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Brunschwiler F, Nakka S, Guerra J, Guarda G. A Ménage à trois: NLRC5, immunity, and metabolism. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1426620. [PMID: 39035010 PMCID: PMC11257985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1426620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 5 (NLRC5) and Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex Transactivator (CIITA) are transcriptional regulators of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II genes, respectively. MHC molecules are central players in our immune system, allowing the detection of hazardous 'non-self' antigens and, thus, the recognition and elimination of infected or transformed cells from the organism. Recently, CIITA and NLRC5 have emerged as regulators of selected genes of the butyrophilin (BTN) family that interestingly are located in the extended MHC locus. BTNs are transmembrane proteins exhibiting structural similarities to B7 family co-modulatory molecules. The family member BTN2A2, which indeed contributes to the control of T cell activation, was found to be transcriptionally regulated by CIITA. NLRC5 emerged instead as an important regulator of the BTN3A1, BTN3A2, and BTN3A3 genes. Together with BTN2A1, BTN3As regulate non-conventional Vγ9Vδ2 T cell responses triggered by selected metabolites of microbial origin or accumulating in hematologic cancer cells. Even if endogenous metabolites conform to the canonical definition of 'self', metabolically abnormal cells can represent a danger for the organism and should be recognized and controlled by immune system cells. Collectively, new data on the role of NLRC5 in the expression of BTN3As link the mechanisms regulating canonical 'non-self' presentation and those marking cells with abnormal metabolic configurations for immune recognition, an evolutionary parallel that we discuss in this perspective review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jessica Guerra
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Greta Guarda
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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2
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Fischer F, Mücke J, Werny L, Gerrer K, Mihatsch L, Zehetmaier S, Riedel I, Geisperger J, Bodenhausen M, Schulte-Hillen L, Hoffmann D, Protzer U, Mautner J, Behrends U, Bauer T, Körber N. Evaluation of novel Epstein-Barr virus-derived antigen formulations for monitoring virus-specific T cells in pediatric patients with infectious mononucleosis. Virol J 2024; 21:139. [PMID: 38877590 PMCID: PMC11179387 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) elicits a complex T-cell response against a broad range of viral proteins. Hence, identifying potential differences in the cellular immune response of patients with different EBV-associated diseases or different courses of the same disorder requires interrogation of a maximum number of EBV antigens. Here, we tested three novel EBV-derived antigen formulations for their ability to reactivate virus-specific T cells ex vivo in patients with EBV-associated infectious mononucleosis (IM). METHODS We comparatively analyzed EBV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to three EBV-derived antigen formulations in 20 pediatric patients during the early phase of IM: T-activated EBV proteins (BZLF1, EBNA3A) and EBV-like particles (EB-VLP), both able to induce CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses ex vivo, as well as an EBV-derived peptide pool (PP) covering 94 well-characterized CD8+ T-cell epitopes. We assessed the specificity, magnitude, kinetics, and functional characteristics of EBV-specific immune responses at two sequential time points (v1 and v2) within the first six weeks after IM symptom onset (Tonset). RESULTS All three tested EBV-derived antigen formulations enabled the detection of EBV-reactive T cells during the early phase of IM without prior T-cell expansion in vitro. EBV-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were mainly mono-functional (CD4+: mean 64.92%, range 56.15-71.71%; CD8+: mean 58.55%, range 11.79-85.22%) within the first two weeks after symptom onset (v1) with IFN-γ and TNF-secreting cells representing the majority of mono-functional EBV-reactive T cells. By contrast, PP-reactive CD8+ T cells were primarily bi-functional (>60% at v1 and v2), produced IFN-γ and TNF and had more tri-functional than mono-functional components. We observed a moderate correlation between viral load and EBNA3A, EB-VLP, and PP-reactive CD8+ T cells (rs = 0.345, 0.418, and 0.356, respectively) within the first two weeks after Tonset, but no correlation with the number of detectable EBV-reactive CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS All three EBV-derived antigen formulations represent innovative and generic recall antigens suitable for monitoring EBV-specific T-cell responses ex vivo. Their combined use facilitates a thorough analysis of EBV-specific T-cell immunity and allows the identification of functional T-cell signatures linked to disease development and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Fischer
- Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Mücke
- Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Louisa Werny
- Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Munich, Schneckenburgerstr. 8, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Gerrer
- Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lorenz Mihatsch
- Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Zehetmaier
- Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Isa Riedel
- Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonas Geisperger
- Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maren Bodenhausen
- Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lina Schulte-Hillen
- Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Hoffmann
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Munich, Schneckenburgerstr. 8, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Munich, Schneckenburgerstr. 8, 81675, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Josef Mautner
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Munich, Schneckenburgerstr. 8, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Uta Behrends
- Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Bauer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Munich, Schneckenburgerstr. 8, 81675, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Körber
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Munich, Schneckenburgerstr. 8, 81675, Munich, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany.
