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Salgado JCS, Alnoch RC, Polizeli MDLTDM, Ward RJ. Microenzymes: Is There Anybody Out There? Protein J 2024; 43:393-404. [PMID: 38507106 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-024-10193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Biological macromolecules are found in different shapes and sizes. Among these, enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions and are essential in all organisms, but is there a limit size for them to function properly? Large enzymes such as catalases have hundreds of kDa and are formed by multiple subunits, whereas most enzymes are smaller, with molecular weights of 20-60 kDa. Enzymes smaller than 10 kDa could be called microenzymes and the present literature review brings together evidence of their occurrence in nature. Additionally, bioactive peptides could be a natural source for novel microenzymes hidden in larger peptides and molecular downsizing could be useful to engineer artificial enzymes with low molecular weight improving their stability and heterologous expression. An integrative approach is crucial to discover and determine the amino acid sequences of novel microenzymes, together with their genomic identification and their biochemical biological and evolutionary functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Santos Salgado
- Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Robson Carlos Alnoch
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes Teixeira de Moraes Polizeli
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard John Ward
- Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-900, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Wang Y, Svensson B, Henrissat B, Møller MS. Functional Roles of N-Terminal Domains in Pullulanase from Human Gut Lactobacillus acidophilus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18898-18908. [PMID: 38053504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Pullulanases are multidomain α-glucan debranching enzymes with one or more N-terminal domains (NTDs) including carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) and domains of unknown function (DUFs). To elucidate the roles of NTDs in Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM pullulanase (LaPul), two truncated variants, Δ41-LaPul (lacking CBM41) and Δ(41+DUFs)-LaPul (lacking CBM41 and two DUFs), were produced recombinantly. LaPul recognized 1.3- and 2.2-fold more enzyme attack-sites on starch granules compared to Δ41-LaPul and Δ(41+DUFs)-LaPul, respectively, as measured by interfacial kinetics. Δ41-LaPul displayed markedly lower affinity for starch granules and β-cyclodextrin (10- and >21-fold, respectively) in comparison to LaPul, showing substrate binding mainly stems from CBM41. Δ(41+DUFs)-LaPul exhibited a 12 °C lower melting temperature than LaPul and Δ41-LaPul, indicating that the DUFs are critical for LaPul stability. Notably, Δ41-LaPul exhibited a 14-fold higher turnover number (kcat) and 9-fold higher Michaelis constant (KM) compared to LaPul, while Δ(41+DUFs)-LaPul's values were close to those of LaPul, possibly due to the exposure of aromatic by truncation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Enzyme Discovery, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marie Sofie Møller
- Applied Molecular Enzyme Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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3
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Al-Mamoori ZZ, Embaby AM, Hussein A, Mahmoud HE. A molecular study on recombinant pullulanase type I from Metabacillus indicus. AMB Express 2023; 13:40. [PMID: 37119334 PMCID: PMC10148936 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the great potential of cold-adapted pullulanase type I in tremendous industrial applications, the majority of commercialized pullulnases type I are of mesophilic and thermophilic origin so far. Hence, the present study underlines cloning, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, characterization, and in silico structural modeling of Metabacillus indicus open reading frame of cold-adapted pullulanase type I (Pull_Met: 2133 bp & 710 a.a) for the first time ever. The predicted Pull_Met tertiary structure by I-TASSER, was structurally similar to PDB 2E9B pullulanase of Bacillus subtilis. Purified to homogeneity Pull_Met showed specific activity (667.6 U/mg), fold purification (31.7), molecular mass (79.1 kDa), monomeric subunit and Km (2.63 mg/mL) on pullulan. Pull_Met had optimal pH (6.0) and temperature (40 oC). After 10 h pre-incubation at pH 2.6-6.0, Pull_Met maintained 47.12 ± 0.0-35.28 ± 1.64% of its activity. After 120 min pre-incubation at 30 oC, the retained activity was 51.11 ± 0.29%. At 10 mM Mn2+, Na2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cu2+ after 30 min preincubation, retained activity was 155.89 ± 8.97, 134.71 ± 1.82, 97.64 ± 7.06, 92.25 ± 4.18, and 71.28 ± 1.10%, respectively. After 30 min pre-incubation with Tween-80, Tween-20, Triton X-100, and commercially laundry detergents at 0.1% (v/v), the retained activity was 141.15 ± 3.50, 145.45 ± 0.20, 118.12 ± 11.00, and 90%, respectively. Maltotriose was the only end product of pullulan hydrolysis. Synergistic action of CA-AM21 (α-amylase) and Pull_Met on starch liberated 16.51 g reducing sugars /g starch after 1 h at 40 oC. Present data (cold-adeptness, detergent stability, and ability to exhibit starch saccharification of Pull_Met) underpins it as a promising pullulanase type I for industrial exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Z Al-Mamoori
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amira M Embaby
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Hussein
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hoda E Mahmoud
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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4
