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Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of sugar acid by pyranose 2-oxidase. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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2
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Characterization of a sorbose oxidase involved in the biosynthesis of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid from Gluconobacter oxydans WSH-004. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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3
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Savino S, Fraaije MW. The vast repertoire of carbohydrate oxidases: An overview. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 51:107634. [PMID: 32961251 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are widely abundant molecules present in a variety of forms. For their biosynthesis and modification, nature has evolved a plethora of carbohydrate-acting enzymes. Many of these enzymes are of particular interest for biotechnological applications, where they can be used as biocatalysts or biosensors. Among the enzymes catalysing conversions of carbohydrates are the carbohydrate oxidases. These oxidative enzymes belong to different structural families and use different cofactors to perform the oxidation reaction of CH-OH bonds in carbohydrates. The variety of carbohydrate oxidases available in nature reflects their specificity towards different sugars and selectivity of the oxidation site. Thanks to their properties, carbohydrate oxidases have received a lot of attention in basic and applied research, such that nowadays their role in biotechnological processes is of paramount importance. In this review we provide an overview of the available knowledge concerning the known carbohydrate oxidases. The oxidases are first classified according to their structural features. After a description on their mechanism of action, substrate acceptance and characterisation, we report on the engineering of the different carbohydrate oxidases to enhance their employment in biocatalysis and biotechnology. In the last part of the review we highlight some practical applications for which such enzymes have been exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Savino
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Sriwaiyaphram K, Punthong P, Sucharitakul J, Wongnate T. Structure and function relationships of sugar oxidases and their potential use in biocatalysis. Enzymes 2020; 47:193-230. [PMID: 32951824 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Several sugar oxidases that catalyze the oxidation of sugars have been isolated and characterized. These enzymes can be classified as flavoenzyme due to the presence of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as a cofactor. Sugar oxidases have been proposed to be the key biocatalyst in biotransformation of carbohydrates which can potentially convert sugars to provide a pool of intermediates for synthesis of rare sugars, fine chemicals and drugs. Moreover, sugar oxidases have been applied in biosensing of various biomolecules in food industries, diagnosis of diseases and environmental pollutant detection. This review provides the discussions on general properties, current mechanistic understanding, structural determination, biocatalytic application, and biosensor integration of representative sugar oxidase enzymes, namely pyranose 2-oxidase (P2O), glucose oxidase (GO), hexose oxidase (HO), and oligosaccharide oxidase. The information regarding the relationship between structure and function of these sugar oxidases points out the key properties of this particular group of enzymes that can be modified by engineering, which had resulted in a remarkable economic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokkan Sriwaiyaphram
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand
| | - Pangrum Punthong
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand
| | - Jeerus Sucharitakul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanyaporn Wongnate
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand.
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Abrera AT, Sützl L, Haltrich D. Pyranose oxidase: A versatile sugar oxidoreductase for bioelectrochemical applications. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 132:107409. [PMID: 31821902 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pyranose oxidase (POx) is an FAD-dependent oxidoreductase, and like glucose oxidase (GOx) it is a member of the glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) superfamily of oxidoreductases. POx oxidizes several monosaccharides including D-glucose, D-galactose, and D-xylose, while concurrently oxygen is reduced to hydrogen peroxide. In addition to this oxidase activity, POx shows pronounced activity with alternative electron acceptors that include various quinones or (complexed) metal ions. Even though POx in general shows properties that are more favourable than those of GOx (e.g., a considerably higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for D-glucose, significantly lower Michaelis constants Km for D-glucose, reactivity with both anomeric forms of D-glucose) it is much less frequently used for both biosensor and biofuel cell applications than GOx. POx has been applied in biosensing of D-glucose, D-galactose, and D-xylose, and in combination with α-glucosidase also maltose. An attractive application is in biosensors constructed for the measurement of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol, a recognised biomarker in diabetes. Bioelectrochemical applications of POx had been restricted to enzymes of fungal origin. The recent discovery and characterisation of POx from bacterial sources, which show properties that are very distinct from the fungal enzymes, might open new possibilities for further applications in bioelectrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle T Abrera
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria; University of the Philippines Los Baños, College Laguna, Philippines
| | - Leander Sützl
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria; Doctoral Programme BioToP - Biomolecular Technology of Proteins, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria; Doctoral Programme BioToP - Biomolecular Technology of Proteins, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria.
