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Naeem M, Manzoor S, Abid MUH, Tareen MBK, Asad M, Mushtaq S, Ehsan N, Amna D, Xu B, Hazafa A. Fungal Proteases as Emerging Biocatalysts to Meet the Current Challenges and Recent Developments in Biomedical Therapies: An Updated Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:109. [PMID: 35205863 PMCID: PMC8875690 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing world population, demand for industrialization has also increased to fulfill humans' living standards. Fungi are considered a source of essential constituents to produce the biocatalytic enzymes, including amylases, proteases, lipases, and cellulases that contain broad-spectrum industrial and emerging applications. The present review discussed the origin, nature, mechanism of action, emerging aspects of genetic engineering for designing novel proteases, genome editing of fungal strains through CRISPR technology, present challenges and future recommendations of fungal proteases. The emerging evidence revealed that fungal proteases show a protective role to many environmental exposures and discovered that an imbalance of protease inhibitors and proteases in the epithelial barriers leads to the protection of chronic eosinophilic airway inflammation. Moreover, mitoproteases recently were found to execute intense proteolytic processes that are crucial for mitochondrial integrity and homeostasis function, including mitochondrial biogenesis, protein synthesis, and apoptosis. The emerging evidence revealed that CRISPR/Cas9 technology had been successfully developed in various filamentous fungi and higher fungi for editing of specific genes. In addition to medical importance, fungal proteases are extensively used in different industries such as foods to prepare butter, fruits, juices, and cheese, and to increase their shelf life. It is concluded that hydrolysis of proteins in industries is one of the most significant applications of fungal enzymes that led to massive usage of proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050025, China;
| | - Saba Manzoor
- Department of Zoology, University of Sialkot, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan;
| | | | | | - Mirza Asad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Sajida Mushtaq
- Department of Zoology, Government College Women University, Sialkot 51040, Pakistan;
| | - Nazia Ehsan
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Dua Amna
- Institute of Food Science & Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University (BNU-HKBU) United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Abu Hazafa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
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Fernández M, Benito MJ, Martín A, Casquete R, Córdoba JJ, Córdoba MG. Influence of starter culture and a protease on the generation of ACE-inhibitory and antioxidant bioactive nitrogen compounds in Iberian dry-fermented sausage "salchichón". Heliyon 2016; 2:e00093. [PMID: 27441267 PMCID: PMC4946076 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the addition of an autochthonous starter culture and the protease EPg222 on the generation of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory and antioxidant compounds by the dry-fermented sausage "salchichón" was investigated. Sausages were prepared with purified EPg222 and Pediococcus acidilactici MS200 and Staphylococcus vitulus RS34 as the starter culture (P200S34), separately and together, ripened for 90 days, and compared to a control batch. Among the ripening time points (20, 35, 65, 90 days) studied, batches inoculated with EPg222 had higher nitrogen compound concentrations at 63 days of ripening. ACE-inhibitory and antioxidant activities were also highest in both batches with EPg222 at 63 days of ripening, and these activities were stable in most cases after in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. These activities were correlated with the most relevant compounds detected by HLPC-ESI-MS. The principal components analysis (PCA) linked the P200S34 + EPg222 batch with the major compounds identified. The antioxidant activity was higher at 63 days of ripening, especially in highly proteolytic batches, such as P200S34 + EPg222. The ACE-inhibitory activity was not associated with any of the major compounds. The use of the enzyme EPg222 in association with the starter culture P200S34 in the preparation of dry-cured meat products could be of great importance due to their demonstrated ability to produce compounds with high biological activity, such as ACE-inhibitory and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Fernández
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, e Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Ctra. de Cáceres s/n., 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - María J. Benito
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, e Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Ctra. de Cáceres s/n., 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alberto Martín
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, e Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Ctra. de Cáceres s/n., 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Rocío Casquete
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, e Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Ctra. de Cáceres s/n., 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Juan J Córdoba