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Li SF, Xu SY, Wang YJ, Zheng YG. Tailoring pullulanase PulAR from Anoxybacillus sp. AR-29 for enhanced catalytic performance by a structure-guided consensus approach. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:25. [PMID: 38647800 PMCID: PMC10992289 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pullulanase is a well-known debranching enzyme that can specifically hydrolyze α-1,6-glycosidic linkages in starch and oligosaccharides, however, it suffers from low stability and catalytic efficiency under industrial conditions. In the present study, four residues (A365, V401, H499, and T504) lining the catalytic pocket of Anoxybacillus sp. AR-29 pullulanase (PulAR) were selected for site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) by using a structure-guided consensus approach. Five beneficial mutants (PulAR-A365V, PulAR-V401C, PulAR-A365/V401C, PulAR-A365V/V401C/T504V, and PulAR-A365V/V401C/T504V/H499A) were created, which showed enhanced thermostability, pH stability, and catalytic efficiency. Among them, the quadruple mutant PulAR-A365V/V401C/T504V/H499A displayed 6.6- and 9.6-fold higher catalytic efficiency toward pullulan at 60 ℃, pH 6.0 and 5.0, respectively. In addition, its thermostabilities at 60 ℃ and 65 ℃ were improved by 2.6- and 3.1-fold, respectively, compared to those of the wild-type (WT). Meanwhile, its pH stabilities at pH 4.5 and 5.0 were 1.6- and 1.8-fold higher than those of WT, respectively. In summary, the catalytic performance of PulAR was significantly enhanced by a structure-guided consensus approach. The resultant quadruple mutant PulAR-A365V/V401C/T504V/H499A demonstrated potential applications in the starch industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen-Yuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China.
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
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5
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Jafari F, Kiani-Ghaleh F, Eftekhari S, Razzaghshoar Razlighi M, Nazari N, Hajirajabi M, Masoomi Sarvestani F, Sharafieh G. Cloning, overexpression, and structural characterization of a novel archaeal thermostable neopullulanase from Desulfurococcus mucosus DSM 2162. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 52:1190-1201. [PMID: 35234088 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2033996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of the present study is to introduce the biochemical characteristics of the industrial valuable thermostable pullulan degrading enzyme from Desulfurococcus mucosus DSM2162. Recombinant protein was purified by a combination of thermal treatment and affinity chromatography, with a yield of 15.94% and 7.69-fold purity. Purified enzyme showed the molecular mass of 55,787 Da with optimum activity at 70 °C and a broad range of pH (5.0-9.0) with kcat of 2150 min-1 and Km of 6.55 mg.mL-1, when using starch as substrate. The enzyme activity assay on various polysaccharide substrates revealed the substrate preference of pullulan > amylopectin > β cyclodextrin > starch > glycogen; therefore, it classified as a neopullulanase. The neopullulanase structural analysis by spectrofluorometer, FT-IR, and circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated the corporation of α-helix (47.3%) and β-sheet (31.6%) in its secondary structure. The melting temperature and specific heat capacity calculations using differential scanning calorimetry confirmed its extreme thermal stability. Further, salt-elevated concentrations resulted in oligomeric state dominancy without any significant influence on the starch-degrading ability. The newly cloned archaeal neopullulanase was with broad activity on polysaccharide substrates, with thermal and salt stability. Thus, the Desulfurococcus mucosus DSM2162 neopullulanase can be introduced as a good candidate to be used in carbohydrate industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Jafari
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farid Kiani-Ghaleh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Eftekhari
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nazanin Nazari
- Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hajirajabi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatima Masoomi Sarvestani
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Golnoosh Sharafieh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Microbial starch debranching enzymes: Developments and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 50:107786. [PMID: 34147588 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Starch debranching enzymes (SDBEs) hydrolyze the α-1,6 glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides such as starch, amylopectin, pullulan and glycogen. SDBEs are also important enzymes for the preparation of sugar syrup, resistant starch and cyclodextrin. As the synergistic catalysis of SDBEs and other starch-acting hydrolases can effectively improve the raw material utilization and production efficiency during starch processing steps such as saccharification and modification, they have attracted substantial research interest in the past decades. The substrate specificities of the two major members of SDBEs, pullulanases and isoamylases, are quite different. Pullulanases generally require at least two α-1,4 linked glucose units existing on both sugar chains linked by the α-1,6 bond, while isoamylases require at least three units of α-1,4 linked glucose. SDBEs mainly belong to glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 13 and 57. Except for GH57 type II pullulanse, GH13 pullulanases and isoamylases share plenty of similarities in sequence and structure of the core catalytic domains. However, the N-terminal domains, which might be one of the determinants contributing to the substrate binding of SDBEs, are distinct in different enzymes. In order to overcome the current defects of SDBEs in catalytic efficiency, thermostability and expression level, great efforts have been made to develop effective enzyme engineering and fermentation strategies. Herein, the diverse biochemical properties and distinct features in the sequence and structure of pullulanase and isoamylase from different sources are summarized. Up-to-date developments in the enzyme engineering, heterologous production and industrial applications of SDBEs is also reviewed. Finally, research perspective which could help understanding and broadening the applications of SDBEs are provided.