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Neyens D, Hirsch T, Abdel Aziz Issa Abdel Hadi A, Dauguet N, Vanhaver C, Bayard A, Wildmann C, Luyckx M, Squifflet JL, D’Hondt Q, Duhamel C, Huaux A, Montiel V, Dechamps M, van der Bruggen P. HELIOS-expressing human CD8 T cells exhibit limited effector functions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1308539. [PMID: 38187391 PMCID: PMC10770868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1308539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The transcription factor HELIOS is primarily known for its expression in CD4 regulatory T cells, both in humans and mice. In mice, HELIOS is found in exhausted CD8 T cells. However, information on human HELIOS+ CD8 T cells is limited and conflicting. Methods In this study, we characterized by flow cytometry and transcriptomic analyses human HELIOS+ CD8 T cells. Results These T cells primarily consist of memory cells and constitute approximately 21% of blood CD8 T cells. In comparison with memory HELIOS- T-BEThigh CD8 T cells that displayed robust effector functions, the memory HELIOS+ T-BEThigh CD8 T cells produce lower amounts of IFN-γ and TNF-α and have a lower cytotoxic potential. We wondered if these cells participate in the immune response against viral antigens, but did not find HELIOS+ cells among CD8 T cells recognizing CMV peptides presented by HLA-A2 and HLA-B7. However, we found HELIOS+ CD8 T cells that recognize a CMV peptide presented by MHC class Ib molecule HLA-E. Additionally, a portion of HELIOS+ CD8 T cells is characterized by the expression of CD161, often used as a surface marker for identifying TC17 cells. These CD8 T cells express TH17/TC17-related genes encoding RORgt, RORa, PLZF, and CCL20. Discussion Our findings emphasize that HELIOS is expressed across various CD8 T cell populations, highlighting its significance beyond its role as a transcription factor for Treg or exhausted murine CD8 T cells. The significance of the connection between HELIOS and HLA-E restriction is yet to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Neyens
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thibault Hirsch
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Nicolas Dauguet
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Alexandre Bayard
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claude Wildmann
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Luyckx
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Département de gynécologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Squifflet
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Département de gynécologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Quentin D’Hondt
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Céline Duhamel
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antoine Huaux
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Virginie Montiel
- Unité de soins intensifs, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Dechamps
- Unité de soins intensifs, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre van der Bruggen
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Wavre, Belgium
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Hogan MJ, Maheshwari N, Begg BE, Nicastri A, Hedgepeth EJ, Muramatsu H, Pardi N, Miller MA, Reilly SP, Brossay L, Lynch KW, Ternette N, Eisenlohr LC. Cryptic MHC-E epitope from influenza elicits a potent cytolytic T cell response. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1933-1946. [PMID: 37828378 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which unconventional forms of antigen presentation drive T cell immunity is unknown. By convention, CD8 T cells recognize viral peptides, or epitopes, in association with classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, or MHC-Ia, but immune surveillance can, in some cases, be directed against peptides presented by nonclassical MHC-Ib, in particular the MHC-E proteins (Qa-1 in mice and HLA-E in humans); however, the overall importance of nonclassical responses in antiviral immunity remains unclear. Similarly uncertain is the importance of 'cryptic' viral epitopes, defined as those undetectable by conventional mapping techniques. Here we used an immunopeptidomic approach to search for unconventional epitopes that drive T cell responses in mice infected with influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/1934. We identified a nine amino acid epitope, termed M-SL9, that drives a co-immunodominant, cytolytic CD8 T cell response that is unconventional in two major ways: first, it is presented by Qa-1, and second, it has a cryptic origin, mapping