- Higiene y Seguridad de los Alimentos, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Universidad s/n, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
| | - María G. Córdoba
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, e Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Ctra. de Cáceres s/n., 06071 Badajoz, Spain
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Fernández M, Ruiz-Moyano S, Benito MJ, Martín A, Hernández A, Córdoba MDG. Potential antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of autochthonous starter cultures and protease EPg222 in dry-fermented sausages. Food Funct 2016; 7:2320-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00236f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work studied the presence of nitrogen compounds with bioactive properties in Iberian pork sausages that were manufactured using different autochthonous starter cultures and protease EPg222.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Fernández
- Nutrición y Bromatología
- Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias
- Universidad de Extremadura
- 06007 Badajoz
- Spain
| | - Santiago Ruiz-Moyano
- Nutrición y Bromatología
- Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias
- Universidad de Extremadura
- 06007 Badajoz
- Spain
| | - María José Benito
- Nutrición y Bromatología
- Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias
- Universidad de Extremadura
- 06007 Badajoz
- Spain
| | - Alberto Martín
- Nutrición y Bromatología
- Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias
- Universidad de Extremadura
- 06007 Badajoz
- Spain
| | - Alejandro Hernández
- Nutrición y Bromatología
- Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias
- Universidad de Extremadura
- 06007 Badajoz
- Spain
| | - María de Guía Córdoba
- Nutrición y Bromatología
- Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias
- Universidad de Extremadura
- 06007 Badajoz
- Spain
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Papagianni M, Sergelidis D. Purification and biochemical characterization of a novel alkaline protease produced by Penicillium nalgiovense. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:3926-38. [PMID: 24585382 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0824-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium nalgiovense PNA9 produces an extracellular protease during fermentation with characteristics of growth-associated product. Enzyme purification involved ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, and ultrafiltration, resulting in 12.1-fold increase of specific activity (19.5 U/mg). The protein was isolated through a series of BN-PAGE and native PAGE runs. ESI-MS analysis confirmed the molecular mass of 45.2 kDa. N-Terminal sequencing (MGFLKLLKGSLATLAVVNAGKLLTANDGDE) revealed 93 % similarity to a Penicillium chrysogenum protease, identified as major allergen. The protease exhibits simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics and K m (1.152 mg/ml), V max (0.827 mg/ml/min), and k cat (3.2 × 10(2)) (1/s) values against azocasein show that it possesses high substrate affinity and catalytic efficiency. The protease is active within 10-45 °C, pH 4.0-10.0, and 0-3 M NaCl, while maximum activity was observed at 35 °C, pH 8.0, and 0.25 M NaCl. It is active against the muscle proteins actin and myosin and inactive against myoglobin. It is highly stable in the presence of non-ionic surfactants, hydrogen peroxide, BTNB, and EDTA. Activity was inhibited by SDS, Mn(2+) and Zn(2+), and by the serine protease inhibitor PMSF, indicating the serine protease nature of the enzyme. These properties make the novel protease a suitable candidate enzyme in meat ripening and other biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Papagianni
- Department of Hygiene and Technology of Food of Animal Origin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54006, Greece,
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Casquete R, Benito MJ, Martín A, Ruiz-Moyano S, Córdoba JJ, Córdoba MG. Role of an autochthonous starter culture and the protease EPg222 on the sensory and safety properties of a traditional Iberian dry-fermented sausage "salchichón". Food Microbiol 2011; 28:1432-40. [PMID: 21925025 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the addition of an autochthonous starter culture and the protease EPg222 on the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of dry-fermented sausage ''salchichon" was investigated. Sausages were prepared with purified EPg222 and Pediococcus acidilactici MS200 and Staphylococcus vitulus RS34 as starter culture (P200S34), separately and together, ripened for 90 days, and compared with a control batch. Dry-fermented sausages ripened with EPg222 and starter culture showed higher amounts of AN and volatile compounds derived from amino acid catabolism than the control, especially in samples in which was added the association of enzyme and starter culture (P200S34+EPg222). There were clear differences shown by the texture analysis, with the P200S34+EPg222 batch being less hard. Especially important was the result found in biogenic amines, since the association P200S34+EPg222 reduced their accumulation compared to the EPg222 batch. The use of EPg222 may be of great interest to improve the sensory characteristics of dry-fermented sausages, but its association with the selected starter culture with low decarboxylase activity is necessary to guarantee healthiness and homogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Casquete