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Bi J, Jing X, Wu L, Zhou X, Gu J, Nie Y, Xu Y. Computational design of noncanonical amino acid-based thioether staples at N/C-terminal domains of multi-modular pullulanase for thermostabilization in enzyme catalysis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:577-585. [PMID: 33510863 PMCID: PMC7811066 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme thermostabilization is considered a critical and often obligatory step in biosynthesis, because thermostability is a significant property of enzymes that can be used to evaluate their feasibility for industrial applications. However, conventional strategies for thermostabilizing enzymes generally introduce non-covalent interactions and/or natural covalent bonds caused by natural amino acid substitutions, and the trade-off between the activity and stability of enzymes remains a challenge. Here, we developed a computationally guided strategy for constructing thioether staples by incorporating noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) into the more flexible N/C-terminal domains of the multi-modular pullulanase from Bacillus thermoleovorans (BtPul) to enhance its thermostability. First, potential thioether staples located in the N/C-terminal domains of BtPul were predicted using RosettaMatch. Next, eight variants involving stable thioether staples were precisely predicted using FoldX and Rosetta ddg_monomer. Six positive variants were obtained, of which T73(O2beY)-171C had a 157% longer half-life at 70 °C and an increase of 7.0 °C in T m, when compared with the wild-type (WT). T73(O2beY)-171C/T126F/A72R exhibited an even more improved thermostability, with a 211% increase in half-life at 70 °C and a 44% enhancement in enzyme activity compared with the WT, which was attributed to further optimization of the local interaction network. This work introduces and validates an efficient strategy for enhancing the thermostability and activity of multi-modular enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Bi
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaoran Jing
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lunjie Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jie Gu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yao Nie
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Suqian Industrial Technology Research Institute of Jiangnan University, Suqian 223814, China
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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8
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Bi J, Chen S, Zhao X, Nie Y, Xu Y. Computation-aided engineering of starch-debranching pullulanase from Bacillus thermoleovorans for enhanced thermostability. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7551-7562. [PMID: 32632476 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pullulanases are widely used in food, medicine, and other industries because they specifically hydrolyze α-1,6-glycosidic linkages in starch and oligosaccharides. In addition, high-temperature thermostable pullulanase has multiple advantages, including decreasing saccharification solution viscosity accompanied with enhanced mass transfer and reducing microbial contamination in starch hydrolysis. However, thermophilic pullulanase availability remains limited. Additionally, most do not meet starch-manufacturing requirements due to weak thermostability. Here, we developed a computation-aided strategy to engineer the thermophilic pullulanase from Bacillus thermoleovorans. First, three computational design predictors (FoldX, I-Mutant 3.0, and dDFIRE) were combined to predict stability changes introduced by mutations. After excluding conserved and catalytic sites, 17 mutants were identified. After further experimental verification, we confirmed six positive mutants. Among them, the G692M mutant had the highest thermostability improvement, with 3.8 °C increased Tm and 2.1-fold longer half-life than the wild type at 70 °C. We then characterized the mechanism underlying increased thermostability, such as rigidity enhancement, closer conformation, and strengthened motion correlation using root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), principal component analysis (PCA), dynamic cross-correlation map (DCCM), and free energy landscape (FEL) analysis. KEY POINTS: • A computation-aided strategy was developed to engineer pullulanase thermostability. • Seventeen mutants were identified by combining three computational design predictors. • The G692M mutant was obtained with increased Tmand half-life at 70 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Bi
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Shuhui Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xianghan Zhao
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yao Nie