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6
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Wongnate T, Surawatanawong P, Chuaboon L, Lawan N, Chaiyen P. The Mechanism of Sugar C−H Bond Oxidation by a Flavoprotein Oxidase Occurs by a Hydride Transfer Before Proton Abstraction. Chemistry 2019; 25:4460-4471. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanyaporn Wongnate
- School of Biomolecular Science & EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Panida Surawatanawong
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence, for Innovation in ChemistryMahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Litavadee Chuaboon
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence, in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of ScienceMahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Narin Lawan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- School of Biomolecular Science & EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
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7
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Li M, Deng H, Ma R, Luo H, Yao B, Su X. Biochemical and mutational analyses of a Trametes pyranose oxidase and comparison of its mutants in breadmaking. AMB Express 2018. [PMID: 29536215 PMCID: PMC5849585 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyranose oxidase (POx) is a homotetrameric flavoprotein that catalyzes the oxidation of pyranose-configured sugars at position C-2 to corresponding 2-ketoaldoses. The wide substrate specificity makes POx potential for application in various biotechnological industries. In the present study we reported the gene cloning and heterologous expression of a POx from the basidiomycete Trametes sp. and functionally expressed the gene in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Based on sequence alignment, three residues were chosen for site-directed mutagenesis to obtain two single mutants (K312E and E539K) and two double mutants (T166A/E539K and K312E/E539K). In comparison to the wild-type, K312E shifted its optimal pH to 5.5 while the optimal temperature of E539K and K312E/E539K increased by 10 °C. The mutants retained more activities over broader pH ranges and higher temperatures and catalyzed d-glucose at higher efficiency (5800‒12,667 M−1 s−1 for the mutants versus 5083 M−1 s−1 for the wild-type). The recombinant POx and its mutants were all useful in gluten agglomeration and enlarging the loaf volume, which depends on the amounts of enzymes added. Interestingly, adding the same amount (0.5 nkat/g of flour) of wild-type and mutant enzymes differed in the change of loaf volumes, pinpointing that the catalytic activity is not the sole determinant in applying POx in breadmaking.
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Hassanpour N, Ullah E, Yousofshahi M, Nair NU, Hassoun S. Selection Finder (SelFi): A computational metabolic engineering tool to enable directed evolution of enzymes. Metab Eng Commun 2017; 4:37-47. [PMID: 29468131 PMCID: PMC5779715 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed evolution of enzymes consists of an iterative process of creating mutant libraries and choosing desired phenotypes through screening or selection until the enzymatic activity reaches a desired goal. The biggest challenge in directed enzyme evolution is identifying high-throughput screens or selections to isolate the variant(s) with the desired property. We present in this paper a computational metabolic engineering framework, Selection Finder (SelFi), to construct a selection pathway from a desired enzymatic product to a cellular host and to couple the pathway with cell survival. We applied SelFi to construct selection pathways for four enzymes and their desired enzymatic products xylitol, D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, methanol, and aniline. Two of the selection pathways identified by SelFi were previously experimentally validated for engineering Xylose Reductase and RuBisCO. Importantly, SelFi advances directed evolution of enzymes as there is currently no known generalized strategies or computational techniques for identifying high-throughput selections for engineering enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Hassanpour
- Department of Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States
| | - Ehsan Ullah
- Department of Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States
| | - Mona Yousofshahi
- Department of Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States
| | - Nikhil U Nair
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States
| | - Soha Hassoun
- Department of Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States
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10
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Cahn JKB, Baumschlager A, Brinkmann-Chen S, Arnold FH. Mutations in adenine-binding pockets enhance catalytic properties of NAD(P)H-dependent enzymes. Protein Eng Des Sel 2016; 29:31-8. [PMID: 26512129 PMCID: PMC4678007 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD(P)H-dependent enzymes are ubiquitous in metabolism and cellular processes and are also of great interest for pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Here, we present a structure-guided enzyme engineering strategy for improving catalytic properties of NAD(P)H-dependent enzymes toward native or native-like reactions using mutations to the enzyme's adenine-binding pocket, distal to the site of catalysis. Screening single-site saturation mutagenesis libraries identified mutations that increased catalytic efficiency up to 10-fold in 7 out of 10 enzymes. The enzymes improved in this study represent three different cofactor-binding folds (Rossmann, DHQS-like, and FAD/NAD binding) and utilize both NADH and NADPH. Structural and biochemical analyses show that the improved activities are accompanied by minimal changes in other properties (cooperativity, thermostability, pH optimum, uncoupling), and initial tests on two enzymes (ScADH6 and EcFucO) show improved functionality in Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K B Cahn