to an unannotated alternative reading frame product of the influenza matrix gene segment. Presentation and immunogenicity of M-SL9 are dependent on the second AUG codon of the positive sense matrix RNA segment, suggesting translation initiation by leaky ribosomal scanning. During influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 infection, M-SL9-specific T cells exhibit a low level of egress from the lungs and strong differentiation into tissue-resident memory cells. Importantly, we show that M-SL9/Qa-1-specific T cells can be strongly induced by messenger RNA vaccination and that they can mediate antigen-specific cytolysis in vivo. Our results demonstrate that noncanonical translation products can account for an important fraction of the T cell repertoire and add to a growing body of evidence that MHC-E-restricted T cells could have substantial therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hogan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Nikita Maheshwari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bridget E Begg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Annalisa Nicastri
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma J Hedgepeth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael A Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Century Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shanelle P Reilly
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Laurent Brossay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kristen W Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicola Ternette
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laurence C Eisenlohr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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5
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Li Q, Lin L, Shou P, Liu K, Xue Y, Hu M, Ling W, Huang Y, Du L, Zheng C, Wang X, Zheng F, Zhang T, Wang Y, Shao C, Melino G, Shi Y, Wang Y. MHC class Ib-restricted CD8 + T cells possess strong tumoricidal activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304689120. [PMID: 37856544 PMCID: PMC10614629 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304689120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of classical CD8+ T cells in tumor eradication is well acknowledged. However, the anti-tumor activity of MHC (major histocompatibility complex) Ib-restricted CD8+ T (Ib-CD8+ T) cells remains obscure. Here, we show that CX3CR1-expressing Ib-CD8+ T cells (Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells) highly express cytotoxic factors, austerely resist exhaustion, and effectively eliminate various tumors. These Ib-CD8+ T cells can be primed by MHC Ia (MHC class Ia molecules) expressed on various cell types for optimal activation in a Tbet-dependent manner. Importantly, MHC Ia does not allogeneically activate Ib-CD8+ T cells, rather, sensitizes these cells for T cell receptor activation. Such effects were observed when MHC Ia+ cells were administered to tumor-bearing Kb-/-Db-/-mice. A similar population of tumoricidal CX3CR1+CD8+ T cells was identified in wild-type mice and melanoma patients. Adoptive transfer of Ib-CD8+ T cells to wild-type mice inhibited tumor progression without damaging normal tissues. Taken together, we demonstrate that MHC class Ia can prime Ib-CD8+ T cells for robust tumoricidal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Liangyu Lin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Peishun Shou
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Keli Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Yueqing Xue
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Mingyuan Hu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Weifang Ling
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Yin Huang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Liming Du
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Chunxing Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Fanjun Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu215123, China
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata Oncoscience Research, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome00133, Italy
| | - Yufang Shi
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu215123, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
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6
