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Zhang T, Pang C, Xu M, Zhao Q, Hu Z, Jiang X, Guo M. The role of immune system in atherosclerosis: Molecular mechanisms, controversies, and future possibilities. Hum Immunol 2024; 85:110765. [PMID: 38369442 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2024.110765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Numerous cardiovascular disorders have atherosclerosis as their pathological underpinning. Numerous studies have demonstrated that, with the aid of pattern recognition receptors, cytokines, and immunoglobulins, innate immunity, represented by monocytes/macrophages, and adaptive immunity, primarily T/B cells, play a critical role in controlling inflammation and abnormal lipid metabolism in atherosclerosis. Additionally, the finding of numerous complement components in atherosclerotic plaques suggests yet again how heavily the immune system controls atherosclerosis. Therefore, it is essential to have a thorough grasp of how the immune system contributes to atherosclerosis. The specific molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of immune cells and immune molecules in atherosclerosis, the controversy surrounding some immune cells in atherosclerosis, and the limitations of extrapolating from relevant animal models to humans were all carefully reviewed in this review from the three perspectives of innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and complement system. This could provide fresh possibilities for atherosclerosis research and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Chenxu Pang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Mengxin Xu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhijie Hu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Maojuan Guo
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China.
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Martins LS, Duarte EL, Lamy MT, Rozenfeld JHK. DODAB vesicles containing lysophosphatidylcholines: The relevance of acyl chain saturation on the membrane structure and thermal properties. Biophys Chem 2023; 300:107075. [PMID: 37451052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.107075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The saturated LPC18:0 and unsaturated LPC18:1 lysophosphatidylcholines have important roles in inflammation and immunity and are interesting targets for immunotherapy. The synthetic cationic lipid DODAB has been successfully employed in delivery systems, and would be a suitable carrier for those lysophosphatidylcholines. Here, assemblies of DODAB and LPC18:0 or LPC18:1 were characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. LPC18:0 increased the DODAB gel-fluid transition enthalpy and rigidified both phases. In contrast, LPC18:1 caused a decrease in the DODAB gel-fluid transition temperature and cooperativity, associated with two populations with distinct rigidities in the gel phase. In the fluid phase, LPC18:1 increased the surface order but, differently from LPC18:0, did not affect viscosity at the membrane core. The impact of the different acyl chains of LPC18:0 and 18:1 on structure and thermotropic behavior should be considered when developing applications using mixed DODAB membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia S Martins
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu 862, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Evandro L Duarte
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - M Teresa Lamy
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Julio H K Rozenfeld
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu 862, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil.
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Shao MM, Yi FS, Huang ZY, Peng P, Wu FY, Shi HZ, Zhai K. T Cell Receptor Repertoire Analysis Reveals Signatures of T Cell Responses to Human Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:829694. [PMID: 35197957 PMCID: PMC8859175 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.829694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires is essential for understanding the mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection involving T cell adaptive immunity. The characteristics of TCR sequences and distinctive signatures of T cell subsets in tuberculous patients are still unclear. By combining single-cell TCR sequencing (sc-TCR seq) with single-cell RNA sequencing (sc-RNA seq) and flow cytometry to characterize T cells in tuberculous pleural effusions (TPEs), we identified 41,718 CD3+ T cells in TPEs and paired blood samples, including 30,515 CD4+ T cells and 11,203 CD8+ T cells. Compared with controls, no differences in length and profile of length distribution were observed in complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in TPE. Altered hydrophobicity was demonstrated in CDR3 in CD8+ T cells and a significant imbalance in the TCR usage pattern of T cells with preferential expression of TRBV4-1 in TPE. A significant increase in clonality was observed in TCR repertoires in CD4+ T cells, but not in CD8+ T cells, although both enriched CD4+ and CD8+ T cells showed TH1 and cytotoxic signatures. Furthermore, we identified a new subset of polyfunctional CD4+ T cells with CD1-restricted, TH1, and cytotoxic characteristics, and this subset might provide protective immunity against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Shao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Shuang Yi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Yin Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Peng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan Institute for Tuberculosis Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng-Yao Wu
- Department of Tuberculosis, Nanning Fourth People’s Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Huan-Zhong Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Zhai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Kan Zhai,