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,Suqian Industrial Technology Research Institute of Jiangnan University, Suqian, 223814, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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Pang B, Zhou L, Cui W, Liu Z, Zhou S, Xu J, Zhou Z. A Hyperthermostable Type II Pullulanase from a Deep-Sea Microorganism Pyrococcus yayanosii CH1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9611-9617. [PMID: 31385500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pullulanase is a commonly used debranching enzyme in the starch processing industry. Because the starch liquefaction process requires high temperature, a thermostable pullulanase is desired. Here, a novel hyperthermostable type II pullulanase gene (pulPY) was cloned from Pyrococcus yayanosii CH1, isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal site. PulPY was optimally active at pH 6.6 and 95 °C, retaining more than 50% activity after incubation at 95 °C for 10 h. The thermostability was significantly higher than those of most pullulanases reported previously. To further improve its activity and thermostability, the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of PulPY were truncated. The optimum temperature of the combined truncation mutant Δ28N + Δ791C increased to 100 °C with a specific activity of 32.18 U/mg, which was six times higher than that of wild-type PulPY. PulPY and the truncation mutant enzyme could realize the combined use of pullulanase with α-amylase during the starch liquefaction process to improve hydrolysis efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Li Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Zhongmei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Shengmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, School of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P.R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology and State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
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10
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Li X, Bai Y, Ji H, Wang J, Cui Y, Jin Z. Functional characterization of tryptophan437 at subsite +2 in pullulanase from Bacillus subtilis str. 168. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:920-928. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Chen A, Xu T, Ge Y, Wang L, Tang W, Li S. Hydrogen-bond-based protein engineering for the acidic adaptation of Bacillus acidopullulyticus pullulanase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 124:79-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Wang X, Nie Y, Xu Y. Industrially produced pullulanases with thermostability: Discovery, engineering, and heterologous expression. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 278:360-371. [PMID: 30709762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pullulanases (EC 3.2.1.41) are well-known starch-debranching enzymes widely used to hydrolyze α-1,6-glucosidic linkages in starch, pullulan, amylopectin, and other oligosaccharides, with application potentials in food, brewing, and pharmaceutical industries. Although extensive studies are done to discover and express pullulanases, only few are available with desirable characteristics for industrial applications. This raises the challenge to mine new enzyme sources, engineer proteins based on sequence/structure, and regulate expressions. We review here the identification of extremophilic and mesophilic microbes as sources of industrial pullulanases with desirable characteristics, including acid-resistance, thermostability, and psychrotrophism. We present current advances in site-directed mutagenesis and sequence/structure-guided protein engineering of pullulanases. In addition, we discuss heterologous expression of pullulanases in prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial systems, and address the effectiveness of the expression elements and their regulation of enzyme production. Finally, we indicate future research needs to develop desired industrial pullulanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yao Nie
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; The 2011 Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Akassou M, Groleau D. Advances and challenges in the production of extracellular thermoduric pullulanases by wild-type and recombinant microorganisms: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:337-350. [PMID: 30700157 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1566202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thermoduric pullulanases, acting as starch-debranching enzymes, are required in many industrial applications, mainly in the production of concentrated glucose, maltose, and fructose syrups. To date, however, a single pullulanase, from Bacillus acidopullulyticus, is available on the market for industrial purposes. This review is an investigation of the major advances as well as the major challenges being faced with regard to optimization of the production of extracellular thermoduric pullulanases either by their original hosts or by recombinant organisms. The critical aspects linked to industrial pullulanase production, which should always be considered, are emphasized, including those parameters influencing solubility, thermostability, and catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. This review provides new insights for improving the production of extracellular thermoduric pullulanases in the hope that such information may facilitate their commercial utilization and potentially be applied to the development of other industrially relevant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Akassou
- a Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Canada
| | - Denis Groleau
- a Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Canada