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - A Baumschlager
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - S Brinkmann-Chen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - F H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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11
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Membrane-associated glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase family enzymes PhcC and PhcD are essential for enantioselective catabolism of dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:8022-36. [PMID: 26362985 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02391-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingobium sp. strain SYK-6 is able to degrade various lignin-derived biaryls, including a phenylcoumaran-type compound, dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (DCA). In SYK-6 cells, the alcohol group of the B-ring side chain of DCA is initially oxidized to the carboxyl group to generate 3-(2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl) acrylic acid (DCA-C). Next, the alcohol group of the A-ring side chain of DCA-C is oxidized to the carboxyl group, and then the resulting metabolite is catabolized through vanillin and 5-formylferulate. In this study, the genes involved in the conversion of DCA-C were identified and characterized. The DCA-C oxidation activities in SYK-6 were enhanced in the presence of flavin adenine dinucleotide and an artificial electron acceptor and were induced ca. 1.6-fold when the cells were grown with DCA. Based on these observations, SLG_09480 (phcC) and SLG_09500 (phcD), encoding glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase family proteins, were presumed to encode DCA-C oxidases. Analyses of phcC and phcD mutants indicated that PhcC and PhcD are essential for the conversion of (+)-DCA-C and (-)-DCA-C, respectively. When phcC and phcD were expressed in SYK-6 and Escherichia coli, the gene products were mainly observed in their membrane fractions. The membrane fractions of E. coli that expressed phcC and phcD catalyzed the specific conversion of DCA-C into the corresponding carboxyl derivatives. In the oxidation of DCA-C, PhcC and PhcD effectively utilized ubiquinone derivatives as electron acceptors. Furthermore, the transcription of a putative cytochrome c gene was significantly induced in SYK-6 grown with DCA. The DCA-C oxidation catalyzed by membrane-associated PhcC and PhcD appears to be coupled to the respiratory chain.
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12
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Pickl M, Fuchs M, Glueck SM, Faber K. The substrate tolerance of alcohol oxidases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:6617-42. [PMID: 26153139 PMCID: PMC4513209 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alcohols are a rich source of compounds from renewable sources, but they have to be activated in order to allow the modification of their carbon backbone. The latter can be achieved via oxidation to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones. As an alternative to (thermodynamically disfavoured) nicotinamide-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases, alcohol oxidases make use of molecular oxygen but their application is under-represented in synthetic biotransformations. In this review, the mechanism of copper-containing and flavoprotein alcohol oxidases is discussed in view of their ability to accept electronically activated or non-activated alcohols and their propensity towards over-oxidation of aldehydes yielding carboxylic acids. In order to facilitate the selection of the optimal enzyme for a given biocatalytic application, the substrate tolerance of alcohol oxidases is compiled and discussed: Substrates are classified into groups (non-activated prim- and sec-alcohols; activated allylic, cinnamic and benzylic alcohols; hydroxy acids; sugar alcohols; nucleotide alcohols; sterols) together with suitable alcohol oxidases, their microbial source, relative activities and (stereo)selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Pickl
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
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Hori C, Ishida T, Igarashi K, Samejima M, Suzuki H, Master E, Ferreira P, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Held B, Canessa P, Larrondo LF, Schmoll M, Druzhinina IS, Kubicek CP, Gaskell JA, Kersten P, St. John F, Glasner J, Sabat G, Splinter BonDurant S, Syed K, Yadav J, Mgbeahuruike AC, Kovalchuk A, Asiegbu FO, Lackner G, Hoffmeister D, Rencoret J, Gutiérrez A, Sun H, Lindquist E, Barry K, Riley R, Grigoriev IV, Henrissat B, Kües U, Berka RM, Martínez AT, Covert SF, Blanchette RA, Cullen D. Analysis of the Phlebiopsis gigantea genome, transcriptome and secretome provides insight into its pioneer colonization strategies of wood. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004759. [PMID: 25474575 PMCID: PMC4256170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Collectively classified as white-rot fungi, certain basidiomycetes efficiently degrade the major structural polymers of wood cell walls. A small subset of these Agaricomycetes, exemplified by Phlebiopsis gigantea, is capable of colonizing freshly exposed conifer sapwood despite its high content of extractives, which retards the establishment of other fungal species. The mechanism(s) by which P. gigantea tolerates and metabolizes resinous compounds have not been explored. Here, we report the annotated P. gigantea genome and compare profiles of its transcriptome and secretome when cultured on fresh-cut versus solvent-extracted loblolly pine wood. The P. gigantea genome contains a conventional repertoire of hydrolase genes involved in cellulose/hemicellulose degradation, whose patterns of expression were relatively unperturbed by the absence of extractives. The expression of genes typically ascribed to lignin degradation