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Ctra. de Cáceres s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
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Green BJ, Beezhold DH. Industrial fungal enzymes: an occupational allergen perspective. J Allergy (Cairo) 2011; 2011:682574. [PMID: 21747869 PMCID: PMC3124952 DOI: 10.1155/2011/682574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational exposure to high-molecular-weight allergens is a risk factor for the development and pathogenesis of IgE-mediated respiratory disease. In some occupational environments, workers are at an increased risk of exposure to fungal enzymes used in industrial production. Fungal enzymes have been associated with adverse health effects in the work place, in particular in baking occupations. Exposure-response relationships have been demonstrated, and atopic workers directly handling fungal enzymes are at an increased risk for IgE-mediated disease and occupational asthma. The utilization of new and emerging fungal enzymes in industrial production will present new occupational exposures. The production of antibody-based immunoassays is necessary for the assessment of occupational exposure and the development of threshold limit values. Allergen avoidance strategies including personal protective equipment, engineering controls, protein encapsulation, and reduction of airborne enzyme concentrations are required to mitigate occupational exposure to fungal enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J. Green
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888, USA
| | - Donald H. Beezhold
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888, USA
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Characterization of the novel antifungal chitosanase PgChP and the encoding gene from Penicillium chrysogenum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 88:519-28. [PMID: 20652693 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The protein PgChP is a new chitosanase produced by Penicillium chrysogenum AS51D that showed antifungal activity against toxigenic molds. Two isoforms were found by SDS-PAGE in the purified extract of PgChP. After enzymatic deglycosylation, only the smaller isoform was observed by SDS-PAGE. Identical amino acid sequences were obtained from the two isoforms. Analysis of the molecular mass by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry revealed six major peaks from 30 to 31 kDa that are related to different levels of glycosylation. The pgchp gene has 1,146 bp including four introns and an open reading frame encoding a protein of 304 amino acids. The translated open reading frame has a predicted mass of 32 kDa, with the first 21 amino acids comprising a signal peptide. Two N glycosylation consensus sequences are present in the protein sequence. The deduced sequence showed high identity with fungal chitosanases. A high level of catalytic activity on chitosan was observed. PgChP is the first chitosanase described from P. chrysogenum. Given that enzymes produced by this mold species are granted generally recognized as safe status, PgChP could be used as a food preservative against toxigenic molds and to obtain chitosan oligomers for food additives and nutraceuticals.
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Rodríguez-Martín A, Acosta R, Liddell S, Núñez F, Benito MJ, Asensio MA. Characterization of the novel antifungal protein PgAFP and the encoding gene of Penicillium chrysogenum. Peptides 2010; 31:541-7. [PMID: 19914321 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The strain RP42C from Penicillium chrysogenum produces a small protein PgAFP that inhibits the growth of some toxigenic molds. The molecular mass of the protein determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was 6 494Da. PgAFP showed a cationic character with an estimated pI value of 9.22. Upon chemical and enzymatic treatments of PgAFP, no evidence for N- or O-glycosylations was obtained. Five partial sequences of PgAFP were obtained by Edman degradation and by ESI-MS/MS after trypsin and chymotrypsin digestions. Using degenerate primers from these peptide sequences, a segment of 70bp was amplified by PCR from pgafp gene. 5'- and 3'-ends of pgafp were obtained by RACE-PCR with gene-specific primers designed from the 70bp segment. The complete pgafp sequence of 404bp was obtained using primers designed from 5'- and 3'-ends. Comparison of genomic and cDNA sequences revealed a 279bp coding region interrupted by two introns of 63 and 62bp. The precursor of the antifungal protein consists of 92 amino acids and appears to be processed to the mature 58 amino acids PgAFP. The deduced amino acid sequence of the mature protein shares 79% identity to the antifungal protein Anafp from Aspergillus niger. PgAFP is a new protein that belongs to the group of small, cysteine-rich, and basic proteins with antifungal activity produced by ascomycetes. Given that P. chrysogenum is regarded as safe mold commonly found in foods, PgAFP may be useful to prevent growth of toxigenic molds in food and agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rodríguez-Martín
- Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
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Characterization of molds isolated from smoked paprika by PCR-RFLP and micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis. Food Microbiol 2009; 26:776-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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