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Wen J, Cheng S, Wang R, Huang Y, Xu L, Ma L, Ling Z, Xu J, Zhao D, Zhang Y, Sun B. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells boost CD8 + T-cell activation in anti-tumor immune responses. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2243112. [PMID: 37577145 PMCID: PMC10413917 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2243112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are essential for orchestrating type 2 immune responses during allergic airway inflammation and infection. ILC2s have been reported to play a regulatory role in tumors; however, this conclusion is controversial. In this study, we showed that IL-33-activated ILC2s could boost CD8+ T-cell function through direct antigen cross-presentation. After activation by IL-33, ILC2s showed an enhanced potential to process antigens and prime CD8+ T cell activation. Activated ILC2s could phagocytose exogenous antigens in vivo and in vitro, promoting antigen-specific CD8+ T cell function to enhance antitumor immune responses. Administration of OVA-loaded ILC2s induces robust antitumor effects on the OVA-expressing tumor model. These findings suggested that the administration of tumor antigen-loaded ILC2s might serve as a potential strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shipeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Wang
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyang Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinfu Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deping Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Med-X institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an JiaoTong University, Xi'an JiaoTong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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7
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Zhao C, Jia X, Pan Y, Liao S, Zhang S, Ji C, Kuang G, Wu X, Liu Q, Tang Y, Fang L. Thioredoxin A of Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Contributes to Virulence by Inhibiting the Expression of Pentraxin 3 to Promote Survival Within Macrophages. J Microbiol 2023; 61:433-448. [PMID: 37010796 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) is an important zoonotic pathogen that can infect humans in contact with infected pigs or their byproducts. It can employ different types of genes to defend against oxidative stress and ensure its survival. The thioredoxin (Trx) system is a key antioxidant system that contributes adversity adaptation and pathogenicity. SS2 has been shown to encode putative thioredoxin genes, but the biological roles, coding sequence, and underlying mechanisms remains uncharacterized. Here, we demonstrated that SSU05_0237-ORF, from a clinical SS2 strain, ZJ081101, encodes a protein of 104 amino acids with a canonical CGPC active motif and an identity 70-85% similar to the thioredoxin A (TrxA) in other microorganisms. Recombinant TrxA efficiently catalyzed the thiol-disulfide oxidoreduction of insulin. The deletion of TrxA led to a significantly slow growth and markedly compromised tolerance of the pathogen to temperature stress, as well as impaired adhesion ability to pig intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). However, it was not involved in H2O2 and paraquat-induced oxidative stress. Compared with the wild-type strain, the ΔTrxA strain was more susceptible to killing by macrophages through increasing NO production. Treatment with TrxA mutant strain also significantly attenuated cytotoxic effects on RAW 264.7 cells by inhibiting inflammatory response and apoptosis. Knockdown of pentraxin 3 in RAW 264.7 cells was more vulnerable to phagocytic activity, and TrxA promoted SS2 survival in phagocytic cells depending on pentraxin 3 activity compared with the wild-type strain. Moreover, a co-inoculation experiment in mice revealed that TrxA mutant strain is far more easily cleared from the body than the wild type strain in the period from 8-24 h, and exhibits significantly attenuated oxidative stress and liver injury. In summary, we reveal the important role of TrxA in the pathogenesis of SS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chijun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Xinglin Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Yanying Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Simeng Liao
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
- South Southwest Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Group, Ltd, Kunming, 650217, China
| | - Chunxiao Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Guangwei Kuang
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Quan Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong, China
| | - Yulong Tang
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei, 230001, China.
| | - Lihua Fang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong, China.