was also largely unaffected. In contrast, genes likely involved in the transformation and detoxification of wood extractives were highly induced in its presence. Their products included an ABC transporter, lipases, cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Other regulated genes of unknown function and several constitutively expressed genes are also likely involved in P. gigantea's extractives metabolism. These results contribute to our fundamental understanding of pioneer colonization of conifer wood and provide insight into the diverse chemistries employed by fungi in carbon cycling processes. The wood decay fungus Phlebiopsis gigantea degrades all components of plant cell walls and is uniquely able to rapidly colonize freshly exposed conifer sapwood. However, mechanisms underlying its conversion of lignocellulose and resinous extractives have not been explored. We report here analyses of the genetic repertoire, transcriptome and secretome of P. gigantea. Numerous highly expressed hydrolases, together with lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases were implicated in P. gigantea's attack on cellulose, and an array of ligninolytic peroxidases and auxiliary enzymes were also identified. Comparisons of woody substrates with and without extractives revealed differentially expressed genes predicted to be involved in the transformation of resin. These expression patterns are likely key to the pioneer colonization of conifers by P. gigantea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Hori
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishida
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Igarashi
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Samejima
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma Master
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology and Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Ruiz-Dueñas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Benjamin Held
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Paulo Canessa
- Millennium Nucleus for Fungal Integrative and Synthetic Biology and Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis F. Larrondo
- Millennium Nucleus for Fungal Integrative and Synthetic Biology and Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Monika Schmoll
- Health and Environment Department, Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulin, Austria
| | - Irina S. Druzhinina
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology and Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian P. Kubicek
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology and Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jill A. Gaskell
- USDA, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Phil Kersten
- USDA, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Franz St. John
- USDA, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Glasner
- University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Grzegorz Sabat
- University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Khajamohiddin Syed
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jagjit Yadav
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Andriy Kovalchuk
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fred O. Asiegbu
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gerald Lackner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Hui Sun
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Erika Lindquist
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Kerrie Barry
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Riley
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7257, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Ursula Kües
- Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Randy M. Berka
- Novozymes, Inc., Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Angel T. Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarah F. Covert
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Blanchette
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Daniel Cullen
- USDA, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Li X, Zhang Z, Song J. Computational enzyme design approaches with significant biological outcomes: progress and challenges. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2012; 2:e201209007. [PMID: 24688648 PMCID: PMC3962085 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201209007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are powerful biocatalysts, however, so far there is still a large gap between the number of enzyme-based practical applications and that of naturally occurring enzymes. Multiple experimental approaches have been applied to generate nearly all possible mutations of target enzymes, allowing the identification of desirable variants with improved properties to meet the practical needs. Meanwhile, an increasing number of computational methods have been developed to assist in the modification of enzymes during the past few decades. With the development of bioinformatic algorithms, computational approaches are now able to provide more precise guidance for enzyme engineering and make it more efficient and less laborious. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of method development with significant biological outcomes to provide important insights into successful computational protein designs. We also discuss the limitations and challenges of existing methods and the future directions that should improve them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Ziding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiangning Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, Tianjin 300308, China ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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Schneider K, Dorscheid S, Witte K, Giffhorn F, Heinzle E. Controlled feeding of hydrogen peroxide as oxygen source improves production of 5-ketofructose From L-sorbose using engineered pyranose 2-oxidase fromPeniophora gigantea. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:2941-5. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Maria G, Ene MD, Jipa I. Modelling enzymatic oxidation of d-glucose with pyranose 2-oxidase in the presence of catalase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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17
