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Key sites insight on the stereoselectivity of four mined aldo-keto reductases toward α-keto esters and halogen-substituted acetophenones. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:6119-6128. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Tramontina R, Franco Cairo JPL, Liberato MV, Mandelli F, Sousa A, Santos S, Rabelo SC, Campos B, Ienczak J, Ruller R, Damásio ARL, Squina FM. The Coptotermes gestroi aldo-keto reductase: a multipurpose enzyme for biorefinery applications. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:4. [PMID: 28053664 PMCID: PMC5209882 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0688-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In nature, termites can be considered as a model biological system for biofuel research based on their remarkable efficiency for lignocellulosic biomass conversion. Redox enzymes are of interest in second-generation ethanol production because they promote synergic enzymatic activity with classical hydrolases for lignocellulose saccharification and inactivate fermentation inhibitory compounds produced after lignocellulose pretreatment steps. RESULTS In the present study, the biochemical and structural characteristics of the Coptotermes gestroi aldo-keto reductase (CgAKR-1) were comprehensively investigated. CgAKR-1 displayed major structural differences compared with others AKRs, including the differences in the amino acid composition of the substrate-binding site, providing basis for classification as a founding member of a new AKR subfamily (family AKR1 I). Immunolocalization assays with anti-CgAKR-1 antibodies resulted in strong fluorescence in the salivary gland, proventriculus, and foregut. CgAKR-1 supplementation caused a 32% reduction in phenolic aldehydes, such as furfural, which act as fermentation inhibitors of hemicellulosic hydrolysates, and improved ethanol fermentation by the xylose-fermenting yeast Scheffersomyces stipitis by 45%. We observed synergistic enzymatic interactions between CgAKR-1 and commercial cellulosic cocktail for sugarcane bagasse saccharification, with a maximum synergism degree of 2.17 for sugar release. Our data indicated that additive enzymatic activity could be mediated by reactive oxygen species because CgAKR-1 could produce hydrogen peroxide. CONCLUSION In summary, we identified the founding member of an AKRI subfamily with a potential role in the termite digestome. CgAKR-1 was found to be a multipurpose enzyme with potential biotechnological applications. The present work provided a basis for the development and application of integrative and multipurpose enzymes in the bioethanol production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Tramontina
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, no 10000 Campinas, SP Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biociências e Tecnologia de Produtos Bioativos (BTPB)-Instituto de Biologia-CP 6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - João Paulo L. Franco Cairo
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, no 10000 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Marcelo V. Liberato
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, no 10000 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Fernanda Mandelli
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, no 10000 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Amanda Sousa
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, no 10000 Campinas, SP Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biociências e Tecnologia de Produtos Bioativos (BTPB)-Instituto de Biologia-CP 6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Samantha Santos
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, no 10000 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Sarita Cândida Rabelo
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, no 10000 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Bruna Campos
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), from the Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jaciane Ienczak
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, no 10000 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Roberto Ruller
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, no 10000 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - André R. L. Damásio
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Fabio Marcio Squina
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, no 10000 Campinas, SP Brazil
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Characterization and identification of three novel aldo-keto reductases from Lodderomyces elongisporus for reducing ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 564:219-28. [PMID: 25447817 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lodderomyces elongisporus LH703 isolated from soil samples contained three novel aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) (LEAKR 48, LEAKR 49, and LEAKR 50). The three enzymes were cloned, expressed, and purified to homogeneity for characterization. These three AKRs shared <40% amino acid identity with each other. LEAKR 50 was identified as a member of AKR3 family, whereas the other two LEAKRs were identified as members of two novel AKR families, respectively. All the three AKRs required nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate as a cofactor. However, they showed diverse characteristics, including optimum catalyzing conditions, resistance to adverse reaction conditions, and substrate specificity. LEAKR 50 was estimated to be a promising biocatalyst that could reduce ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate with high enantiomeric excess (98% e. e.) and high activity residue under adverse conditions.