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8
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Van Kaer L, Postoak JL, Song W, Wu L. Innate and Innate-like Effector Lymphocytes in Health and Disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:199-207. [PMID: 35821102 PMCID: PMC9285656 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytes can be functionally partitioned into subsets belonging to the innate or adaptive arms of the immune system. Subsets of innate and innate-like lymphocytes may or may not express Ag-specific receptors of the adaptive immune system, yet they are poised to respond with innate-like speed to pathogenic insults but lack the capacity to develop classical immunological memory. These lymphocyte subsets display a number of common properties that permit them to integrate danger and stress signals dispatched by innate sensor cells to facilitate the generation of specialized effector immune responses tailored toward specific pathogens or other insults. In this review, we discuss the functions of distinct subsets of innate and innate-like lymphocytes. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which these cells are activated in different contexts, their interactions with other immune cells, and their role in health and disease may inform the development of new or improved immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - J Luke Postoak
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Wenqiang Song
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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9
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Emelianova AG, Petrova NV, Fremez C, Fontanié M, Tarasov SА, Epstein ОI. Therapeutic potential of highly diluted antibodies in antibiotic-resistant infection. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 173:106161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Rashidi S, Vieira C, Tuteja R, Mansouri R, Ali-Hassanzadeh M, Muro A, Nguewa P, Manzano-Román R. Immunomodulatory Potential of Non-Classical HLA-G in Infections including COVID-19 and Parasitic Diseases. Biomolecules 2022; 12:257. [PMID: 35204759 PMCID: PMC8961671 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Leukocyte Antigen-G (HLA-G), a polymorphic non-classical HLA (HLA-Ib) with immune-regulatory properties in cancers and infectious diseases, presents both membrane-bound and soluble (sHLA-G) isoforms. Polymorphism has implications in host responses to pathogen infections and in pathogenesis. Differential expression patterns of HLA-G/sHLA-G or its polymorphism seem to be related to different pathological conditions, potentially acting as a disease progression biomarker. Pathogen antigens might be involved in the regulation of both membrane-bound and sHLA-G levels and impact immune responses during co-infections. The upregulation of HLA-G in viral and bacterial infections induce tolerance to infection. Recently, sHLA-G was found useful to identify the prognosis of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among patients and it was observed that the high levels of sHLA-G are associated with worse prognosis. The use of pathogens, such as Plasmodium falciparum, as immune modulators for other infections could be extended for the modulation of membrane-bound HLA-G in COVID-19-infected tissues. Overall, such information might open new avenues concerning the effect of some pathogens such as parasites in decreasing the expression level of HLA-G to restrict pathogenesis in some infections or to influence the immune responses after vaccination among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Rashidi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran;
| | - Carmen Vieira
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (E-INTRO), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases (IBSAL-CIETUS), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; (C.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Renu Tuteja
- Parasite Biology Group, ICGEB, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India;
| | - Reza Mansouri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd 8915173143, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Ali-Hassanzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft 7861615765, Iran;
| | - Antonio Muro
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (E-INTRO), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases (IBSAL-CIETUS), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; (C.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Paul Nguewa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), University of Navarra, c/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Raúl Manzano-Román
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (E-INTRO), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases (IBSAL-CIETUS), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; (C.V.); (A.M.)
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11
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Ciurkiewicz M, Floess S, Beckstette M, Kummerfeld M, Baumgärtner W, Huehn J, Beineke A. Transcriptome analysis following neurotropic virus infection reveals faulty innate immunity and delayed antigen presentation in mice susceptible to virus-induced demyelination. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e13000. [PMID: 34231271 PMCID: PMC8549031 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system cause acute or delayed neuropathology and clinical consequences ranging from asymptomatic courses to chronic, debilitating diseases. The outcome of viral encephalitis is partially determined by genetically programed immune response patterns of the host. Experimental infection of mice with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) causes diverse neurologic diseases, including TMEV‐induced demyelinating disease (TMEV‐IDD), depending on the used mouse strain. The aim of the present study was to compare initial transcriptomic changes occurring in the brain of TMEV‐infected SJL (TMEV‐IDD susceptible) and C57BL/6 (TMEV‐IDD resistant) mice. Animals were infected with TMEV and sacrificed 4, 7, or 14 days post infection. RNA was isolated from brain tissue and analyzed by whole‐transcriptome sequencing. Selected differences were confirmed on a protein level by immunohistochemistry. In mock‐infected SJL and C57BL/6 mice, >200 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected. Following TMEV‐infection, the number of DEGs increased to >700. Infected C57BL/6 mice showed a higher expression of transcripts related to antigen presentation via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I, innate antiviral immune responses and cytotoxicity, compared with infected SJL animals. Expression of many of those genes was weaker or delayed in SJL mice, associated with a failure of viral clearance in this mouse strain. SJL mice showed prolonged elevation of MHC II and chemotactic genes compared with C57BL/6 mice, which presumably facilitates the induction of chronic demyelinating disease. In addition, elevated expression of several genes associated with immunomodulatory or –suppressive functions was observed in SJL mice. The exploratory study confirms previous observations in the model and provides an extensive list of new immunologic parameters potentially contributing to different outcomes of viral encephalitis in two mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Floess
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Beckstette
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maren Kummerfeld
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2363
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13
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Anderson CK, Reilly EC, Lee AY, Brossay L. Qa-1-Restricted CD8 + T Cells Can Compensate for the Absence of Conventional T Cells during Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 27:537-548.e5. [PMID: 30970256 PMCID: PMC6472915 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of non-classical T cells during viral infection remains poorly understood. Using the well-established murine model of CMV infection (MCMV) and mice deficient in MHC class Ia molecules, we found that non-classical CD8+ T cells robustly expand after MCMV challenge, become highly activated effectors, and are capable of forming durable memory. Interestingly, although these cells are restricted by MHC class Ib molecules, they respond similarly to conventional T cells. Remarkably, when acting as the sole component of the adaptive immune response, non-classical CD8+ T cells are sufficient to protect against MCMV-induced lethality. We also demonstrate that the MHC class Ib molecule Qa-1 (encoded by H2-T23) restricts a large, and critical, portion of this population. These findings reveal a potential adaptation of the host immune response to compensate for viral evasion of classical T cell immunity. Anderson et al. describe a heterogenous population of non-classical CD8+ T cells responding to MCMV. Importantly, this population can protect mice from MCMV-induced lethality in the absence of other adaptive immune cells. Among the MHC class Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells responding, Qa-1-specific cells are required for protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney K Anderson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Emma C Reilly
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Angus Y Lee
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94702, USA
| | - Laurent Brossay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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14
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Almeida T, Esteves PJ, Flajnik MF, Ohta Y, Veríssimo A. An Ancient, MHC-Linked, Nonclassical Class I Lineage in Cartilaginous Fish. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:892-902. [PMID: 31932500 PMCID: PMC7002201 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cartilaginous fishes, or chondrichthyans, are the oldest jawed vertebrates that have an adaptive immune system based on the MHC and Ig superfamily-based AgR. In this basal group of jawed vertebrates, we identified a third nonclassical MHC class I lineage (UDA), which is present in all species analyzed within the two major cartilaginous subclasses, Holocephali (chimaeras) and Elasmobranchii (sharks, skates, and rays). The deduced amino acid sequences of UDA have eight out of nine typically invariant residues that bind to the N and C termini of bound peptide found in most vertebrae classical class I (UAA); additionally, the other predicted 28 peptide-binding residues are perfectly conserved in all elasmobranch UDA sequences. UDA is distinct from UAA in its differential tissue distribution and its lower expression levels and is mono- or oligomorphic unlike the highly polymorphic UAA UDA has a low copy number in elasmobranchs but is multicopy in the holocephalan spotted ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei). Using a nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) family, we found that UDA is MHC linked but separable by recombination from the tightly linked cluster of UAA, TAP, and LMP genes, the so-called class I region found in most nonmammalian vertebrates. UDA has predicted structural features that are similar to certain nonclassical class I genes in other vertebrates, and, unlike polymorpic classical class I, we anticipate that it may bind to a conserved set of specialized peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Almeida
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigacão em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201; and
| | - Pedro J Esteves
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigacão em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Martin F Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201; and
| | - Yuko Ohta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201; and