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Li L, Dong F, Lin L, He D, Wei W, Wei D. N-Terminal Domain Truncation and Domain Insertion-Based Engineering of a Novel Thermostable Type I Pullulanase from Geobacillus thermocatenulatus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:10788-10798. [PMID: 30222339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel thermostable type I pullulanase gene ( pul GT) from Geobacillus thermocatenulatus DSMZ730 was cloned. It has an open reading frame of 2154 bp encoding 718 amino acids. G. thermocatenulatus pullulanase (PulGT) was found to be optimally active at pH 6.5 and 70 °C. It exhibited stable activity in the pH range of 5.5-7.0. PulGT lacked three domains (CBM41 domain, X25 domain, and X45 domain) compared with the pullulanase from Bacillus acidopullulyticus ( 2WAN ). Different N-terminally domain truncated (730T) or spliced (730T-U1 and 730T-U2) mutants were constructed. Truncating the N-terminal 85 amino acids decreased the Km value and did not change its optimum pH, an advantageous biochemical property in some applications. Compared with 2WAN , PulGT can be used directly for maize starch saccharification without adjusting the pH, which reduces cost and improves efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingmeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fengying Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lin
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences , Shanghai 200093 , People's Republic of China
- Research Laboratory for Functional Nanomaterial , National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology , Shanghai 200241 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dannong He
- Research Laboratory for Functional Nanomaterial , National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology , Shanghai 200241 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , People's Republic of China
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Lu Z, Hu X, Shen P, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Zhang G, Ma Y. A pH-stable, detergent and chelator resistant type I pullulanase from Bacillus pseudofirmus 703 with high catalytic efficiency. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:1302-1310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Li L, Dong F, Lin L, He D, Chen J, Wei W, Wei D. Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Thermostable Type I Pullulanase Produced Recombinantly inBacillus subtilis. STARCH-STARKE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingmeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; Newworld Institute of Biotechnology; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Fengying Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; Newworld Institute of Biotechnology; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lin
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences; Shanghai 200093 People's Republic of China
| | - Dannong He
- Research Laboratory for Functional Nanomaterial; National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology; Shanghai 200241 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Department of Pathology; Microbiology and Immunology; School of medicine; University of South Carolina; 6311 Garners Ferry Rd Columbia SC 29209 USA
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; Newworld Institute of Biotechnology; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; Newworld Institute of Biotechnology; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
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Yang S, Yan Q, Bao Q, Liu J, Jiang Z. Expression and biochemical characterization of a novel type I pullulanase from Bacillus megaterium. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 39:397-405. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Enhancement of extracellular expression of Bacillus naganoensis pullulanase from recombinant Bacillus subtilis: Effects of promoter and host. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 124:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wang X, Nie Y, Mu X, Xu Y, Xiao R. Disorder prediction-based construct optimization improves activity and catalytic efficiency of Bacillus naganoensis pullulanase. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24574. [PMID: 27091115 PMCID: PMC4835747 DOI: 10.1038/srep24574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pullulanase is a well-known starch-debranching enzyme. However, the production level of pullulanase is yet low in both wide-type strains and heterologous expression systems. We predicted the disorder propensities of Bacillus naganoensis pullulanase (PUL) using the bioinformatics tool, Disorder Prediction Meta-Server. On the basis of disorder prediction, eight constructs, including PULΔN5, PULΔN22, PULΔN45, PULΔN64, PULΔN78 and PULΔN106 by deleting the first 5, 22, 45, 64, 78 and 106 residues from the N-terminus, and PULΔC9 and PULΔC36 by deleting the last 9 and 36 residues from the C-terminus, were cloned into the recombinant expression vector pET-28a-PelB and auto-induced in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. All constructs were evaluated in production level, specific activities and kinetic parameters. Both PULΔN5 and PULΔN106 gave higher production levels of protein than the wide type and displayed increased specific activities. Kinetic studies showed that substrate affinities of the mutants were improved in various degrees and the catalytic efficiency of PULΔN5, PULΔN45, PULΔN78, PULΔN106 and PULΔC9 were enhanced. However, the truncated mutations did not change the advantageous properties of the enzyme involving optimum temperature and pH for further application. Therefore, Disorder prediction-based truncation would be helpful to efficiently improve the enzyme activity and catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yao Nie
