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Chen Q, Wang J, Zhang S, Chen X, Hao J, Wu Q, Zhu D. Discovery and directed evolution of C-C bond formation enzymes for the biosynthesis of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids and derivatives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38566472 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2332295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
β-Hydroxy-α-amino acids (β-HAAs) have extensive applications in the pharmaceutical, chemical synthesis, and food industries. The development of synthetic methodologies aimed at producing optically pure β-HAAs has been driven by practical applications. Among the various synthetic methods, biocatalytic asymmetric synthesis is considered a sustainable approach due to its capacity to generate two stereogenic centers from simple prochiral precursors in a single step. Therefore, extensive efforts have been made in recent years to search for effective enzymes which enable such biotransformation. This review provides an overview on the discovery and engineering of C-C bond formation enzymes for the biocatalytic synthesis of β-HAAs. We highlight examples where the use of threonine aldolases, threonine transaldolases, serine hydroxymethyltransferases, α-methylserine aldolases, α-methylserine hydroxymethyltransferases, and engineered alanine racemases facilitated the synthesis of β-HAAs. Additionally, we discuss the potential future advancements and persistent obstacles in the enzymatic synthesis of β-HAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijia Chen
- College of Food Science and Biology, University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- College of Food Science and Biology, University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sisi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Biology, University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianxiong Hao
- College of Food Science and Biology, University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qiaqing Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Dunming Zhu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
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2
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Ma'ruf IF, Restiawaty E, Syihab SF, Honda K. Characterization of thermostable serine hydroxymethyltransferase for β-hydroxy amino acids synthesis. Amino Acids 2023; 55:75-88. [PMID: 36528680 PMCID: PMC9876860 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03205-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
β-hydroxy amino acids, such as serine, threonine, and phenylserine, are important compounds for medical purposes. To date, there has been only limited exploration of thermostable serine hydroxylmethyltransferase (SHMT) for the synthesis of these amino acids, despite the great potential that thermostable enzymes may offer for commercial use due to their high stability and catalytic efficiencies. ITBSHMT_1 (ITB serine hydroxylmethyltransferase clone number 1) from thermophilic and methanol-tolerant bacteria Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis AL17 was successfully cloned. Biocomputational analysis revealed that ITBSHMT_1 contains Pyridoxal-3'-phosphate and tetrahydrofolatebinding residues. Structural comparisons show that ITBSHMT_1 has 5 additional residues VSRQG on loop near PLP-binding site as novel structural feature which distinguish this enzyme with other characterized SHMTs. In silico mutation revealed that the fragment might have very essential role in maintaining of PLP binding on structure of ITBSHMT_1. Recombinant protein was produced in Escherichia coli Rosetta 2(DE3) in soluble form and purified using NiNTA affinity chromatography. The purified protein demonstrated the best activity at 80 °C and pH 7.5 based on the retro aldol cleavage of phenylserine. Activity decreased significantly in the presence of 3 mM transition metal ions but increased in the presence of 30 mM β-mercaptoethanol. ITBSHMT_1 demonstrated Vmax, Km, Kcat, and Kcat/Km at 242 U/mg, 23.26 mM, 186/s, and 8/(mM.s), respectively. The aldol condensation reaction showed the enzyme's best activity at 80 °C for serine, threonine, or phenylserine, with serine synthesis showing the highest specific activity. Biocomputational analysis revealed that high intramolecular interaction within the 3D structure of ITBSHMT_1 might be correlated with the enzyme's high thermal stability. The above data suggest that ITBSHMT_1 is a potential and novel enzyme for the production of various β-hydroxy amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilma Fauziah Ma'ruf
- Doctoral Program of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Elvi Restiawaty
- Chemical Engineering Process Design and Development Research Group, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Syifa Fakhomah Syihab
- Faculty of Sports and Health Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Kohsuke Honda
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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3
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Leonard A, Lalk M. Infection and metabolism – Streptococcus pneumoniae metabolism facing the host environment. Cytokine 2018; 112:75-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Xue YP, Cao CH, Zheng YG. Enzymatic asymmetric synthesis of chiral amino acids. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:1516-1561. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00253j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the progress achieved in the enzymatic asymmetric synthesis of chiral amino acids from prochiral substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Cheng-Hao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
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Threonine aldolases: perspectives in engineering and screening the enzymes with enhanced substrate and stereo specificities. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:2579-90. [PMID: 26810201 PMCID: PMC4761611 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Threonine aldolases have emerged as a powerful tool for asymmetric carbon-carbon bond formation. These enzymes catalyse the unnatural aldol condensation of different aldehydes and glycine to produce highly valuable β-hydroxy-α-amino acids with complete stereocontrol at the α-carbon and moderate specificity at the β-carbon. A range of microbial threonine aldolases has been recently recombinantly produced by several groups and their biochemical properties were characterized. Numerous studies have been conducted to improve the reaction protocols to enable higher conversions and investigate the substrate scope of enzymes. However, the application of threonine aldolases in organic synthesis is still limited due to often moderate yields and low diastereoselectivities obtained in the aldol reaction. This review briefly summarizes the screening techniques recently applied to discover novel threonine aldolases as well as enzyme engineering and mutagenesis studies which were accomplished to improve the catalytic activity and substrate specificity. Additionally, the results from new investigations on threonine aldolases including crystal structure determinations and structural-functional characterization are reviewed.