| | - Ana Veríssimo
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigacão em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Porto, Portugal
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062
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15
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D'Orazio SEF. Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses during Listeria monocytogenes Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0065-2019. [PMID: 31124430 PMCID: PMC11086964 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0065-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It could be argued that we understand the immune response to infection with Listeria monocytogenes better than the immunity elicited by any other bacteria. L. monocytogenes are Gram-positive bacteria that are genetically tractable and easy to cultivate in vitro, and the mouse model of intravenous (i.v.) inoculation is highly reproducible. For these reasons, immunologists frequently use the mouse model of systemic listeriosis to dissect the mechanisms used by mammalian hosts to recognize and respond to infection. This article provides an overview of what we have learned over the past few decades and is divided into three sections: "Innate Immunity" describes how the host initially detects the presence of L. monocytogenes and characterizes the soluble and cellular responses that occur during the first few days postinfection; "Adaptive Immunity" discusses the exquisitely specific T cell response that mediates complete clearance of infection and immunological memory; "Use of Attenuated Listeria as a Vaccine Vector" highlights the ways that investigators have exploited our extensive knowledge of anti-Listeria immunity to develop cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E F D'Orazio
- University of Kentucky, Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, Lexington, KY 40536-0298
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16
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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Genes and Disease Resistance in Fish. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040378. [PMID: 31027287 PMCID: PMC6523485 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascinating about classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is their polymorphism. The present study is a review and discussion of the fish MHC situation. The basic pattern of MHC variation in fish is similar to mammals, with MHC class I versus class II, and polymorphic classical versus nonpolymorphic nonclassical. However, in many or all teleost fishes, important differences with mammalian or human MHC were observed: (1) The allelic/haplotype diversification levels of classical MHC class I tend to be much higher than in mammals and involve structural positions within but also outside the peptide binding groove; (2) Teleost fish classical MHC class I and class II loci are not linked. The present article summarizes previous studies that performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis for mapping differences in teleost fish disease resistance, and discusses them from MHC point of view. Overall, those QTL studies suggest the possible importance of genomic regions including classical MHC class II and nonclassical MHC class I genes, whereas similar observations were not made for the genomic regions with the highly diversified classical MHC class I alleles. It must be concluded that despite decades of knowing MHC polymorphism in jawed vertebrate species including fish, firm conclusions (as opposed to appealing hypotheses) on the reasons for MHC polymorphism cannot be made, and that the types of polymorphism observed in fish may not be explained by disease-resistance models alone.
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Fujii SI, Yamasaki S, Sato Y, Shimizu K. Vaccine Designs Utilizing Invariant NKT-Licensed Antigen-Presenting Cells Provide NKT or T Cell Help for B Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1267. [PMID: 29915600 PMCID: PMC5995044 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against a variety of infectious diseases have been developed and tested. Although there have been some notable successes, most are less than optimal or have failed outright. There has been discussion about whether either B cells or dendritic cells (DCs) could be useful for the development of antimicrobial vaccines with the production of high titers of antibodies. Invariant (i)NKT cells have direct antimicrobial effects as well as adjuvant activity, and iNKT-stimulated antigen-presenting cells (APCs) can determine the form of the ensuing humoral and cellular immune responses. In fact, upon activation by ligand, iNKT cells can stimulate both B cells and DCs as via either cognate or non-cognate help. iNKT-licensed DCs generate antigen-specific follicular helper CD4+ T cells, which in turn stimulate B cells, thus leading to long-term antigen-specific antibody production. Follicular helper iNKT cell-licensed B cells generally produce rapid, but short-term antibody. However, under some conditions in the presence of Th cells, the antibody production can be prolonged. With regards to humoral immunity, the quality and quantity of Ab produced depends on the APC type and the form of the vaccine. In terms of cellular immunity and, in particular, the induction of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, iNKT-licensed DCs show prominent activity. In this review, we discuss differences in iNKT-stimulated APC types and the quality of the ensuing immune response, and also discuss their application in vaccine models to develop successful preventive immunotherapy against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Fujii
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamasaki
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kanako Shimizu
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
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