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Zhang R, Zhang B, Xu Y, Li Y, Li M, Liang H, Xiao R. Efficicent (R)-phenylethanol production with enantioselectivity-alerted (S)-carbonyl reductase II and NADPH regeneration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83586. [PMID: 24358299 PMCID: PMC3866161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The NADPH-dependent (S)-carbonyl reductaseII from Candida parapsilosis catalyzes acetophenone to chiral phenylethanol in a very low yield of 3.2%. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to design two mutants Ala220Asp and Glu228Ser, inside or adjacent to the substrate-binding pocket. Both mutations caused a significant enantioselectivity shift toward (R)-phenylethanol in the reduction of acetophenone. The variant E228S produced (R)-phenylethanol with an optical purity above 99%, in 80.2% yield. The E228S mutation resulted in a 4.6-fold decrease in the K M value, but nearly 5-fold and 21-fold increases in the k cat and k cat/K M values with respect to the wild type. For NADPH regeneration, Bacillus sp. YX-1 glucose dehydrogenase was introduced into the (R)-phenylethanol pathway. A coexpression system containing E228S and glucose dehydrogenase was constructed. The system was optimized by altering the coding gene order on the plasmid and using the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the aligned spacing sequence as a linker between them. The presence of glucose dehydrogenase increased the NADPH concentration slightly and decreased NADP(+) pool 2- to 4-fold; the NADPH/NADP(+) ratio was improved 2- to 5-fold. The recombinant Escherichia coli/pET-MS-SD-AS-G, with E228S located upstream and glucose dehydrogenase downstream, showed excellent performance, giving (R)-phenylethanol of an optical purity of 99.5 % in 92.2% yield in 12 h in the absence of an external cofactor. When 0.06 mM NADP(+) was added at the beginning of the reaction, the reaction duration was reduced to 1 h. Optimization of the coexpression system stimulated an over 30-fold increase in the yield of (R)-phenylethanol, and simultaneously reduced the reaction time 48-fold compared with the wild-type enzyme. This report describes possible mechanisms for alteration of the enantiopreferences of carbonyl reductases by site mutation, and cofactor rebalancing pathways for efficient chiral alcohols production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory for Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Botao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory for Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Yaohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory for Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory for Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory for Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
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You ZY, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Characterization of a newly synthesized carbonyl reductase and construction of a biocatalytic process for the synthesis of ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate with high space-time yield. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:1671-80. [PMID: 23793261 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A carbonyl reductase (SCR2) gene was synthesized and expressed in Escherichia coli after codon optimization to investigate its biochemical properties and application in biosynthesis of ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate ((S)-CHBE), which is an important chiral synthon for the side chain of cholesterol-lowering drug. The recombinant SCR2 was purified and characterized using ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (COBE) as substrate. The specific activity of purified enzyme was 11.9 U mg(-1). The optimum temperature and pH for enzyme activity were 45 °C and pH 6.0, respectively. The half-lives of recombinant SCR2 were 16.5, 7.7, 2.2, 0.41, and 0.05 h at 30 °C, 35 °C, 40 °C, 45 °C, and 50 °C, respectively, and it was highly stable in acidic environment. This SCR2 displayed a relatively narrow substrate specificity. The apparent K m and V max values of purified enzyme for COBE are 6.4 mM and 63.3 μmol min(-1) mg(-1), respectively. The biocatalytic process for the synthesis of (S)-CHBE was constructed by this SCR2 in an aqueous-organic solvent system with a substrate fed-batch strategy. At the final COBE concentration of 1 M, (S)-CHBE with yield of 95.3% and e.e. of 99% was obtained after 6-h reaction. In this process, the space-time yield per gram of biomass (dry cell weight, DCW) and turnover number of NADP(+) to (S)-CHBE were 26.5 mmol L(-1) h(-1) g(-1) DCW and 40,000 mol/mol, respectively, which were the highest values as compared with other works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yu You
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China
