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Liu Q, Dai Y, Wu X, Zhang Q, An X, Lai F. Lawsonia intracellularis flagellin protein LfliC stimulates NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways independently of TLR5 interaction. Vet Microbiol 2024; 289:109960. [PMID: 38176089 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis, a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium and etiologic agent of porcine proliferative enteropathy, was observed to have a long, single, and unipolar flagellum. Bacterial flagellar filament comprises thousands of copies of the protein flagellin (FliC), and has been reported to be recognized by Toll-like receptor (TLR5) to activate the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, thereby inducing the expression of proinflammatory genes. Recently, two L. intracellularis flagellin proteins, LfliC and LFliC, were reported to be involved in bacterial-host interaction and immune response. Here, to further explore the role of LfliC in proinflammatory response, we purified LfliC, and found that its exposure could activate NF-κB signaling pathway in both HEK293T and IPI-FX cells, as well as activate MAPK p38 and ERK1/2 in HEK293T cells but not in IPI-FX cells. However, our yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assay results revealed that LfliC has no interaction with the porcine TLR5 ECD domain though it harbors the conserved D1-like motif required for the interaction. Moreover, LfliC was identified as a substrate of the virulence-associated type III secretion system (T3SS) by using the heterologous Y. enterocolitica system. Transient expression of LfliC also activated the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway in HEK293T cells. Collectively, our results suggest that both the exposure and expression of L. intracellularis LfliC can induce the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway in mammalian cells. Our findings may provide important implications and resources for the development of diagnostic tools or vaccines and dissection of the pathogenesis of L. intracellularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Liu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Fungal Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yimin Dai
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Fungal Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xuejiao An
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Fungal Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Fenju Lai
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Fungal Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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Chang MX. Emerging mechanisms and functions of inflammasome complexes in teleost fish. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1065181. [PMID: 36875130 PMCID: PMC9978379 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1065181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes, which are assembled in response to a diverse range of exogenous pathogens and endogenous danger signals, leading to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and induce pyroptotic cell death. Inflammasome components have been identified in teleost fish. Previous reviews have highlighted the conservation of inflammasome components in evolution, inflammasome function in zebrafish infectious and non-infectious models, and the mechanism that induce pyroptosis in fish. The activation of inflammasome involves the canonical and noncanonical pathways, which can play critical roles in the control of various inflammatory and metabolic diseases. The canonical inflammasomes activate caspase-1, and their signaling is initiated by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors. However the noncanonical inflammasomes activate inflammatory caspase upon sensing of cytosolic lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of activation of canonical and noncanonical inflammasomes in teleost fish, with a particular focus on inflammasome complexes in response to bacterial infection. Furthermore, the functions of inflammasome-associated effectors, specific regulatory mechanisms of teleost inflammasomes and functional roles of inflammasomes in innate immune responses are also reviewed. The knowledge of inflammasome activation and pathogen clearance in teleost fish will shed new light on new molecular targets for treatment of inflammatory and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of InSciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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3
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Salova M, Sipos W, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. NOD2 and reproduction-associated NOD-like receptors have been lost during the evolution of pangolins. Immunogenetics 2021; 74:261-268. [PMID: 34725731 PMCID: PMC8560141 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-021-01230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are sensors of pathogen-associated molecular patterns with critical roles in the control of immune responses and programmed cell death. Recent studies have revealed inter-species differences in mammalian innate immune genes and a particular degeneration of nucleic acid sensing pathways in pangolins, which are currently investigated as potential hosts for zoonotic pathogens. Here, we used comparative genomics to determine which NLR genes are conserved or lost in pangolins and related mammals. We show that NOD2, which is implicated in sensing bacterial muramyl dipeptide and viral RNA, is a pseudogene in pangolins, but not in any other mammalian species investigated. NLRC4 and NAIP are absent in pangolins and canine carnivorans, suggesting convergent loss of cytoplasmic sensing of bacterial flagellin in these taxa. Among NLR family pyrin domain containing proteins (NLRPs), skin barrier-related NLRP10 has been lost in pangolins after the evolutionary divergence from Carnivora. Strikingly, pangolins lack all NLRPs associated with reproduction (germ cells and embryonic development) in other mammals, i.e., NLRP2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, and 14. Taken together, our study shows a massive degeneration of NLR genes in pangolins and suggests that these endangered mammals may have unique adaptations of innate immunity and reproductive cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Salova