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaoqing Mu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,The 2011 Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Kahar UM, Ng CL, Chan KG, Goh KM. Characterization of a type I pullulanase from Anoxybacillus sp. SK3-4 reveals an unusual substrate hydrolysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6291-6307. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chen A, Sun Y, Zhang W, Peng F, Zhan C, Liu M, Yang Y, Bai Z. Downsizing a pullulanase to a small molecule with improved soluble expression and secretion efficiency in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:9. [PMID: 26762529 PMCID: PMC4712565 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Significant challenges, including low expression and extracellular secretion of soluble protein, are encountered in expressing and purifying Bacillus acidopullulyticus pullulanase (BaPul) in Escherichia coli. Methods An N-terminal domain truncation was adopted to facilitate BaPul variant expression and/or secretion. Results BaPul possesses a complex modular architecture that consists of CBM41-X45a-X25-X45b-CBM48-GH13. The activities of M1 (ΔCBM41) and M5 (ΔCBM41ΔX25) variants were 2.9- and 2.4-fold that of wild-type (WT) enzyme, respectively. The enhanced expression of soluble protein is the main reason for these improved activities. PelB-M1 and PelB-M5 were transported to the periplasmic space, where PelB is part of the PelB-pET28a(+) construct, and PelB-M3 (ΔX25) and PelB-WT variants were largely retained in the cytoplasm. After fermentation, about 56.6 and 93.4 % of the total activity of PelB-M1 and PelB-M5 were transferred to the periplasm, respectively, followed by cell lysis and leakage of the partial enzyme into the extracellular medium. The optimal temperature and pH for purified preparations of M1, M3, and M5 were similar to those of the WT enzyme. In a starch saccharification reaction, the dextrose equivalents of M1, M3, and M5 proteins were 94.7, 94.5, and 93.1 %, respectively, which were also essentially identical to that of WT (93.6 %). Conclusion The deletion of CBM41 and/or X25 domain did not affect the enzyme application, and the truncated variants were more highly expressed and secreted in E. coli. Thus, the truncated variants may be more suitable for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,School of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology and The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Yang Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology and The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology and The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Feng Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology and The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Chunjun Zhan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology and The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Meng Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology and The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Yankun Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology and The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Zhonghu Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology and The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Identification of a novel alkaline amylopullulanase from a gut metagenome of Hermetia illucens. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 82:514-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Characterization of a pH and detergent-tolerant, cold-adapted type I pullulanase from Exiguobacterium sp. SH3. Extremophiles 2015; 19:1145-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-015-0786-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Elleuche S, Qoura FM, Lorenz U, Rehn T, Brück T, Antranikian G. Cloning, expression and characterization of the recombinant cold-active type-I pullulanase from Shewanella arctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Enhancing the secretion efficiency and thermostability of a Bacillus deramificans pullulanase mutant (D437H/D503Y) by N-terminal domain truncation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:1926-31. [PMID: 25556190 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03714-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41), an important enzyme in the production of starch syrup, catalyzes the hydrolysis of α-1,6 glycosidic bonds in complex carbohydrates. A double mutant (DM; D437H/D503Y) form of Bacillus deramificans pullulanase was recently constructed to enhance the thermostability and catalytic efficiency of the enzyme (X. Duan, J. Chen, and J. Wu, Appl Environ Microbiol 79:4072-4077, 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00457-13). In the present study, three N-terminally truncated variants of this DM that lack the CBM41 domain (DM-T1), the CBM41 and X25 domains (DM-T2), or the CBM41, X25, and X45 domains (DM-T3) were constructed. Upon expression, DM-T3 existed as inclusion bodies, while 72.8 and 74.8% of the total pullulanase activities of DM-T1 and DM-T2, respectively, were secreted into the medium. These activities are 2.8- and 2.9-fold that of the DM enzyme, respectively. The specific activities of DM-T1 and DM-T2 were 380.0 × 10(8) and 449.3 × 10(8) U · mol(-1), respectively, which are 0.94- and 1.11-fold that of the DM enzyme. DM-T1 and DM-T2 retained 50% of their activity after incubation at 60°C for 203 and 160 h, respectively, which are 1.7- and 1.3-fold that of the DM enzyme. Kinetic studies showed that the Km values of DM-T1 and DM-T2 were 1.5- and 2.7-fold higher and the Kcat/Km values were 11 and 50% lower, respectively, than those of the DM enzyme. Furthermore, DM-T1 and DM-T2 produced d-glucose contents of 95.0 and 94.1%, respectively, in a starch saccharification reaction, which are essentially identical to that produced by the DM enzyme (95%). The enhanced secretion and improved thermostability of the truncation mutant enzymes make them more suitable than the DM enzyme for industrial processes.