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Gratz A, Jose J. Focusing mutations within random libraries to distinct areas: protein domain library generation by overlap extension. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 729:153-166. [PMID: 21365489 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-065-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Directed evolution is an often used approach toward new proteins with tailor-made properties. It consists of random variation of the coding sequence of a protein followed by an appropriate selection procedure or a suitable type of property read out. In many, if not all cases, it is of significant advantage to constrain the randomly mutagenized DNA sequence to that encoding a particular part of the protein or a distinct domain, and not to mutate the entire gene of the target protein. For this purpose, a three-step, polymerase-based method was developed, which is independent of two flanking restriction sites adjacent to the nucleotide sequence supposed to be mutagenized, and named protein library generation by overlap extension (PDLGO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gratz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Bioconversion of D-glucose into D-glucosone by glucose 2-oxidase from Coriolus versicolor at moderate pressures. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 163:906-17. [PMID: 20872184 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-9094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucose 2-oxidase (pyranose oxidase, pyranose:oxygen-2-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.3.10) from Coriolus versicolor catalyses the oxidation of D-glucose at carbon 2 in the presence of molecular O₂ producing D-glucosone (2-keto-glucose and D-arabino-2-hexosulose) and H₂O₂. It was used to convert D-glucose into D-glucosone at moderate pressures (i.e. up to 150 bar) with compressed air in a modified commercial batch reactor. Several parameters affecting biocatalysis at moderate pressures were investigated as follows: pressure, [enzyme], [glucose], pH, temperature, nature of fluid and the presence of catalase. Glucose 2-oxidase was purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography on epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B-IDA-Cu(II) column at pH 6.0. The rate of bioconversion of D-glucose increased with the pressure since an increase in the pressure with compressed air resulted in higher rates of conversion. On the other hand, the presence of catalase increased the rate of reaction which strongly suggests that H₂O₂ acted as inhibitor for this reaction. The rate of bioconversion of D-glucose by glucose 2-oxidase in the presence of either nitrogen or supercritical CO₂ at 110 bar was very low compared with the use of compressed air at the same pressure. The optimum temperature (55 °C) and pH (5.0) of D-glucose bioconversion as well as kinetic parameters for this enzyme were determined under moderate pressure. The activation energy (E (a)) was 32.08 kJ mol⁻¹ and kinetic parameters (V(max), K(m), K(cat) and K(cat)/K(m)) for this bioconversion were 8.8 U mg⁻¹ protein, 2.95 mM, 30.81 s⁻¹ and 10,444.06 s⁻¹ M⁻¹, respectively. The biomass of C. versicolor as well as the cell-free extract containing glucose 2-oxidase activity were also useful for bioconversion of D-glucose at moderate pressures. The enzyme was apparently stable at moderate pressures since such pressures did not affect significantly the enzyme activity.
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19
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Carius Y, Christian H, Faust A, Zander U, Klink BU, Kornberger P, Kohring GW, Giffhorn F, Scheidig AJ. Structural insight into substrate differentiation of the sugar-metabolizing enzyme galactitol dehydrogenase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides D. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:20006-14. [PMID: 20410293 PMCID: PMC2888412 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.113738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Galactitol 2-dehydrogenase (GatDH) belongs to the protein superfamily of short-chain dehydrogenases. As an enzyme capable of the stereo- and regioselective modification of carbohydrates, it exhibits a high potential for application in biotechnology as a biocatalyst. We have determined the crystal structure of the binary form of GatDH in complex with its cofactor NAD(H) and of the ternary form in complex with NAD(H) and three different substrates. The active form of GatDH constitutes a homo-tetramer with two magnesium-ion binding sites each formed by two opposing C termini. The catalytic tetrad is formed by Asn(116), Ser(144), Tyr(159), and Lys(163). GatDH structurally aligns well with related members of the short-chain dehydrogenase family. The substrate binding pocket can be divided into two parts of different size and polarity. In the smaller part, the side chains of amino acids Ser(144), Ser(146), and Asn(151) are important determinants for the binding specificity and the orientation of (pro-) chiral compounds. The larger part of the pocket is elongated and flanked by polar and non-polar residues, enabling a rather broad substrate spectrum. The presented structures provide valuable information for a rational design of this enzyme to improve its stability against pH, temperature, or solvent concentration and to optimize product yield in bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Carius
- From the Department of Structural Biology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel
- the Department of Biophysics, Structural Biology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Henning Christian