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sipos
- Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Herd Management, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Kay C, Wang R, Kirkby M, Man SM. Molecular mechanisms activating the NAIP-NLRC4 inflammasome: Implications in infectious disease, autoinflammation, and cancer. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:67-82. [PMID: 32729154 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic innate immune sensing is a cornerstone of innate immunity in mammalian cells and provides a surveillance system for invading pathogens and endogenous danger signals. The NAIP-NLRC4 inflammasome responds to cytosolic flagellin, and the inner rod and needle proteins of the type 3 secretion system of bacteria. This complex induces caspase-1-dependent proteolytic cleavage of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, and the pore-forming protein gasdermin D, leading to inflammation and pyroptosis, respectively. Localized responses triggered by the NAIP-NLRC4 inflammasome are largely protective against bacterial pathogens, owing to several mechanisms, including the release of inflammatory mediators, liberation of concealed intracellular pathogens for killing by other immune mechanisms, activation of apoptotic caspases, caspase-7, and caspase-8, and expulsion of an entire infected cell from the mammalian host. In contrast, aberrant activation of the NAIP-NLRC4 inflammasome caused by de novo gain-of-function mutations in the gene encoding NLRC4 can lead to macrophage activation syndrome, neonatal enterocolitis, fetal thrombotic vasculopathy, familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, and even death. Some of these clinical manifestations could be treated by therapeutics targeting inflammasome-associated cytokines. In addition, the NAIP-NLRC4 inflammasome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, melanoma, glioma, and breast cancer. However, no consensus has been reached on its function in the development of any cancer types. In this review, we highlight the latest advances in the activation mechanisms and structural assembly of the NAIP-NLRC4 inflammasome, and the functions of this inflammasome in different cell types. We also describe progress toward understanding the role of the NAIP-NLRC4 inflammasome in infectious diseases, autoinflammatory diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Kay
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Runli Wang
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Max Kirkby
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Si Ming Man
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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The Inflammatory Response to Enterotoxigenic E. coli and Probiotic E. faecium in a Coculture Model of Porcine Intestinal Epithelial and Dendritic Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:9368295. [PMID: 30670931 PMCID: PMC6317115 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9368295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut epithelium constitutes an interface between the intestinal contents and the underlying gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) including dendritic cells (DC). Interactions of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and resident DC are characterized by bidirectional crosstalk mediated by various factors, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). In the present study, we aimed (1) to model the interplay of both cell types in a porcine in vitro coculture consisting of IEC (cell line IPEC-J2) and monocyte-derived DC (MoDC) and (2) to assess whether immune responses to bacteria are altered because of the interplay between IPEC-J2 cells and MoDC. With regard to the latter, we focused on the inflammasome pathway. Here, we propose caspase-13 as a promising candidate for the noncanonical inflammasome activation in pigs. We conducted challenge experiments with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and probiotic Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) NCIMB 10415. As potential mediators of IEC/DC interactions, TGF-β and TSLP were selected for analyses. Cocultured MoDC showed attenuated ETEC-induced inflammasome-related and proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-8 reactions compared with MoDC monocultures. Caspase-13 was more strongly expressed in IPEC-J2 cells cocultured with MoDC and upon ETEC incubation. We found that IPEC-J2 cells and MoDC were capable of releasing TSLP. The latter cells secreted greater amounts of TSLP when cocultured with IPEC-J2 cells. TGF-β was not modulated under the present experimental conditions in either cell types. We conclude that, in the presence of IPEC-J2 cells, porcine MoDC exhibited a more tolerogenic phenotype, which might be partially regulated by autocrine TSLP production. Noncanonical inflammasome signaling appeared to be modulated in IPEC-J2 cells. Our results indicate that the reciprocal interplay of the intestinal epithelium and GALT is essential for promoting balanced immune responses.