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Qiao Y, Peng Q, Yan J, Wang H, Ding H, Shi B. Gene cloning and enzymatic characterization of alkali-tolerant type I pullulanase from Exiguobacterium acetylicum. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 60:52-9. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Qiao
- Feed Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Q. Peng
- Feed Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - J. Yan
- Feed Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - H. Wang
- Feed Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - H. Ding
- Feed Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - B. Shi
- Feed Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
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Qoura F, Elleuche S, Brueck T, Antranikian G. Purification and characterization of a cold-adapted pullulanase from a psychrophilic bacterial isolate. Extremophiles 2014; 18:1095-102. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-014-0678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Jasilionis A, Petkauskaite R, Kuisiene N. A novel type I thermostable pullulanase isolated from a thermophilic starch enrichment culture. Microbiology (Reading) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261714030084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Nie Y, Yan W, Xu Y, Chen WB, Mu XQ, Wang X, Xiao R. High-level expression of Bacillus naganoensis pullulanase from recombinant Escherichia coli with auto-induction: effect of lac operator. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78416. [PMID: 24194930 PMCID: PMC3806784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pullulanase plays an important role in specific hydrolysis of branch points in amylopectin and is generally employed as an important enzyme in starch-processing industry. So far, however, the production level of pullulanase is still somewhat low from wide-type strains and even heterologous expression systems. Here the gene encoding Bacillus naganoensis pullulanase was amplified and cloned. For expression of the protein, two recombinant systems, Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)/pET-20b(+)-pul and E. coli BL21(DE3)/pET-22b(+)-pul, were constructed, both bearing T7 promoter and signal peptide sequence, but different in the existance of lac operator and lacI gene encoding lac repressor. Recombinant pullulanase was initially expressed with the activity of up to 14 U/mL by E. coli BL21(DE3)/pET-20b(+)-pul with IPTG induction in LB medium, but its expression level reduced continually with the extension of cryopreservation time and basal expression was observed. However, E. coli BL21(DE3)/pET-22b(+)-pul , involving lac operator downstream of T7 promoter to regulate foreign gene transcription, exhibited pullulanase activity consistently without detected basal expression. By investigating the effect of lac operator, basal expression of foreign protein was found to cause expression instability and negative effect on production of target protein. Thus double-repression strategy was proposed that lac operators in both chromosome and plasmid were bound with lac repressor to repress T7 RNA polymerase synthesis and target protein expression before induction. Consequently, the total activity of pullulanase was remarkably increased to 580 U/mL with auto-induction by lac operator-involved E. coli BL21(DE3)/pET-22b(+)-pul. When adding 0.6% glycine in culture, the extracellular production of pullulanase was significantly improved with the extracellular activity of 502 U/mL, which is a relatively higher level achieved to date for extracellular production of pullulanase. The successful expression of pullulanase with lac operator regulation provides an efficient way for enhancement of expression stability and hence high-level production of target protein in recombinant E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Nie
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
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Duan X, Chen J, Wu J. Optimization of pullulanase production in Escherichia coli by regulation of process conditions and supplement with natural osmolytes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 146:379-385. [PMID: 23948275 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of temperature, IPTG (Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside) concentration, and osmolytes (proline, K-glutamate, and betaine) on cell growth and soluble pullulanase productivity of recombinant Escherichia coli were investigated. The yield of soluble pullulanase was found to be enhanced with decrease in cultivation temperature, lower IPTG concentration, and betaine supplementation in a shake flask. In addition, a modified two-stage feeding strategy was proposed and applied in a 3-L fermentor supplied with 20mM betaine, which achieved a dry cell weight of 59.3 g L(-1). Through this cultivation approach at 25 °C, the total soluble activity of pullulanase reached 963.9 U mL(-1), which was 8.3-fold higher than that observed without addition of betaine at 30 °C (115.8 U mL(-1)). The higher expression of soluble pullulanase in a scalable semisynthetic medium showed the potential of the proposed process for the industrial production of soluble enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguo Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Improving the thermostability and catalytic efficiency of Bacillus deramificans pullulanase by site-directed mutagenesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:4072-7. [PMID: 23624477 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00457-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) is a well-known starch-debranching enzyme. Its instability and low catalytic efficiency are the major factors preventing its widespread application. To address these issues, Asp437 and Asp503 of the pullulanase from Bacillus deramificans were selected in this study as targets for site-directed mutagenesis based on a structure-guided consensus approach. Four mutants (carrying the mutations D503F, D437H, D503Y, and D437H/D503Y) were generated and characterized in detail. The results showed that the D503F, D437H, and D503Y mutants had an optimum temperature of 55°C and a pH optimum of 4.5, similar to that of the wild-type enzyme. However, the half-lives of the mutants at 60°C were twice as long as that of the wild-type enzyme. In addition, the D437H/D503Y double mutant displayed a larger shift in thermostability, with an optimal temperature of 60°C and a half-life at 60°C of more than 4.3-fold that of the wild-type enzyme. Kinetic studies showed that the Km values for the D503F, D437H, D503Y, and D437H/D503Y mutants decreased by 7.1%, 11.4%, 41.4%, and 45.7% and the Kcat/Km values increased by 10%, 20%, 140%, and 100%, respectively, compared to those of the wild-type enzyme. Mechanisms that could account for these enhancements were explored. Moreover, in conjunction with the enzyme glucoamylase, the D503Y and D437H/D503Y mutants exhibited an improved reaction rate and glucose yield during starch hydrolysis compared to those of the wild-type enzyme, confirming the enhanced properties of the mutants. The mutants generated in this study have potential applications in the starch industry.