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Cao H, Mi L, Ye Q, Zang G, Yan M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Xu L, Xiong J, Ouyang P, Ying H. Purification and characterization of a novel NADH-dependent carbonyl reductase from Pichia stipitis involved in biosynthesis of optically pure ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:1733-1739. [PMID: 20933386 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel NADH-dependent dehydrogenases/reductases (SDRs) superfamily reductase (PsCRII) was isolated from Pichia stipitis. It produced ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate [(S)-CHBE] in greater than 99% enantiomeric excess. This enzyme was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by Q-Sepharose chromatography. Compared to similar known reductases producing (S)-CHBE, PsCR II was more suitable for production since the purified PsCRII preferred the inexpensive cofactor NADH to NADPH as the electron donor. Furthermore, the Km of PsCRII for ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (COBE) was 3.3 mM, and the corresponding Vmax was 224 μmol/mg protein/min. The catalytic efficiency is the highest value ever reported for NADH-dependent reductases from yeasts that produce CHBE with high enantioselectivity. In addition, this enzyme exhibited broad substrate specificity for several β-keto esters using NADH as the coenzyme. The properties of PsCRII with those of other carbonyl reductases from yeasts were also compared in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Biocatalytic properties of a recombinant aldo-keto reductase with broad substrate spectrum and excellent stereoselectivity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:1111-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2941-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ye Q, Ouyang P, Ying H. A review—biosynthesis of optically pure ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate ester: recent advances and future perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:513-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ye Q, Cao H, Yan M, Cao F, Zhang Y, Li X, Xu L, Chen Y, Xiong J, Ouyang P, Ying H. Construction and co-expression of a polycistronic plasmid encoding carbonyl reductase and glucose dehydrogenase for production of ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:6761-6767. [PMID: 20382525 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (COBE) to ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate [(S)-CHBE] was carried out using Escherichia coli co-expressing a carbonyl reductase gene from Pichia stipitis and a glucose dehydrogenase gene from Bacillus megaterium. An efficient polycistronic plasmid with a high-level of enzyme co-expression was constructed by changing the order of the genes, altering the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) regions, and aligned spacing (AS) between the SD sequence and the translation initiation codon. The optimal SD sequence was 5-TAAGGAGG-3, and the optimal AS distance was eight nucleotides. Asymmetric reduction of COBE to (S)-CHBE with more than 99% enantiomeric excess was demonstrated by transformants, using a water/ethyl caprylate system. The recombinant cells produced 1260 mM product in the organic phase, and the total turnover number, defined as moles (S)-CHBE formed per mole NADP(+), was 12,600, which was more than 10-fold higher than in aqueous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Biocatalytic reduction system for the production of chiral methyl (R)/(S)-4-bromo-3-hydroxybutyrate. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Asako H, Shimizu M, Itoh N. Biocatalytic production of (S)-4-bromo-3-hydroxybutyrate and structurally related chemicals and their applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 84:397-405. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Engineering of NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase from Penicillium citrinum by directed evolution to improve thermostability and enantioselectivity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:805-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1594-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cornally D, Mee B, MacDonaill C, Tipton KF, Kelleher D, Windle HJ, Henehan GTM. Aldo-keto reductase from Helicobacter pylori--role in adaptation to growth at acid pH. FEBS J 2008; 275:3041-50. [PMID: 18445038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pyridine-linked oxidoreductase enzymes of Helicobacter pylori have been implicated in the pathogenesis of gastric disease. Previous studies in this laboratory examined a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase that was capable of detoxifying a range of aromatic aldehydes. In the present work, we have extended these studies to identify and characterize an aldoketo reductase (AKR) enzyme present in H. pylori. The gene encoding this AKR was identified in the sequenced strain of H. pylori, 26695. The gene, referred to as HpAKR, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as a His-tag fusion protein, and purified using nickel chelate chromatography. The gene product (HpAKR) has been assigned to the AKR13C1 family, although it differs in specificity from the two other known members of this family. The enzyme is a monomer with a molecular mass of approximately 39 kDa on SDS/PAGE. It reduces a range of aromatic aldehyde substrates with high catalytic efficiency, and exhibits dual cofactor specificity for both NADPH and NADH. HpAKR can function over a broad pH range (pH 4-9), and has a pH optimum of 5.5. It is inhibited by sodium valproate. Its substrate specificity complements that of the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity in H. pylori, giving the organism the capacity to reduce a wide range of aldehydes. Generation of an HpAKR isogenic mutant of H. pylori demonstrated that HpAKR is required for growth under acidic conditions, suggesting an important role for this enzyme in adaptation to growth in the gastric mucosa. This AKR is a member of a hitherto little-studied class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Cornally
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland
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