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Bharadwaj NS, Gumperz JE. Harnessing invariant natural killer T cells to control pathological inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:998378. [PMID: 36189224 PMCID: PMC9519390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.998378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate T cells that are recognized for their potent immune modulatory functions. Over the last three decades, research in murine models and human observational studies have revealed that iNKT cells can act to limit inflammatory pathology in a variety of settings. Since iNKT cells are multi-functional and can promote inflammation in some contexts, understanding the mechanistic basis for their anti-inflammatory effects is critical for effectively harnessing them for clinical use. Two contrasting mechanisms have emerged to explain the anti-inflammatory activity of iNKT cells: that they drive suppressive pathways mediated by other regulatory cells, and that they may cytolytically eliminate antigen presenting cells that promote excessive inflammatory responses. How these activities are controlled and separated from their pro-inflammatory functions remains a central question. Murine iNKT cells can be divided into four functional lineages that have either pro-inflammatory (NKT1, NKT17) or anti-inflammatory (NKT2, NKT10) cytokine profiles. However, in humans these subsets are not clearly evident, and instead most iNKT cells that are CD4+ appear oriented towards polyfunctional (TH0) cytokine production, while CD4- iNKT cells appear more predisposed towards cytolytic activity. Additionally, structurally distinct antigens have been shown to induce TH1- or TH2-biased responses by iNKT cells in murine models, but human iNKT cells may respond to differing levels of TCR stimulation in a way that does not neatly separate TH1 and TH2 cytokine production. We discuss the implications of these differences for translational efforts focused on the anti-inflammatory activity of iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhila S Bharadwaj
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jenny E Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
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Medved J, Knott BM, Tarrah SN, Li AN, Shah N, Moscovich TC, Boscia AR, Salazar JE, Santhanakrishnan M, Hendrickson JE, Fu X, Zimring JC, Luckey CJ. The lysophospholipid-binding molecule CD1D is not required for the alloimmunization response to fresh or stored RBCs in mice despite RBC storage driving alterations in lysophospholipids. Transfusion 2021; 61:2169-2178. [PMID: 34181769 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the significant adverse clinical consequences of RBC alloimmunization, our understanding of the signals that induce immune responses to transfused RBCs remains incomplete. Though RBC storage has been shown to enhance alloimmunization in the hen egg lysozyme, ovalbumin, and human Duffy (HOD) RBC alloantigen mouse model, the molecular signals leading to immune activation in this system remain unclear. Given that the nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I molecule CD1D can bind to multiple different lysophospholipids and direct immune activation, we hypothesized that storage of RBCs increases lysophospholipids known to bind CD1D, and further that recipient CD1D recognition of these altered lipids mediates storage-induced alloimmunization responses. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We used a mass spectrometry-based approach to analyze the changes in lysophospholipids that are induced during storage of mouse RBCs. CD1D knockout (CD1D-KO) and wild-type (WT) control mice were transfused with stored HOD RBCs to measure the impact of CD1D deficiency on RBC alloimmunization. RESULTS RBC storage results in alterations in multiple lysophospholipid species known to bind to CD1D and activate the immune system. Prior to transfusion, CD1D-deficient mice had lower baseline levels of polyclonal immunoglobulin (IgG) relative to WT mice. In response to stored RBC transfusion, CD1D-deficient mice generated similar levels of anti-HOD IgM and anti-HOD IgG. CONCLUSION Although storage of RBCs leads to alteration of several lysophospholipids known to be capable of binding CD1D, storage-induced RBC alloimmunization responses are not impacted by recipient CD1D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Medved
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Brittney M Knott
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Soraya N Tarrah
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Andria N Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Neha Shah
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Tamara C Moscovich
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Alexis R Boscia
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Juan E Salazar
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Jeanne E Hendrickson
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Fu
- Bloodworks NW Research Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James C Zimring
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Chance John Luckey
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Cortesi F, Delfanti G, Casorati G, Dellabona P. The Pathophysiological Relevance of the iNKT Cell/Mononuclear Phagocyte Crosstalk in Tissues. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2375. [PMID: 30369933 PMCID: PMC6194905 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are regarded as sentinels of tissue integrity by sensing local cell stress and damage. This occurs via recognition of CD1d-restricted lipid antigens, generated by stress-related metabolic changes, and stimulation by inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-12 and IL-18. Increasing evidence suggest that this occurs mainly upon NKT cell interaction with CD1d-expressing cells of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System, i.e., monocytes, macrophages and DCs, which patrol parenchymatous organs and mucosae to maintain tissue homeostasis and immune surveillance. In this review, we discuss critical examples of this crosstalk, presenting the known underlying mechanisms and their effects on both cell types and the environment, and suggest that the interaction with CD1d-expressing mononuclear phagocytes in tissues is the fundamental job of NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Cortesi
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Delfanti
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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