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Li Y, Zhang L, Niu D, Wang Z, Shi G. Cloning, expression, characterization, and biocatalytic investigation of a novel bacilli thermostable type I pullulanase from Bacillus sp. CICIM 263. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:11164-11172. [PMID: 23072450 DOI: 10.1021/jf303109u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The pulA1 gene, encoding a novel thermostable type I pullulanase PulA1 from Bacillus sp. CICIM 263, was identified from genomic DNA. The open reading frame of the pulA1 gene was 2655 base pairs long and encoded a polypeptide (PulA1) of 885 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 100,887 Da. The pulA1 gene was expressed in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Recombinant PuLA1 showed optimal activity at pH 6.5 and 70 °C. The enzyme demonstrated moderate thermostability as PuLA1 maintained more than 88% of its acitivity when incubated at 70 °C for 1 h. The enzyme could completely hydrolyze pullulan to maltotriose, and hydrolytic activity was also detected with glycogen, starch and amylopection, but not with amylose, which is consistent with the property of type I pullulanase. PulA1 may be suitable for industrial applications to improve the yields of fermentable sugars for bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youran Li
- Research Center of Bioresource & Bioenergy, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People's Republic of China
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Signal peptide-independent secretory expression and characterization of pullulanase from a newly isolated Klebsiella variicola SHN-1 in Escherichia coli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 169:41-54. [PMID: 23129508 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9948-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A strain with the power to produce extracellular pullulanase was obtained from the sample taken from a flour mill. By sequencing its 16S rDNA, the isolate was identified as Klebsiella variicola SHN-1. When the gene encoding pullulanase, containing the N-terminal signal sequence, was cloned into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), extracellular activity was detected up to 10 U/ml, a higher level compared with the results in published literature. Subsequently, the recombinant pullulanase was purified and characterized. The main end product from pullulan hydrolyzed by recombinant pullulanase was determined as maltotriose with HPLC, and hence, the recombinant pullulanase was identified as type I pullulanase, which could be efficiently employed in starch processing to produce maltotriose with higher purity and even to evaluate the purity of pullulan. To investigate the effect of signal peptide on secretion of the recombinant enzyme, the signal sequence was removed from the constructed vector. However, secretion of pullulanase in E. coli was not influenced, which was seldom reported previously. By localizing the distribution of pullulanase on subcellular fractions, the secretion of recombinant pullulanase in E. coli BL21 (DE3) was confirmed, even from the expression system of nonsecretory type without the assistance of signal peptide.
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Extracellular expression of pullulanase from Bacillus naganoensis in Escherichia coli. ANN MICROBIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-012-0472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Excretory overexpression of Paenibacillus pabuli US132 cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) in Escherichia coli: gene cloning and optimization of the culture conditions using experimental design. Biologia (Bratisl) 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-011-0122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of a heat-stable type I pullulanase from Thermotoga neapolitana. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010; 48:260-6. [PMID: 22112909 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding a type I pullulanase from the hyperthermophilic anaerobic bacterium Thermotoga neapolitana (pulA) was cloned in Escherichia coli and sequenced. The pulA gene from T. neapolitana showed 91.5% pairwise amino acid identity with pulA from Thermotoga maritima and contained the four regions conserved in all amylolytic enzymes. pulA encodes a protein of 843 amino acids with a 19-residue signal peptide. The pulA gene was subcloned and overexpressed in E. coli under the control of the T7 promoter. The purified recombinant enzyme (rPulA) produced a 93-kDa protein with pullulanase activity. rPulA was optimally active at pH 5-7 and 80°C and had a half-life of 88 min at 80°C. rPulA hydrolyzed pullulan, producing maltotriose, and hydrolytic activities were also detected with amylopectin, starch, and glycogen, but not with amylose. This substrate specificity is typical of a type I pullulanase. Thin layer chromatography of the reaction products in the reaction with pullulan and aesculin showed that the enzyme had transglycosylation activity. Analysis of the transfer product using NMR and isoamylase treatment revealed it to be α-maltotriosyl-(1,6)-aesculin, suggesting that the enzyme transferred the maltotriosyl residue of pullulan to aesculin by forming α-1,6-glucosidic linkages. Our findings suggest that the pullulanase from T. neapolitana is the first thermostable type I pullulanase which has α-1,6-transferring activity.
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