- From the Department of Structural Biology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel
- the Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department for Molecular Structural Biology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, and
| | - Annette Faust
- From the Department of Structural Biology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel
| | - Ulrich Zander
- From the Department of Structural Biology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel
- the Department of Biophysics, Structural Biology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Björn U. Klink
- the Division of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124 Braunschweig
- the Department of Biophysics, Structural Biology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Petra Kornberger
- the Institute for Applied Microbiology, Saarland University, Im Stadtwald, D-66123 Saarbrücken
| | - Gert-Wieland Kohring
- the Institute for Applied Microbiology, Saarland University, Im Stadtwald, D-66123 Saarbrücken
| | - Friedrich Giffhorn
- the Institute for Applied Microbiology, Saarland University, Im Stadtwald, D-66123 Saarbrücken
| | - Axel J. Scheidig
- From the Department of Structural Biology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel
- the Department of Biophysics, Structural Biology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
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20
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Gajdzik J, Lenz J, Natter H, Hempelmann R, Kohring GW, Giffhorn F, Manolova M, Kolb DM. Enzyme immobilisation on self-organised nanopatterned electrode surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:12604-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00893a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Pisanelli I, Kujawa M, Spadiut O, Kittl R, Halada P, Volc J, Mozuch MD, Kersten P, Haltrich D, Peterbauer C. Pyranose 2-oxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium--expression in E. coli and biochemical characterization. J Biotechnol 2009; 142:97-106. [PMID: 19501263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The presented work reports the isolation and heterologous expression of the p2ox gene encoding the flavoprotein pyranose 2-oxidase (P2Ox) from the basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The p2ox cDNA was inserted into the bacterial expression vector pET21a(+) and successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. We obtained active, fully flavinylated recombinant P2Ox in yields of approximately 270 mg/l medium. The recombinant enzyme was provided with an N-terminal T7-tag and a C-terminal His(6)-tag to facilitate simple one-step purification. We obtained an apparently homogenous enzyme preparation with a specific activity of 16.5 U/mg. Recombinant P2Ox from P. chrysosporium was characterized in some detail with respect to its physical and catalytic properties, both for electron donor (sugar substrates) and - for the first time - alternative electron acceptors (1,4-benzoquinone, substituted quinones, 2,6-dichloroindophenol and ferricenium ion). As judged from the catalytic efficiencies k(cat)/K(m), some of these alternative electron acceptors are better substrates than oxygen, which might have implications for the proposed in vivo function of pyranose 2-oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Pisanelli
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Spadiut O, Radakovits K, Pisanelli I, Salaheddin C, Yamabhai M, Tan TC, Divne C, Haltrich D. A thermostable triple mutant of pyranose 2-oxidase fromTrametes multicolorwith improved properties for biotechnological applications. Biotechnol J 2009; 4:525-34. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Spadiut O, Leitner C, Salaheddin C, Varga B, Vertessy BG, Tan TC, Divne C, Haltrich D. Improving thermostability and catalytic activity of pyranose 2-oxidase from Trametes multicolor by rational and semi-rational design. FEBS J 2008; 276:776-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Gratz A, Jose J. Protein domain library generation by overlap extension (PDLGO): A tool for enzyme engineering. Anal Biochem 2008; 378:171-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Maresová H, Palyzová A, Kyslík P. The C-terminal region controls correct folding of genus Trametes pyranose 2-oxidases. J Biotechnol 2007; 130:229-35. [PMID: 17566580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The pyranose 2-oxidases from Trametes ochracea and Trametes pubescens share markedly similar amino acid sequences with identity of 93.4%. When expressed from the recombinant plasmids based on the same vector in the Escherichia coli host strain BL21(DE3) at higher growth temperatures, they differ strikingly in the formation of the inclusion bodies. Upon overexpression in the cultures performed at 28 degrees C, the specific activity of pyranose 2-oxidase from T. pubescens was eight times higher than that from T. ochracea: 93% of pyranose 2-oxidase from T. ochracea and only 15% of that from T. pubescens was present in the form of inclusion bodies. To ascertain the cause of this difference, both cloned genes were shuffled. Site-directed recombination of p2o cDNAs revealed that DNA constructs ending with 3' end of p2o cDNA from T. pubescens code for proteins that are folded into an active form to the greater extent, regardless of the gene expression level. "In silicio" analysis of physico-chemical properties of the protein sequences of pyranose 2-oxidases revealed that the sequence of amino acid residues 368-430, constituting the small, head domain of pyranose 2-oxidase from T. pubescens, affects positively the enzyme folding at higher cultivation temperatures. The domain differs in six amino acid residues from that of T. ochracea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Maresová