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Muneta Y, Arai N, Yakabe Y, Eguchi M, Shibahara T, Sakuma A, Shinkai H, Uenishi H, Hirose K, Akiba M. In vivo effect of a TLR5 SNP (C1205T) on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in weaned, specific pathogen-free Landrace piglets. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:380-387. [PMID: 29660148 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 5 is a pattern-recognition receptor for bacterial flagellin. We previously reported that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of swine TLR5, C1205T, impairs recognition of Salmonella typhimurium (ST) flagellin and ethanol-killed Salmonella Choleraesuis (SC). In the present study, weaned, specific pathogen-free (SPF) Landrace piglets with CC, CT or TT genotypes were orally infected with ST (L-3569 strain) to determine the effect of this specific SNP on ST infection in vivo. Eighteen ST-infected piglets (six each with CC, CT, or TT) exhibited fever and diarrhea for 1 week after infection. TT piglets had the longest duration of fever. TT piglets had the greatest mean diarrhea score during the experimental period, followed by CT and CC piglets. Fecal ST shedding was greater in CT and TT pigs than CC pigs from 2 days after infection. Serum haptoglobin concentration increased in ST-infected piglets and to greater extents in CT and TT pigs than CC pigs. Daily weight gain was lower in infected pigs, particularly TT piglets, than control pigs. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate that impairment of TLR recognition affects pig susceptibility to disease in vivo. Thus, piglets with the T allele of swine TLR5 (C1205T) exhibit impaired resistance to ST infection. Furthermore, elimination of the T allele of this SNP from Landrace pigs would lead to enhancement of their resistance to ST infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Muneta
- Pathology and Pathophysiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Nobuo Arai
- Bacteriology and Parasitology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.,Osaka Prefecture University, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yoko Yakabe
- Pathology and Pathophysiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Masahiro Eguchi
- Bacteriology and Parasitology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- Pathology and Pathophysiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.,Osaka Prefecture University, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Akiko Sakuma
- Miyagi Livestock Experimental Station, 1 Hiwatari, Minamisawa, Iwadeyama, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6445, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shinkai
- Division of Animal Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hirohide Uenishi
- Division of Animal Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan
| | - Kensuke Hirose
- Zen-Noh Livestock East Japan Breeding Farm, 121-3 Kamiwano, Uwano, Sizukuishi, Iwate, Iwate 020-0583, Japan
| | - Masato Akiba
- Bacteriology and Parasitology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.,Osaka Prefecture University, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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7
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Loss H, Aschenbach JR, Ebner F, Tedin K, Lodemann U. Effects of a pathogenic ETEC strain and a probiotic Enterococcus faecium strain on the inflammasome response in porcine dendritic cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 203:78-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Vrentas CE, Schaut RG, Boggiatto PM, Olsen SC, Sutterwala FS, Moayeri M. Inflammasomes in livestock and wildlife: Insights into the intersection of pathogens and natural host species. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 201:49-56. [PMID: 29914682 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The inflammasome serves as a mechanism by which the body senses damage or danger. These multiprotein complexes form in the cytosol of myeloid, epithelial and potentially other cell types to drive caspase-1 cleavage and the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Different types of inflammasomes, centered on (and named after) their cytosolic NLRs, respond to signals from bacteria, fungi, and viruses, as well as "sterile inflammatory" triggers. Despite the large body of research accumulated on rodent and human inflammasomes over the past 15 years, only recently have studies expanded to consider the role of inflammasomes in veterinary and wildlife species. Due to the key role of inflammasomes in mediating inflammatory responses observed in humans and rodents, characterization of the similarities and differences between humans/rodents and veterinary species is required to identify genetic and evolutionary influences on disease responses and to develop therapeutic candidates for use in veterinary inflammatory syndromes. Here, we summarize recent findings on inflammasomes in swine, cattle, dogs, bats, small ruminants, and birds. We describe current gaps in our knowledge and highlight promising areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Vrentas
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Ave., Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
| | - Robert G Schaut
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Ave., Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Paola M Boggiatto
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Ave., Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Steven C Olsen
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Ave., Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Fayyaz S Sutterwala
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Mahtab Moayeri
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 33 North Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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