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Hernandez K, Zelen I, Petrillo G, Usón I, Wandtke CM, Bujons J, Joglar J, Parella T, Clapés P. EngineeredL-Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase fromStreptococcus thermophilusfor the Synthesis of α,α-Dialkyl-α-Amino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Hernandez K, Zelen I, Petrillo G, Usón I, Wandtke CM, Bujons J, Joglar J, Parella T, Clapés P. EngineeredL-Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase fromStreptococcus thermophilusfor the Synthesis of α,α-Dialkyl-α-Amino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3013-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Huang J, Chen L, Hu N, Jiang W, Wu G, Liu Z. Characterization of a novel serine hydroxymethyltransferase isolated from marine bacterium Arthrobacter sp. and its application on L-serine production. ANN MICROBIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-1008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Jiang W, Chen L, Hu N, Yuan S, Li B, Liu Z. A novel serine hydroxymethyltransferase from Arthrobacter nicotianae: characterization and improving catalytic efficiency by rational design. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:93. [PMID: 25394480 PMCID: PMC4260256 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-014-0093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) is the key enzyme in L-serine enzymatic production, suggesting the importance of obtaining a SHMT with high activity. RESULTS Here, a novel SHMT gene, glyA, was obtained through degenerate oligonucleotide-primed PCR and encoded a novel SHMT with 54.3% similarity to the known SHMT from Escherichia coli. The obtained protein AnSHMT showed the optimal activity at 40 °C and pH 7.5, and was more stable in weakly alkali conditions (pH 6.5-8.5) than Hyphomicrobium methylovorum's SHMT (pH 6.0-7.5), In order to improve the catalytic efficiency of the wild type, the site-directed mutagenesis based on sequences alignment and bioinformatics prediction, was used and the catalytic efficiency of the mutant I249L was found to be 2.78-fold higher than that of the wild-type, with the replacement of isoleucine by leucine at the 249 position. CONCLUSIONS This research provides useful information about the interesting site, and the application of DOP-PCR in cloning a novel glyA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Nan Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China.
| | - Shaohui Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Ziduo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China.
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Soler A, Garrabou X, Hernández K, Gutiérrez ML, Busto E, Bujons J, Parella T, Joglar J, Clapés P. Sequential Biocatalytic Aldol Reactions in Multistep Asymmetric Synthesis: Pipecolic Acid, Piperidine and Pyrrolidine (Homo)Iminocyclitol Derivatives from Achiral Building Blocks. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Extremophilic SHMTs: from structure to biotechnology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:851428. [PMID: 23841096 PMCID: PMC3697235 DOI: 10.1155/2013/851428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular and structural biology have improved the availability of virtually any biocatalyst in large quantity and have also provided an insight into the detailed structure-function relationships of many of them. These results allowed the rational exploitation of biocatalysts for use in organic synthesis. In this context, extremophilic enzymes are extensively studied for their potential interest for many biotechnological and industrial applications, as they offer increased rates of reactions, higher substrate solubility, and/or longer enzyme half-lives at the conditions of industrial processes. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT), for its ubiquitous nature, represents a suitable model for analyzing enzyme adaptation to extreme environments. In fact, many SHMT sequences from Eukarya, Eubacteria and Archaea are available in data banks as well as several crystal structures. In addition, SHMT is structurally conserved because of its critical metabolic role; consequently, very few structural changes have occurred during evolution. Our research group analyzed the molecular basis of SHMT adaptation to high and low temperatures, using experimental and comparative in silico approaches. These structural and functional studies of SHMTs purified from extremophilic organisms can help to understand the peculiarities of the enzyme activity at extreme temperatures, indicating possible strategies for rational enzyme engineering.