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Directed evolution is being used increasingly in industrial and academic laboratories to modify and improve commercially important enzymes. Laboratory evolution is thought to make its biggest contribution in explorations of non-natural functions, by allowing us to distinguish the properties nurtured by evolution. In this review we report the significant advances achieved with respect to the methods of biocatalyst improvement and some critical properties and applications of the modified enzymes. The application of directed evolution has been elaborately demonstrated for protein solubility, stability and catalytic efficiency. Modification of certain enzymes for their application in enantioselective catalysis has also been elucidated. By providing a simple and reliable route to enzyme improvement, directed evolution has emerged as a key technology for enzyme engineering and biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasjeet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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27
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Access to Rare Pharmaceutical Sugars from Bulk Sugars using Engineered Redox Enzymes. CHEM-ING-TECH 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200650039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Heckmann-Pohl DM, Bastian S, Altmeier S, Antes I. Improvement of the fungal enzyme pyranose 2-oxidase using protein engineering. J Biotechnol 2006; 124:26-40. [PMID: 16569455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Revised: 12/24/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Native pyranose 2-oxidase (P2Ox) was purified from Peniophora sp. and characterized. To improve its catalytic efficiencies and stabilities by protein engineering, we cloned and expressed the P2Ox gene in Escherichia coli and received active, fully flavinylated recombinant P2OxA. Selenomethionine-labeled P2OxA was used for X-ray analysis and the resulting crystal structure enabled the rational design using variant P2OxA1 with the substitution E542K as template. Besides increased thermal and pH stabilities this variant showed improved catalytic efficiencies (k(cat)/K(m)) for the main substrates. A new variant, P2OxA2H, with an additional substitution T158A and a C-terminal His(6)-tag exhibited significantly decreased apparent K(m) values for D-glucose (0.47 mM), l-sorbose (1.79 mM), and D-xylose (1.35 mM). Compared to native P2Ox, the catalytic efficiencies were substantially improved for D-glucose (230-fold), L-sorbose (874-fold), and D-xylose (1751-fold). This P2Ox variant was used for the bioconversion of L-sorbose under O(2)-saturation in a molar scale. The structure-activity relationships of the amino acid substitutions were analyzed by modelling of the mutated P2Ox structures. Molecular docking calculations of various carbohydrates into the crystal structure of P2OxA and the analysis of the protein-ligand interactions in the docked complexes enabled us to explain the substrate specificity of the enzyme by a conserved hydrogen bond pattern which is formed between the protein and all substrates.
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29
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Kühn A, Yu S, Giffhorn F. Catabolism of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose in Sinorhizobium morelense S-30.7.5: discovery, characterization, and overexpression of a new 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase and its application in sugar analysis and rare sugar synthesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:1248-57. [PMID: 16461673 PMCID: PMC1392929 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.2.1248-1257.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Sinorhizobium morelense S-30.7.5 was isolated by a microbial screening using the sugar 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose (AF) as the sole carbon source. This strain metabolized AF by a novel pathway involving its reduction to 1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol (AM) and the further conversion of AM to D-mannose by C-1 oxygenation. Growth studies showed that the AF metabolizing capability is not confined to S. morelense S-30.7.5 but is a more common feature among the Rhizobiaceae. The AF reducing enzyme was purified and characterized as a new NADPH-dependent monomeric reductase (AFR, EC 1.1.1.-) of 35.1 kDa. It catalyzed the stereoselective reduction of AF to AM and also the conversion of a number of 2-keto aldoses (osones) to the corresponding manno-configurated aldoses. In contrast, common aldoses and ketoses, as well as nonsugar aldehydes and ketones, were not reduced. A database search using the N-terminal AFR sequence retrieved a putative 35-kDa oxidoreductase encoded by the open reading frame Smc04400 localized on the chromosome of Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021. Based on sequence information for this locus, the afr gene was cloned from S. morelense S-30.7.5 and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. In addition to the oxidoreductase of S. meliloti 1021, AFR showed high sequence similarities to putative oxidoreductases of Mesorhizobium loti, Brucella suis, and B. melitensis but not to any oxidoreductase with known functions. AFR could be assigned to the GFO/IDH/MocA family on the basis of highly conserved common structural features. His6-tagged AFR was used to demonstrate the utility of this enzyme for AF analysis and synthesis of AM, as well as related derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Kühn
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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30
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van Hellemond EW, Leferink NGH, Heuts DPHM, Fraaije MW, van Berkel WJH. Occurrence and Biocatalytic Potential of Carbohydrate Oxidases. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2006; 60:17-54. [PMID: 17157632 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(06)60002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik W van Hellemond
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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