice (NOD), which spontaneously develop type 1 diabetes, described histological and gene expression changes incurred by diabetes in the kidney. Because proteinuria is coincident to diabetes, the effects of proteinuria are difficult to distinguish from those of other factors such as hyperglycemia. Proteinuria can nevertheless be induced in mice by peritoneal injection of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). To gain more information on the specific effects of proteinuria, this study addresses renal changes in diabetes resistant NOD-related mouse strains (NON and NOD.B10) that were made to develop proteinuria by BSA overload. METHODS Proteinuria was induced by protein overload on NON and NOD.B10 mouse strains and histology and microarray technology were used to follow the kidney response. The effects of proteinuria were assessed and subsequently compared to changes that were observed in a prior study on NOD diabetic nephropathy. RESULTS Overload treatment significantly modified the renal phenotype and out of 5760 clones screened, 21 and 7 kidney transcripts were respectively altered in the NON and NOD.B10. Upregulated transcripts encoded signal transduction genes, as well as markers for inflammation (Calmodulin kinase beta). Down-regulated transcripts included FKBP52 which was also down-regulated in diabetic NOD kidney. Comparison of transcripts altered by proteinuria to those altered by diabetes identified mannosidase 2 alpha 1 as being more specifically induced by proteinuria. CONCLUSION By simulating a component of diabetes, and looking at the global response on mice resistant to the disease, by virtue of a small genetic difference, we were able to identify key factors in disease progression. This suggests the power of this approach in unraveling multifactorial disease processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen HS Wilson
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15Street, PV6B108, Augusta, GA 30912-2400, USA
- The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Kristinebergs Marina Forksningsstation, Fiskebackskil, SE-45034, Sweden
| | - Richard A McIndoe
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15Street, PV6B108, Augusta, GA 30912-2400, USA
| | - Sarah Eckenrode
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15Street, PV6B108, Augusta, GA 30912-2400, USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- MD Division of Nephrology, ZRB 614, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Avenue South Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Byron P Croker
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15Street, PV6B108, Augusta, GA 30912-2400, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The traditional overarching concept of disease pathogenesis entails the natural history of disease, i.e. the concept that any disease is a unified entity from beginning to termination. The concept of the natural history of disease encourages researchers and clinicians alike to conceptualize all clinical signs and symptoms in a patient as manifestations of a single disease process. Our experiences in dissecting the genetic control of autoimmune diseases and autoimmune phenotypes suggest that for many autoimmune processes, an alternative conceptual framework may be more useful. We term this approach a "modular" theory of autoimmunity. "Modules" are distinct, genetically controlled clinical or pathological phenotypes which can interact to construct a disease process. Modules may interact additively, synergistically, or antagonistically in any given individual. Multiple modules can coexist and produce unique disease phenotypes. We illustrate this concept with examples from the murine autoimmune model of type one diabetes, the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Irie
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Melanitou E. The autoimmune contrivance: genetics in the mouse model. Clin Immunol 2005; 117:195-206. [PMID: 16188504 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Revised: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmunity and inheritance of complex characters behold an explosive interest in biology over the last 15 years. Research in the genetics of autoimmunity has been impelled by the isolation of genetic markers allowing tracing of heredity. The annotation and sequencing of the human and mouse genomes provide with the potential for further advancements, through the development of new technologies. This review aims to summarize advances made in the autoimmunity field, centered in type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse model. It also aims to demonstrate that animal models, albeit some phenotypic and genetic dissimilarities with the human diseases, still remain the best way to move towards an understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in autoimmunity. Assessing the current state of research in this field together with the increasing potential of novel biotechnology advancements, new insights to disease pathogenesis and discovery of molecular targets for intervention strategies are anticipated in the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evie Melanitou
- Immunopathology Unit, Molecular Medicine Department, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|