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Jiang W, Xia B, Liu Z. A serine hydroxymethyltransferase from marine bacterium Shewanella algae: Isolation, purification, characterization and l-serine production. Microbiol Res 2013; 168:477-84. [PMID: 23632047 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Currently, l-serine is mainly produced by enzymatic conversion, in which serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) is the key enzyme, suggesting the importance of searching for a SHMT with high activity. Shewanella algae, a methanol-utilizing marine bacterium showing high SHMT activity, was selected based on screening bacterial strains and comparison of the activities of SHMTs. A glyA was isolated from the S. algae through thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (TAIL-PCR) and it encoded a 417 amino acid polypeptide. The SaSHMT, encoded by the glyA, showed the optimal activity at 50°C and pH 7.0, and retained over 45% of its maximal activity after incubation at 40°C for 3h. The enzyme showed better stability under alkaline environment (pH 6.5-9.0) than Hyphomicrobium methylovorum GM2's SHMT (pH 6.0-7.5). The SaSHMT can produce 77.76mM of l-serine by enzymatic conversion, with the molecular conversion rate in catalyzing glycine to l-serine being 1.41-fold higher than that of Escherichia coli. Therefore, the SaSHMT has the potential for industrial applications due to its tolerance of alkaline environment and a relatively high enzymatic conversion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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14
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Tong D, Xia C, Hua BQ, Jun LW, Chao ZJ, Ping ZH. Effect ofl-Threonine Concentrations on Acetaldehyde Production andglyAGene Expression in Fermented Milk byStreptococcus thermophilus. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2012.699204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Clapés P, Joglar J, Gutiérrez M. Carbon-carbon bond-forming enzymes for the synthesis of non-natural amino acids. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 794:73-85. [PMID: 21956557 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-331-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
An enzymatic methodology for the preparation of β-hydroxy-α-amino acid derivatives is described. The method consists of the stereoselective aldol addition reaction of glycine to N-Cbz-amino aldehydes furnishing 3-hydroxy-2,4-diaminobutyric derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Clapés
- Department of Chemical Biology and Molecular Modeling, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Chiba Y, Terada T, Kameya M, Shimizu K, Arai H, Ishii M, Igarashi Y. Mechanism for folate-independent aldolase reaction catalyzed by serine hydroxymethyltransferase. FEBS J 2011; 279:504-14. [PMID: 22141341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyzes the cleavage of β-hydroxyamino acids into glycine and aldehydes in the absence of tetrahydrofolate. The enzyme accepts various β-hydroxyamino acids as the substrate of this reaction. The reaction rate varies depending on the substituent and stereochemistry at the Cβ atom: the erythro forms and the β-phenyl substituent are preferred over the threo forms and the β-methyl substituent, respectively. Although several mechanisms have been proposed, what determines the substrate preference remains unclear. We first performed quantum mechanical calculations to assess the validity of the reaction mechanisms. The results indicate that the retro-aldol mechanism starting with abstraction of the proton from the β-hydroxyl group is plausible. This also suggests that Cα-Cβ bond cleavage is the rate-limiting step. We next measured the dependence of the rate constants on temperature with four representative substrates and calculated the activation energies and pre-exponential factors from the Arrhenius plots. The activation energies of the erythro forms were lower than those of the threo forms. The β-phenyl substituent lowered the activation energy in the threo form, whereas it did not alter the activation energy but increased the pre-exponential factor in the erythro form. We present a unified model to explain the origin of the substituent and stereochemical preferences by combining the theoretical and experimental results. A possible biological role of the tetrahydrofolate-independent activity in thermophiles is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Chiba
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Härtel T, Eylert E, Schulz C, Petruschka L, Gierok P, Grubmüller S, Lalk M, Eisenreich W, Hammerschmidt S. Characterization of central carbon metabolism of Streptococcus pneumoniae by isotopologue profiling. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:4260-74. [PMID: 22167202 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.304311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of Streptococcus pneumoniae was studied by isotopologue profiling after bacterial cultivation in chemically defined medium supplemented with [U-(13)C(6)]- or [1,2-(13)C(2)]glucose. GC/MS analysis of protein-derived amino acids showed lack of (13)C label in amino acids that were also essential for pneumococcal growth. Ala, Ser, Asp, and Thr displayed high (13)C enrichments, whereas Phe, Tyr, and Gly were only slightly labeled. The analysis of the labeling patterns showed formation of triose phosphate and pyruvate via the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. The labeling patterns of Asp and Thr suggested formation of oxaloacetate exclusively via the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase reaction. Apparently, α-ketoglutarate was generated from unlabeled glutamate via the aspartate transaminase reaction. A fraction of Phe and Tyr obtained label via the chorismate route from erythrose 4-phosphate, generated via the pentose phosphate pathway, and phosphoenolpyruvate. Strikingly, the data revealed no significant flux from phosphoglycerate to Ser and Gly but showed formation of Ser via the reverse reaction, namely by hydroxymethylation of Gly. The essential Gly was acquired from the medium, and the biosynthesis pathway was confirmed in experiments using [U-(13)C(2)]glycine as a tracer. The hydroxymethyl group in Ser originated from formate, which was generated by the pyruvate formate-lyase. Highly similar isotopologue profiles were observed in corresponding experiments with pneumococcal mutants deficient in PavA, CodY, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase pointing to the robustness of the core metabolic network used by these facultative pathogenic bacteria. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the dual utilization of carbohydrates and amino acids under in vitro conditions and identifies the unconventional de novo biosynthesis of serine by pneumococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Härtel
- Department of Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz Arndt Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15a, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Engel N, Ewald R, Gupta KJ, Zrenner R, Hagemann M, Bauwe H. The presequence of Arabidopsis serine hydroxymethyltransferase SHM2 selectively prevents import into mesophyll mitochondria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1711-20. [PMID: 21976482 PMCID: PMC3327202 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.184564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Serine hydroxymethyltransferases (SHMs) are important enzymes of cellular one-carbon metabolism and are essential for the photorespiratory glycine-into-serine conversion in leaf mesophyll mitochondria. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), SHM1 has been identified as the photorespiratory isozyme, but little is known about the very similar SHM2. Although the mitochondrial location of SHM2 can be predicted, some data suggest that this particular isozyme could be inactive or not targeted into mitochondria. We report that SHM2 is a functional mitochondrial SHM. In leaves, the presequence of SHM2 selectively hinders targeting of the enzyme into mesophyll mitochondria. For this reason, the enzyme is confined to the vascular tissue of wild-type Arabidopsis, likely the protoxylem and/or adjacent cells, where it occurs together with SHM1. The resulting exclusion of SHM2 from the photorespiratory environment of mesophyll mitochondria explains why this enzyme cannot substitute for SHM1 in photorespiratory metabolism. Unlike the individual shm1 and shm2 null mutants, which require CO(2)-enriched air to inhibit photorespiration (shm1) or do not show any visible impairment (shm2), double-null mutants cannot survive in CO(2)-enriched air. It seems that SHM1 and SHM2 operate in a redundant manner in one-carbon metabolism of nonphotorespiring cells with a high demand of one-carbon units; for example, during lignification of vascular cells. We hypothesize that yet unknown kinetic properties of SHM2 might render this enzyme unsuitable for the high-folate conditions of photorespiring mesophyll mitochondria.
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Ferrara S, Mapelli E, Sello G, Di Gennaro P. Characterization of the aldol condensation activity of the trans-o-hydroxybenzylidenepyruvate hydratase-aldolase (tHBP-HA) cloned from Pseudomonas fluorescens N3. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:622-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Threonine aldolases—screening, properties and applications in the synthesis of non-proteinogenic β-hydroxy-α-amino acids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 88:409-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Preparation of optically active β-hydroxy-α-amino acid by immobilized Escherichia coli cells with serine hydroxymethyl transferase activity. Amino Acids 2010; 40:215-20. [PMID: 20514546 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this research, an improved method for preparation of optically pure β-hydroxy-α-amino acids, catalyzed by serine hydroxymethyl transferase with threonine aldolase activity, is reported. Using recombinant serine hydroxymethyl transferase (SHMT), an enzymatic resolution process was established. A series of new substrates, β-phenylserine, β-(nitrophenyl) serine and β-(methylsulfonylphenyl) serine were used in the resolution process catalyzed by immobilized Escherichia coli cells with SHMT activity. It was observed that the K (m) for L: -threonine was 28-fold higher than that for L: -allo-threonine, suggesting that this enzyme can be classified as a low-specificity L: -allo-threonine aldolase. The results also shows that SHMT activity with β-phenylserine as substrate was about 1.48-fold and 1.25-fold higher than that with β-(methylsulfonylphenyl) serine and β-(nitrophenyl) serine as substrate, respectively. Reaction conditions were optimized by using 200 mmol/l β-hydroxy-α-amino acid, and 0.1 g/ml of immobilized SHMT cells at pH 7.5 and 45°C. Under these conditions, the immobilized cells were continuously used 10 times, yielding an average conversion rate of 60.4%. Bead activity did not change significantly the first five times they were used, and the average conversion rate during the first five instances was 84.1%. The immobilized cells exhibited favourable operational stability.
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López C, Ríos SD, López-Santín J, Caminal G, Álvaro G. Immobilization of PLP-dependent enzymes with cofactor retention and enhanced stability. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sopitthummakhun K, Maenpuen S, Yuthavong Y, Leartsakulpanich U, Chaiyen P. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase from Plasmodium vivax is different in substrate specificity from its homologues. FEBS J 2009; 276:4023-36. [PMID: 19549189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The putative gene of Plasmodium vivax serine hydroxymethyltransferase (PvSHMT; EC 2.1.2.1) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified enzyme was shown to be a dimeric protein with a monomeric molecular mass of 49 kDa. PvSHMT has a maximum absorption peak at 422 nm with a molar absorption coefficient of 6370 M(-1) x cm(-1). The K(d) for binding of the enzyme and pyridoxal-5-phosphate was 0.14 +/- 0.01 microM. An alternative assay for measuring the tetrahydrofolate-dependent SHMT activity based on the coupled reaction with 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.20) from E. coli was developed. PvSHMT uses a ternary-complex mechanism with a k(cat) value of 0.98 +/- 0.06 s(-1) and K(m) values of 0.18 +/- 0.03 and 0.14 +/- 0.02 mM for L-serine and tetrahydrofolate, respectively. The optimum pH of the SHMT reaction was 8.0 and an Arrhenius's plot showed a transition temperature of 19 degrees C. Besides L-serine, PvSHMT forms an external aldimine complex with D-serine, L-alanine, L-threonine and glycine. PvSHMT also catalyzes the tetrahydrofolate-independent retro-aldol cleavage of 3-hydroxy amino acids. Although L-serine is a physiological substrate for SHMT in the tetrahydrofolate-dependent reaction, PvSHMT can also use D-serine. In the absence of tetrahydrofolate at high pH, PvSHMT forms an enzyme-quinonoid complex with D-serine, but not with L-serine, whereas SHMT from rabbit liver was reported to form an enzyme-quinonoid complex with L-serine. The substrate specificity difference between PvSHMT and the mammalian enzyme indicates the dissimilarity between their active sites, which could be exploited for the development of specific inhibitors against PvSHMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittipat Sopitthummakhun
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein Structure and Function, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) constitute a diverse group of Gram positive obligately fermentative microorganisms which include both beneficial and pathogenic strains. LAB generally have complex nutritional requirements and therefore they are usually associated with nutrient-rich environments such as animal bodies, plants and foodstuffs. Amino acids represent an important resource for LAB and their utilization serves a number of physiological roles such as intracellular pH control, generation of metabolic energy or redox power, and resistance to stress. As a consequence, the regulation of amino acid catabolism involves a wide set of both general and specific regulators and shows significant differences among LAB. Moreover, due to their fermentative metabolism, LAB amino acid catabolic pathways in some cases differ significantly from those described in best studied prokaryotic model organisms such as Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis. Thus, LAB amino acid catabolism constitutes an interesting case for the study of metabolic pathways. Furthermore, LAB are involved in the production of a great variety of fermented products so that the products of amino acid catabolism are also relevant for the safety and the quality of fermented products.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernández
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias CSIC, Crta de Infiesto s/n, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
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Induction strategies in fed-batch cultures for recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli: Application to rhamnulose 1-phosphate aldolase. Biochem Eng J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gutierrez ML, Garrabou X, Agosta E, Servi S, Parella T, Joglar J, Clapés P. Serine Hydroxymethyl Transferase fromStreptococcus thermophilus andL-Threonine Aldolase fromEscherichia coli as Stereocomplementary Biocatalysts for the Synthesis of β-Hydroxy-α,ω-diamino Acid Derivatives. Chemistry 2008; 14:4647-56. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pinsach J, Vidal L, Puertas JM, Costa E, Sans C, Resina D, Caminal G, de Mas C, Ferrer P, González G, López-Santín J. Process strategies and control of recombinant protein production in E. coli. J Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.07.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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